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Abstract The main aim of this study was to analyse scientific and energy production, funding, collaboration among countries and most cited papers on the renewable energies topic through bibliometric and social network study of articles included in the Web of Science database. 12,167 papers were recovered from 2007 to 2016. Wind power is the energy from which a greater number of articles have been published (n = 3,930), followed by solar energy (n = 2,570) and ocean energy (n = 1,565). The United States leads the world production of articles (n = 2,320), followed by China (n = 1,629), the United Kingdom (n = 1007), Germany (n = 730) and Spain (n = 729). China is the leading country in financed works (80%), followed by South Korea (77%), Spain (61%) and the United States (59%). An important level of international collaboration has been identified, notably popping up the triangle made by United States, China and the European Union. Highlights • Scientific study based in the analysis of the energy production, funding and collaboration among countries. • Wind power is the energy from which a greater number of articles have been published. • The United States leads the world production of articles. • China is the leading country in financed works. • The triangle made by United States, China and the European Union have the most important level of collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of China's national resources in the space domain may change the gap in power between China and the United States in relevant international rulemaking. This article proposes an analytical framework for identifying, comparing, and analyzing states' power resources critical to international rulemaking and uses the framework to compare the relevant resources between China and the United States in the space domain. First, this paper develops a method for identifying resources crucial to international rulemaking in outer space. The relevant resources of the two countries are then compared in this article. Finally, the article explores comparative advantages, consensus, differences, and cooperation possibilities of the two countries in specific international space rules. The framework could be adapted to compare diverse nations' resources critical to international rulemaking in other fields; it contributes to research on space law, international legislation, and national power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitations of traditional cancer treatments are driving the creation and development of new nanomedicines. At present, with the rapid increase of research on nanomedicine in the field of cancer, there is a lack of intuitive analysis of the development trend, main authors and research hotspots of nanomedicine in the field of cancer, as well as detailed elaboration of possible research hotspots. In this review, data collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database between January 1st, 2000, and December 31st, 2021, were subjected to a bibliometric analysis. The co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence of countries, institutions, authors, literature, and keywords in this subject were examined using VOSviewer, Citespace, and a well-known online bibliometrics platform. We collected 19,654 published papers, China produced the most publications (36.654%, 7204), followed by the United States (29.594%, 5777), and India (7.780%, 1529). An interesting fact is that, despite China having more publications than the United States, the United States still dominates this field, having the highest H-index and the most citations. Acs Nano, Nano Letters, and Biomaterials are the top three academic publications that publish articles on nanomedicine for cancer out of a total of 7580 academic journals. The most significant increases were shown for the keywords "cancer nanomedicine", "tumor microenvironment", "nanoparticles", "prodrug", "targeted nanomedicine", "combination", and "cancer immunotherapy" indicating the promising area of research. Meanwhile, the development prospects and challenges of nanomedicine in cancer are also discussed and provided some solutions to the major obstacles. [Display omitted] • Data of current nanomedicine in cancer were collected from the Web of Science. • Collected data were systematically analyzed through bibliometric analysis. • Many keywords of nanomedicine in cancer were intuitively analyzed. • Hotspots, emerging frontiers and trend of nanomedicine in cancer were investigated. • Development prospects and challenges of nanomedicine in cancer were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of real exchange rate volatility and misalignment on exports and imports between China and the United States. Our empirical analysis used the quarterly time series data over the 1994Q:1–2019Q:4 period. We used the ARDL-bound testing approach for the short- and long-run relationship. The empirical results reveal that China's real exchange rate volatility and misalignment significantly impact China's real exports and imports over the sample period. In the short-run, the relationship between real exchange rate misalignments and China's exports is positive, whereas negative with imports from the United States. In the long run, the real exchange rate misalignment positively affects exports and negatively affects imports. The evidence suggests that both higher real exchange rate volatility and misalignment directly affect the relative price of goods and encourage China exports to United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to globally uneven distribution of forest resources and timely difference of supply and demand, forest products are difficult to achieve market