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The citrus cultivar 'Local Juhong', which has historically been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal material, originated in Yuanjiang County, Hunan Province.Its parental type and genetic background are indistinct as of yet. Morphological observation shows that 'Local Juhong' has a slight oblateness in fruit shape, a relatively smooth pericarp, a fine and slightly raised oil vacuole, and an inward concave at the blossom end. The tree form and fruit and leaf morphology of 'Local Juhong' are similar to those of 'Huangpi' sour orange. To reveal the genetic background of 'Local Juhong', 21 citrus accessions were evaluated using nuclear and chloroplast SSR markers and whole-genome SNP information. 'Local Juhong' was grouped with mandarins and sub-grouped with 'Miyagawa Wase' and 'Yanxi Wanlu' in a nuclear SSR analysis, which indicated that its pollen parent might be mandarins. It was closely clustered with orange and pummelo in the chloroplast SSR analysis. The genomic sequence similarity rate of 'Local Juhong' with mandarin and pummelo heterozygosity was 70.88%; the main part was the heterozygosity, except for the unknown (19.66%), mandarin (8.73%), and pummelo (3.9%) parts. Thus, 'Local Juhong' may be an F1 hybrid with pummelo as the female parent and mandarin as the male parent, sharing sisterhood with 'Huangpi' sour orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact all-fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (PCDL) for boundary layer wind measurement was developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences). It has been deployed at Zhongshan Station (69.4° S, 76.4° E) during the 2020 austral summer season by the 36th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) and started routine observation in January 2020. This system, based on the 1550 nm all-fiber components, employs a 100 mm telescope with a long focal length of 632.6 mm to emit and collect laser pulses. It provides the ability to measure vertically resolved wind fields with a spatial resolution of 30 m and a temporal resolution of 1 min; the maximum detection range is up to 1.5 km in Antarctica. Wind speed and direction inversion methods were introduced subsequently. Preliminary measurement results of wind profiles indicate that this Doppler lidar can be operated successfully in Antarctica. The synchronous observations between the lidar, anemometer, and radiosondes at Zhongshan station are presented and have good consistency with each other. The comparison results between the lidar and anemometer indicate a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.98 m s−1 and 10.55° for wind speed and direction, respectively. The lidar continuous observations of wind profiles provide an opportunity to study the spatiotemporal variation of Antarctic wind with high resolutions, which is useful for further understanding of the atmosphere in Antarctic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued increase in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of unprecedented eutrophication has resulted in a rising trend of red tides in the sea, which may be responsible for ecological degradation in the surrounding environment. Studies rarely investigate the accurate concentration of seawater eutrophication substances in offshore aquaculture areas, which may lead to the exacerbated pollution of inshore aquaculture. We examined whether offshore seawater quality monitoring can be effectively performed through unmanned aerial vehicles' (UAVs) airborne hyperspectral remote sensing technique at Jiaozhou Bay, a water body associated with eutrophication. We used the UAV airborne hyperspectral imager to detect and measure typical marine aquaculture areas in Jiaozhou Bay and selected the key parameters of seawater quality, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, and total suspended matter (TSM) concentrations as indicators of seawater eutrophication. The hyperspectral inversion model of the Jiaozhou Bay seawater (JZBZ) was established with the optimal sensitive band of parameters. Results showed that in comparison with the traditional inversion model, the inversion R2 of the Chl-a was 0.712, the RPD was 3.72, and the inversion R2 of the TSM concentration was 0.756 while the RPD was 5.83. We found that this model is more suitable for the retrieval of water color parameters in Jiaozhou Bay. Additionally, by actual measurement, it can be seen that the concentration ranges of Chl-a in the observation area are 0.380–1.74 mg/m3, and the concentration range of TSM is 12.6–131 mg/L. The results of this study indicate that the Jiaozhou Bay Water Quality Translation Model (JZBM), based on the UAV airborne hyperspectral imager, performs well in the inversion of the concentration of chlorophyll and suspended particulate matter in offshore water, which advances our understanding with a new method to assess the degree of eutrophication in coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first lidar observations of vertical fluxes of sensible heat and meteoric Na from 78 to 110 km