equilibrium among neighboring countries. The global forest product trade not only alleviates the contradiction of supply and demand, but also ensures the sustainable development of the economic construction for each country. Previous literature analyzed the structure and evolution mechanism of forest product trade from different perspectives, but ignored the competitive relationships among forest product importers. Based on complex network theory, this paper selected global wood forest product trade data from 2004 to 2016. Then we constructed global unweighted and weighted wood-forest-product competitive network from import perspective, and three indicators (density, average path length, and clustering coefficient), core–periphery model and two indicators of competitive intensity were introduced to study the spatial competitive evolution of global wood forest product trade among countries. The results showed that there was wide competition in global wood forest product trade among continents, and the tightness of competitive relationships gradually decreased with time. Secondly, core countries and periphery countries were clearly identified in the competitive network, and China, Japan, the U.S., were the main core countries influencing the evolution of core–periphery structure. Finally, the U.S. played an important role in the global competition system. But with the increment of demand for Asian market, China and other Asian countries gradually became the center of wood-forest-product competition. The research tried to provide some references for importers to follow the laws of global wood forest product trade, and formulate the corresponding policy under constructing sustainable society and facing climate change. • The paper considered the competitive relationship of global wood forest product trade. • TThe paper constructed global unweighted and weighted wood-forest-product competitive network, and studied spatial competitive evolution of global wood forest product trade. • The U.S. played an important role in the global competition system, but China and other Asian countries gradually became the center of global wood-forest-product competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the process of underground coal gasification (UCG), there have been doubts or controversies if it is possible to control pollution of heavy metals such as arsenic and cadmium. To eliminate this suspicion, this paper first investigated the control method and design flow of reducing heavy metal pollution in the process of underground coal gasification (UCG) without shaft based on the analysis of the potential arsenic and cadmium pollution forms. The relationships between the development height of underground gasification mining-induced fractures and the parameters of gasifiers was revealed. The findings indicated that: 1) By rationally designing the parameters of the gasifier, it can be possible to control the development of mining-induced fractures, thus ensuring that the underground combustion space area does not penetrate the aquifer, surface water and atmospheric environment. Consequently, the pollution of arsenic and cadmium caused by UCG without shaft can be controlled from the source. Meanwhile, the validity of this method was verified from an engineering example. 2)When the gasifier height was constant and the isolated coal pillar was stable, the gasifier width was linearly positively correlated with the development height of the mining-induced fracture; When the widths of the gasifier and the isolated coal pillar were constant, the gasifier height and the development height of the mining-induced fracture was also linearly positively associated. As the contents of arsenic and cadmium in coal are high in China and the United States, the arsenic and cadmium control methods during the underground coal gasification proposed in this paper have valuable application prospects in these two major coal countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A new high-order statistical moment based on multi-scale (MSHOM) is proposed for researching traditional statistics in this paper. In addition, the indispensable theoretical basis and derivation are illustrated in detail. With the help of three simulated time series, two kinds of situations of MSHOM analysis are mainly discussed in this work. One is accomplished by Gaussian white noise (GWN) and the other is fulfilled with Logistic map and autoregressive fractionally integrated moving-average (ARFIMA). Due to the insufficient performance of MSHOM, we propose an improved MSHOM, which is called MSHOM with control (C-MSHOM). Meanwhile, its performance is tested by the data of US and Chinese stock markets. However, C-MSHOM also brings an extra preprocess stage of data and the uncertainty of selection. To solve these problems, a more generic method, that is, generalized multi-scale high-order moments (G-MSHOM) is given in this paper. Highlights • A new high-order statistical moment is proposed based on multi-scale (MSHOM). • Two improved methods are proposed to widen extent of applications. • The analytic properties of the MSHOM method are presented in detail. • Simulation results show the stability and precision of the MSHOM method. • Benefits of MSHOM and G-MSHOM are shown using US and Chinese stock markets data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Baseline power plant models are essential for understanding the cost of CO 2 capture. • Power plants in China have distinct hardware and operating conditions. • A set of "baseline China plants with CO 2 capture" are proposed. • The biggest drivers for differences are steam cycle hardware and dry cooling. Abstract Global efforts to advance CO 2 capture technologies have produced a strong base of field experience and modeling capability to inform efforts to deploy this technology in China. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy has published bituminous coal baseline reference cases to provide a consistent set of assumptions for modeling the performance of coal power plants equipped with CO 2 capture technology in the United States. In China, there are some important features of power plant construction and operation, such as dry cooling in some plants, different grade coal, and low load operation, that must be accounted for in analyzing the performance of CO 2 capture-enabled power plants. Moreover, unique aspects of the policy landscape in China, such as an openness to partial capture solutions in the near-term, introduce some flexibility in deployment strategy. In this study, we analyze the impacts of these features on plant performance and we propose a set of "baseline China plants" based on industrial experience to serve as reference cases for analyzing deployment scenarios for post-combustion CO 2 capture at coal-fired power plants in China. This paper focuses specifically on the performance aspects of the technoeconomic analysis. Costs are addressed in a companion paper. The most significant factors responsible for differences in power plant efficiency were fuel quality and differences in steam cycle hardware and operation. The impact of dry cooling was also significant. Our reference cases are broadly consistent with previous studies of this topic and help to clarify the contributions of different factors when comparing the performance of CO 2 capture for power plants in the US and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on China’s latest national railway network planning proposal, the connectivity and accessibility indices of China’s high-speed railway network (CHSRN) in different time periods are computed to evaluate the implications of high-speed rail (HSR) for Chinese cities. An overall index for measuring the connectivity-accessibility of cities on the HSR network is proposed based on three indicators: (a) the Beta index, to reflect the connectivity of the HSR, (b) the number of reachable counties by HSR within the 500-km domain of a city, to reflect the location-based accessibility of the HSR, and (c) the population of the reachable places by HSR within the 500-km domain of a city, to reflect the potential-based accessibility of the HSR. Finally, the differences in the normalized connectivity-accessibility levels of different categories of cities are qualified to measure the impact of China’s future national HSR network on the potential development of cities. It is found that “Mid-to-Long-Term Railway Network Plan (Revised in 2016)”, if fully realized, would profoundly change the HSR connectivity/accessibility of different cities. Most notably, cities in the Yangtze River Delta would suffer the most whereas cities of the central and western regions would gain the most. This could potentially contribute to, or bring about new changes in, the socioeconomic landscapes in China. The methodological contribution of this paper is twofold. Firstly, an overall index to evaluate the comprehensive connectivity and accessibility levels of the HSR network is designed. Secondly, this paper investigates how to qualify the impact of the future HSR network on different tiers of cities in different time periods according to the change of the overall connectivity/accessibility index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a survey of the academic contribution and influence of Chinese scholars in the field of burns.Method: The PubMed database was searched to obtain literature items originating from various countries and Chinese provinces from 1985 to 2014. The citation data were collected through the Google Scholar engine.Results: A total of 1037 papers published in 256 journals were included in this survey. China was second only to the USA in the number of publications on burns since 2010. In addition, the annual number of papers has increased significantly since 2001. The journal Burns published the most number of articles, but its proportion has been decreasing. Of the papers included in the survey, 58.34% were published in journals with a 5-year impact factor between 1 and 2, whereas only 3.66% were published in journals with an impact factor >5. Both total citations and citations per paper have decreased in the past decade. Randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews merely accounted for a small proportion. Twenty-nine provinces including 64 cities contributed one paper at least. The publications from Taiwan, Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Guangdong were high in both quantity and quality.Conclusion: The Chinese academic contribution to the field of burns is now on a rise. Although the quality of papers is lagging behind quantity, scholars and academies are dedicated to improving China's academic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Difference generalized method of moments (DIF-GMM) is used to explore trade destruction and deflection effects. • We find strong evidence of long-lived destruction and deflection effects. • Industry indicators play significant roles in deflecting trade. With a decrease in tariffs around the world, antidumping duties, as an important part of temporary trade barriers, have increased dramatically to take their place. China and the United States (US) are the two heaviest targets and users of antidumping investigations respectively. In this paper, using Chinese annual transaction-level export data from 2000 to 2017, we study the trade destruction effect and the trade deflection effect of all antidumping investigations initiated by the US against China. We