in late May 2020 at McMurdo, Antarctica. The measurements include contributions from the complete temporal spectrum of gravity waves and demonstrate that wave‐induced vertical transport associated with atmospheric mixing by non‐breaking gravity waves, Stokes drift imparted by the wave spectrum, and perturbed chemistry of reactive species, can make significant contributions to constituent and heat transport in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The measured sensible heat and Na fluxes exhibit downward peaks at 84 km (−3.0 Kms−1 and −5.5 × 104 cm−2s−1) that are ∼4 km lower than the flux peak altitudes observed at midlatitudes. This is likely caused by the strong downwelling over McMurdo in late May. The Na flux magnitude is double the maximum at midlatitudes, which we believe is related to strong persistent gravity waves in the MLT at McMurdo. To achieve good agreement between the measured Na flux and theory, it was necessary to infer that a large fraction of gravity wave energy was propagating downward, especially between 80 and 95 km where the Na flux and wave dissipation were largest. These downward propagating waves are likely secondary waves generated in‐situ by the dissipation of primary waves that originate from lower altitudes. The sensible heat flux transitions from downward below 90 km to upward from 97 to 106 km. The observations are explained with the fully compressible solutions for polarization relations of primary and secondary gravity waves with λz > 10 km. Plain Language Summary: The upper atmosphere is filled with waves that originate in the lower atmosphere from storm systems and airflow over mountainous terrain, and then propagate upward. These waves play key roles in establishing the composition and temperature structures by mixing the upper atmosphere and by perturbing chemical reactions of important reactive species like atomic oxygen and ozone. By using meteoric sodium (Na) that is injected between 78 and 110 km altitude by the vaporization of cosmic dust, as a tracer, and exciting the Na atoms to fluorescence using a lidar system located at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, we directly measured the vertical transport of heat and Na induced by the full spectrum of waves. A surprising discovery is the positive heat flux in the lower thermosphere (97–106 km), which contradicts conventional thinking but demonstrates the importance of the fully compressible solutions for polarization relations of primary and secondary gravity waves. By comparing the measured Na transport with theory, we also show that many of the waves between 80 and 95 km are propagating downward, which are likely generated in this region when upward propagating waves become unstable and break, much like ocean waves behave when breaking over a shoal. Key Points: We report the first observations of vertical fluxes of sensible heat & Na induced by the complete temporal spectrum of gravity wavesMcMurdo sensible heat and Na fluxes exhibit large downward peaks near 84 km and large upward sensible heat fluxes occur at ∼97–106 kmSensible heat & Na flux measurements support theories and show significant impacts of wave‐induced vertical transport and secondary waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide application of lidar in the future, the problem of crosstalk between lidars will become more serious. True random coding photon counting lidar with high anti-crosstalk ability will play an important role in solving this problem. In this paper, based on the working principle of Gm-APD, the detection probability theoretical model of true random coding photon counting lidar is built, and the impact of jitter on detection probability is considered for the first time. The influence of mean echo photon number, mean pulse count density, sequence length and pulse width on detection probability is analyzed. Monte Carlo simulation and experimental results are highly consistent with the theoretical model, which proves the correctness of the detection probability theoretical model. This theoretical model provides an effective means to evaluate the system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' is a cultivated landrace with a history of more than a hundred years. • Parentage and origination was predicted by morphological, SSR marker and genomic analyses. • 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' may be a natural hybrid with sour orange (a sexual hybrid of pummelo and mandarin) as the seed parent and mandarin as the pollen parent. The cultivated landrace 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' originated in China, and it has a history of more than a hundred years. It is widely cultivated for its distinctive pericarp, soft juicy pulp, slight bitter taste, and rich flavonoids and vitamin C (17.2 ± 0.08 mg•mL−1). Morphological observation shows that 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' is mandarin-like in leaf shape, fruit flesh, easy peeling and crumpled pericarp, implying this variety may be a hybrid of orange and mandarin. To reveal the genetic background of 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan', 21 citrus accessions were evaluated using nuclear and chloroplast SSR markers and whole-genome SNP information. 