find strong evidence of both destruction and deflection effects. American antidumping actions reduce China's exports to the US, while increasing exports to non-US countries. Critically, the trade destruction and deflection effects are long-lived, and industry indicators (including industry employment, industry concentration and capital intensity) play significant roles in deflecting trade. In general, the impact of antidumping actions could be greater than what the direct effect alone might suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the COVID-19 in 2020 has a severe impact on all countries. This paper first studies the impact of the epidemic on the macro-economy in China, which is one of the countries with early epidemic situation, in the rapid development stage of the epidemic situation, and the specific performance in macro-economy aspects. On this basis, study the development trend and macroeconomic performance of the United States as one of the most serious countries, and the relationship between the epidemic development and macro-economy in the United States. As for the differences in epidemic control measures between China and the US, China's indicators are significant in terms of sentiment factors, but the impact of COVID-19 on the sentiment factors in the US is different. The Chinese government has not adopted unlimited easing and maintained consistent policies. At present, the economic impact of COVID-19 on the US is far greater than that of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role and challenges of scientific self-governance and standardization in inter-continental clinical research partnerships in stem cell medicine. The paper shows that – due to a high level of regulatory diversity – the enactment of internationally recognized standards in multi-country stem cell trials is a complex and highly situation-specific achievement. Standardization is imposed on a background of regulatory, institutional and epistemic-cultural heterogeneity, and implemented exclusively in the context of select clinical projects. Based on ethnographic data from the first trans-continental clinical trial infrastructure in stem cell medicine between China and the USA, the article demonstrates that locally evolved and international forms of experimental clinical research practices often co-exist in the same medical institutions. Researchers switch back and forth between these schemas, depending on the purposes of their research, the partners they work with, the geographic scale of research projects, and the contrasting demands for regulatory review, that result from these differences. Drawing on Birch's analysis of the role of standardization in international forms of capital production in the biosciences, the article argues that the integration of local knowledge institutions into the global bioeconomy does not necessarily result in the shutting down of localized forms of value production. In emerging fields of medical research, that are regulated in highly divergent ways across geographical regions, the coexistence of distinct modes of clinical translation allows also for the production of multiple forms of economic value, at varying spatial scales. This is especially so in countries with lenient regulations. As this paper shows, the long-standing absence of a regulatory framework for clinical stem cell applications in China, permits the situation-specific adoption of internationally recognized standards in some contexts, while enabling the continuation of localized forms of value production in others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dietitian has qualifications in nutrition and dietetics and applies the science of food and nutrition to improve the health of individuals, groups, and communities. The Registered Dietitian (RD) credential has gained recognition over the years for its expertise. The accreditation systems were developed and have been used to ensure quality of this profession. Accreditation systems set standards for academic and professional training in nutrition and dietetics and reflect current research-based information. The purpose of this paper is to review a few countries that have a RD accreditation system including China and several other countries, e.g. the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The aims are to introduce the newly established RD system in China and to compare the differences among the countries' systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UCCS research, initiated in the 1990s, is following a sigmoidal growth pattern. • No highly active research group has been identified in UCCS research. • USA and China are currently leading countries in UCCS research. • More systematic studies are required to promote UCCS for real applications. • Findings can be used by stakeholders such as governments, among others. In this study, a scientometric comprehensive analysis has been executed in order to explore the scientific situation of research efforts performed previously with regard underground CO 2 sequestration and encapsulation. To this end, a total of 1280 bibliographic records from the Web of Science (WoS) database were extracted and analysed to report the analysis of scientific state of the authors, journals, countries, and categories. Eventually, geospatial maps of the progress in this field are created and presented. As per the results obtained, efforts on this subject have been initiated significantly since 1990s. Scientific articles and proceeding papers share nearly 63% and 31% of the documents published. The results indicate that USA and China are the most contributing countries. Among the active journals, international journal of greenhouse gas control impact is the most active journal. It may be concluded that no highly active research group has yet been emerged. Hence, more supports and scientific efforts are needed to promote carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The percentages of shares of world publications of the European Union and its member states, China, and the United States have been represented differently as a result of using different databases. An analytical variant of the Web-of-Science (of Thomson Reuters) enables us to study the dynamics in the world publication system in terms of the field-normalized top-1% and top-10% most-frequently cited publications. Comparing the EU28, USA, and China at the global level shows a top-level dynamic that is different from the analysis in terms of shares of publications: the United States remains far more productive in the top-1% of all papers; China drops out of the competition for elite status; and the EU28 increased its share among the top-cited papers from 2000 to 2010. Some of the EU28 member states overtook the United States during this decade; but a clear divide remains between EU15 (Western Europe) and the Accession Countries. Network analysis shows that China was embedded in this top-layer of internationally co-authored publications. These publications often involve more than a single European nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines US-China trade disputes under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and argues that Chinese leaders are increasingly resorting to the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism to target issues of most critical concern to domestic constituencies. The following overview of the WTO disputes initiated by China suggests that China's WTO disputes tend to be dominated by cases involving anti-dumping duties (ADs) and countervailing duties (CVDs). The disproportionate share of such trade remedy cases in China's WTO cases needs to be viewed in light of the fact that China has become the leading target of such cases worldwide in the past decades. The above pattern of China's WTO initiation is explicable within the leader cost-benefit analysis, which would lead us to expect Chinese leaders to use the WTO DSM either to open foreign markets for Chinese businesses or to shield domestic firms from perceived unfair foreign trade practices. This paper further argues that the significant expansion of bilateral trade relations in the past decades has provided opportunities for Chinese leaders to identify or threaten retaliation against anti-protectionist groups in the other country in order to mobilise them against the disputed measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This Research Note updates our 2006 and 2009 China/USA nanotechnology and nanoscience (NN) research output comparisons. A 2009 comparison of China/USA research publication outputs showed that China is about to overtake the USA in NN research output. As predicted by the extrapolated 2009 curve, China has passed USA in NN research publication output. This transition occurred in the 2008/2009 time frame, and if the 2011 results (taken at mid-2011) hold for the full year, will become quite pronounced (~20%). When specific sub-disciplines are examined, the differences between China and USA become more pronounced. For example, the 2009 paper presented the time trend for China/USA publications in nanocomposites, an important sub-discipline of NN. The updated nanocomposites curve has increased about twice the rate of the overall NN curve, and shows no sign of abating. The USA papers lead in the numbers of citations by all metrics considered, but the Chinese papers are showing significant improvement with time. Overall, the Chinese papers are cited very modestly, but there is a core of ''heavy hitters'' that appears to be increasing substantially with time, and is increasingly making its presence known in the higher Impact Factor journals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We performed a bibliometric analysis of published urbanization research from 1991 to 2009, based on SCI and SSCI database. Our analysis reveals scientific outputs, subject categories and major journals, international collaboration and geographic distribution, and temporal trends in keywords usage in urbanization studies and discusses the relationships between urbanization papers and urbanization rate and offer a substitute demonstration of research advancements, which may be considered as a potential guide for future research. The growth of article outputs has exploded since 1991, along with an increasing collaboration index, references and citations. Environmental sciences, ecology, environmental studies, geography and urban studies were most frequently used subject categories and Landscape and Urban Planning was the most productive journal in urbanization studies. The United States was the largest contributor in global urbanization research, as the USA produced the most independent and collaborative papers. The geographic distribution of urbanization articles overlapped quite well with regions with high economic growth in North America, Europe, and Pacific-Asia. A keywords analysis found the USA and China were “hotspots”, confirmed land-use''s significant position and revealed keen interest in ecological and environmental issues in urbanization studies. In general, urbanization research was strongly correlated with the urbanization rate although there were different patterns and underlying processes across different countries. This is the first study to quantify global research trends in urbanization. Our study reveals patterns in scientific outputs and academic collaborations and serves as an alternative way of revealing global research trends in