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' was grouped with mandarins and closely clustered with 'Yuanjiang Nanju' in the nuclear SSR analysis and sub-grouped with 'Goutou' sour orange, 'Dahong' sweet orange and 'Newhall' navel orange in the chloroplast SSR analysis. The genomic sequence similarity rate of 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' with mandarin was 36.09%, with mandarin heterozygosity of 46.50%; the rough ratio of the two main parts was nearly 1:1, except for the unknown (19.11%) and pummelo (1.46%) parts. Thus, 'Huarongdao Zhoupigan' may be a natural hybrid with sour orange (a sexual hybrid of pummelo and mandarin) as the seed parent and mandarin as the pollen parent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although revisiting the discoveries and implications of genetic variations using phased genomics is critical, such efforts are still lacking. Somatic mutations represent a crucial source of genetic diversity for breeding and are especially remarkable in heterozygous perennial and asexual crops. In this study, we focused on a diploid sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis ) and constructed a haplotype-resolved genome using high fidelity (HiFi) reads, which revealed 10.6% new sequences. Based on the phased genome, we elucidate significant genetic admixtures and haplotype differences. We developed a somatic detection strategy that reveals hidden somatic mutations overlooked in a single reference genome. We generated a phased somatic variation map by combining high-depth whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 87 sweet orange somatic varieties. Notably, we found twice as many somatic mutations relative to a single reference genome. Using these hidden somatic mutations, we separated sweet oranges into seven major clades and provide insight into unprecedented genetic mosaicism and strong positive selection. Furthermore, these phased genomics data indicate that genomic heterozygous variations contribute to allele-specific expression during fruit development. By integrating allelic expression differences and somatic mutations, we identified a somatic mutation that induces increases in fruit size. Applications of phased genomics will lead to powerful approaches for discovering genetic variations and uncovering their effects in highly heterozygous plants. Our data provide insight into the hidden somatic mutation landscape in the sweet orange genome, which will facilitate citrus breeding., Competing Interests: All authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nanjing Agricultural University.)

In this study, considering the combined effects of atmospheric attenuation and turbulence, we examine the spot quality and spatial intensity distribution characteristics of a supercontinuum (SC) laser propagating in a turbulent atmosphere using the multi-layer phase-screen method. An increase in turbulence strength or a decrease in the initial beam radius resulted in a greater impact of the atmospheric turbulence on the SC laser. A decrease in source coherence results in the deterioration of the image quality of the far-field spot. Under moderate to strong turbulence, the scintillation index decreased as the source coherence decreased; however, the opposite trend was observed under weak turbulence. These results are significant for the advancement and optimization of SC laser systems.

Patients with asthenozoospermia often present multiple defects in sperm functions apart from a decrease in sperm motility. However, the etiological factors underlying these multifaceted defects remain mostly unexplored, which may lead to unnecessary treatment and unsatisfactory assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcome. Here, we show that the protein levels of CD147 were lowered in sperm obtained from asthenozoospermic infertile patients exhibiting defects in both sperm motility and the acrosome reaction. Whereas CD147 maintained sperm motility before capacitation, female tract-derived soluble CD147 interacted with sperm-bound CD147 to induce an acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm. Soluble CD147 treatment restored the acrosome reaction and improved the fertility of sperm from patients with asthenozoospermia. Mechanistically, CD147 promotes sperm motility and acrosome reaction (AR) by eliciting Ca 2+ influx through soluble CD147 binding to sperm-bound CD147. Notably, the level of soluble CD147 in seminal plasma was positively correlated with the fertilization rate and pregnancy outcome in infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. Our study has identified a marker for the diagnosis and a therapeutic target for the defective AR capability in asthenozoospermia and a candidate for the prediction of in vitro fertilization outcomes for male infertile patients that facilitates the development of precision medicine in ART., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021 The Author(s).)