urbanization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Between 2006 and 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in China has doubled and by 2010 China''s cumulative installed capacity of wind power ranked the first in the world, surpassing the United States. However, the rapid expansion of installed capacity has not been matched by grid connection, and this deficiency has aroused the concern of both policy makers and scholars. Unlike most of the current studies which focus on technical strategies in China''s wind power industry, this paper analyzes the problem from a policy perspective. The paper analyzes the four challenges that large scale wind power integration in China faces: the uncoordinated development between wind power capacity and power grids; the lack of suitable technical codes for wind power integration; the unclear nature of the grid companies’ responsibility for grid connection; and the inadequate economic incentives for grid enterprises. To address these problems, the paper recommends that the government: formulates policies to better coordinate the development of wind power and the planning and construction of power grids; establishes grid codes that reflect in particular the requirements to be met by users of power transmission and distribution networks; and integrates administrative intervention and economic incentive policies to stimulate the grid enterprises’ enthusiasm to absorb wind power generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights • The internal relationship between decoupling theory and EKC hypothesis was studied. • A two-dimensional decoupling theory was established. • China and US were taken as a case to study. Abstract The current decoupling theory cannot distinguish the decoupling state of a region with different economic development level. To overcome this problem, this paper first studies the internal relationship between decoupling theory and EKC hypothesis. Furthermore, we establish a two-dimensional decoupling theory of economic development and CO 2 emissions. Finally, taking China and US as a case, this theory is used to explore the decoupling relationship between economic development and CO 2 emissions over the period 1965–2016. If the EKC curve satisfies the inverted U type characteristic, the critical point between strong decoupling and weak decoupling can be approximately obtained at the extreme point of EKC curve. Based on the Tapio decoupling theory and extreme point of EKC curve, the two-dimensional decoupling model with 16 kinds of decoupling sates is established. For China and the United States, the EKC curve of carbon emissions and per capita GDP satisfies the inverted U type characteristic. The threshold value of per capita GDP for China and the United States are $7999.5 and $50980.52, respectively. At present, China's economy is experiencing a low level of economic development. The development of the United States in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 presented strong decoupling with high level of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight oil and shale oil are the important unconventional resources in shale systems, in which the tight oil is the most realistic and profitable resources. Due to special geological environments, lacustrine tight oil is different from marine tight oil in North America. Sweet-spotting is critical to develop these abundant resources, in which three aspects including geology, engineering and economy have been taken into consideration. In this paper, we proposed the definition of sweet spot zone and sweet spot interval in shale system, and discuss the geological significance & related technologies. Tight oil and shale oil should be assessed as a whole system during the future geological evaluation and technology development. The productivity of tight oil and shale oil will be increased by 30–50 million tons, making the economic development of oil in continental shale systems in China. • The world-level lacustrine tight oil accumulations in China. • Geological aspects of tight oil in shale systems. • Critical evaluation and development technologies for sweet spotting. Crude oil in unconventional shale systems, present as tight oil and shale oil, accumulates inside an oil kitchen in formations with coexistent sources and reservoirs. Organic matter present in oil shale is not yet mature and requires heating to convert it into crude oil. Oil exploration in shale systems involves the exploration of shale oil retained in source rocks and tight oil rich zones located near source rocks. Tight oil is a type of realistic unconventional oil resources in China. The marked increase in potential shale oil reserves, and exploration of these reserves, will result in a shale oil revolution similar to that experienced for shale gas. Based on a systematic comparison of geologic features of shale systems in the US and China, the geologic significance of the sweet spots in shale systems is proposed. This zone contains an abundance of unconventional oil in shale systems that can be explored and developed under current economic and technical conditions. The sweet spot zone refers to the zone in the tight oil rich zone which has industrial value within the scope of matured high-quality source rocks on the plane. The sweet spot interval refers to the high-productivity interval of tight oil which has industrial value through artificial stimulation. The main aim of oil exploration in shale formations is to identify the sweet spots. The distribution of the economic sweet spots in shale systems is evaluated by overlapping the geologic, engineering and economic sweet spots. Resource assessment techniques, the identification of logging data properties, high-resolution 3D seismic surveys, horizontal well production from well pads, and artificial reservoir development of sweet spots in oil-bearing shale formations can assist efficient development of oil. Globally, shale formations contain a significant volume of oil reserves. Currently, stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) techniques in horizontal wells in marine shale gas formations in the United States have average peak-productivity cycles of 10–15 years. To achieve commecial oil production in lacustrine shale systems in China, it is important to utilize large formation thicknesses and the high abundance of organic matter. In addition, the development of practical and economic techniques will result in an increase of productivity of tight oil and shale oil by 30–50 million tons, as well as the economic development of oil in lacustrine shale systems in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Circular Economy has emerged as a popular research topic that is shaping public policy in Europe, China, America and elsewhere. It complements the conceptual basis of the Industrial Ecology framework, but places more emphasis on business models to create closed-loop material systems. However, the Circular Economy concept currently lacks robust engineering design methods, leading to many researchers question its effectiveness. In contrast, Process Integration is lesser known publicly, despite being widely applied in industry to achieve substantial reductions in industrial energy, water, and utility use. These three areas have developed in parallel with minimal cross-pollination, but are in fact potentially complementary. This contribution proposes the new unified concept of Circular Integration for greater transdisciplinary research cohesiveness in the sustainable development of processes, industries, and economies. Circular Integration combines elements from Process Integration, Industrial Ecology, and Circular Economy into a multi-dimensional, multi-scale approach to the minimisation of resource and energy consumption. Circular Integration thus provides an engineering toolbox for planning a Sustainable and Circular Economy. To demonstrate its potential, the paper presents a case study on sustainable biofuel production. The possible solution leverages existing industrial resources to potentially produce enough fuel to fulfil 37% of current demand for global air and marine transport. The Circular Integration framework can also be generalised to systems other than transport and energy, aiming to catalyse greater transdisciplinary research for the analysis, design, and implementation of sustainable and circular systems. Highlights • A new Circular Integration framework is developed to support a Circular Economy. • The framework uses insights from Industrial Ecology and Process Integration. • Its implementation creates new prospects for transdisciplinary research. • Global air and marine transport is analysed to demonstrate the new framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a massive storage of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) in the South China Sea (SCS) which is an important part of the '21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative'. Due to the high political sensitivity of the SCS, UCH is facing the long-standing illegal salvage and a double threat from the coastal States' economic and military strategy. The prevailing international law for protecting UCH in SCS is somewhat ambiguous and insufficient. China has enacted a statute in 1989 to regulate the exploitation and protection of UCH, however, the statute is far from detailed. Therefore, with a purpose to enhance the protection of UCH in SCS, this paper tries to build a more effective legal system, which refers to the international law promoting regional cooperation, as well as the perfection of Chinese domestic law regulating specific Sino-Foreign cooperation activities on UCH exploitation. As for the latter, the authors try to set up a corresponding legal system including the aspects of: (1) clarifying the mode of cooperation; (2) perfecting the rules regulating the specific operations and activities; and (3) establishing the regimes of rewards and legal liability. • There is a massive storage of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the South China Sea. • China has enacted a statute to regulate the exploitation and protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage but the statute is far from detailed. • The relevant legislation should clarify the mode of cooperative exploitation between Chinese and foreign counterparts. • A comprehensive system including the prior review, in-process supervision and post report mechanisms should be imposed. • Law shall emphasis the legitimate rights and interest of the foreign counterparts and the legal liability of misconducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The impacts of buildings on our life, business, and natural environment have fueled a global trend in the building industry to "go green". This has helped proliferate various green building rating systems (GBRSs) around the world. While previous studies have examined the effects of these systems on such aspects as resources consumption, indoor air quality and property value, little research, if any, has examined their effects on construction waste management (CWM). This study aims to evaluate the effects of GBRSs on CWM, and to understand the causes behind the effects thereof ascertained. Three GBRSs, including the U.S.-developed Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Mainland China's GB Evaluation Label (GBEL) and Hong Kong's Building Environmental Assessment Method (BEAM Plus) are selected for comparative study. A combination of desktop archive analysis and semi-structured interviews formed the study's mixed method approach. Surprisingly, the study reveals that the three GBRSs do not greatly promote superior CWM performance despite their respective CWM targeted credits. Possible causes, as informed by the interviewees, include the design of rating systems themselves, developers' biases, and lack of incentives to improve CWM. Legal and economic incentives are more decisive drivers of responsible CWM. This paper also provides demonstrable qualitative evidence for legislators and associated bodies to achieve continued improvement in CWM via GBRSs. Highlights • The effects of green building rating systems on construction waste management performance are identified. • The empirical evidence explaining such effects is explored and analyzed. • Qualitative evidence is provided for stakeholders to achieve continued improvement in construction waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the more commonly used domestic and international green building rating systems and details of the evaluation of U.S. LEED, its old and new versions, the trend of improvement in LEED; Compared Chinese “Evaluation Standard for Green Building” (GB/T 50378-2006)with the LEED2009, the paper points out their shortcomings, and identify the existing differences between them. Then comes out the conclusion that LEED2009 is still target to the U.S. buildings, Chinese engineers should learn from its advantage, make use in our evaluation of green building, which is suitable for China''s actual conditions. But we make full use of Chinese buildings of the LEED rating system is not appropriate. Finally, we make a suggestion for “Evaluation Standard for Green Building” that we should add incentives for new energy sources can effectively develop our new energy, give a positive role in environment protection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the various fog remote sensing information products abstracted from the polar orbit meteorological satellite data (NOAA and FY), this paper analyzes the characteristics of the frequency and distribution that dense fogs have taken place in the Beijing district from 2001 to 2005. Among those information products, the statistical graph of the foggy days in Beijing from 2001 to 2005 by means of satellite remote-sensing reflects the frequency that dense fog has occurred in the different regions in Beijing; and the statistical graph of the foggy days of each season by satellite remote-sensing shows the characteristics of the temporal and spatial change of the fog distribution in Beijing in different seasons; the fog degree index(like pixel-level spatial measurement) by satellite remote-sensing reflects the fog frequency difference on unit area in different counties of Beijing. Meanwhile, based on the satellite remote-sensing pictures, data on the main meteorological elements that contribute to the formation of fog, geographic information, and DEM data, this paper makes an analysis in 3 areas, the traits of the fog distribution in the different regions of Beijing in different seasons; meteorological causes for temporal and spatial changes of the main fog types (advection fog, radiation fog). This paper also gave a brief introduction of the general principles of meteorological satellite remote sensing fog, fog information extraction method, as well as the process of satellite orbit selecting according to the ground visibility, data processing and product generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the review of literatures of exchange rate pass-through, the paper established an empirical model to analyze the degree of exchange rate pass-through of the price of the land-intensive products imported from U.S. and found that U.S. exporters not only passed the RMB appreciation to their export price in RMB in the Chinese market, but overreact to export these products to China in a much lower price. Based on the conclusion, the paper puts forward the policy suggestions such as increasing the support to land-intensive products in the framework of WTO and establishing exchange rate linked support measures for the land-intensive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper will focus on the recent development of the Chinese IP abuse legislation and its potential impact on IP protection and the operation of technology-driven foreign enterprises in China. Firstly, it will provide a brief overview of the TRIPS''s requirements on IPR abuse and technology transfer, and the recent development of IP abuse laws at the domestic level, particularly in the US and the EC. Secondly, by drawing a comparison with similar laws in the US and the EC, this paper will critically examine the recent development of the Chinese laws regarding technology transfer and IP abuse prevention, including both the recently enacted Anti-Monopoly Law 2008 (AML) and other prior-AML regulations. Thirdly, the paper will examine both opportunities and potential risks these laws may bring to foreign IP holders/technology-driven companies when operating in China, particularly focusing on the impact of the IP-related provision in the AML. Recent development in antitrust litigation in which Microsoft is a party, including the recent anti-monopoly investigation against Microsoft in China, will also be examined. Lastly, it will provide some practical suggestions for foreign IP holders and technology-driven companies to operate in China, such as useful defences against potential IP abuse claims, and other strategies for flexibly applying the IP abuse rules and better participating in future IP abuse legislative process in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Future disruptive, pervasive technologies will have important consequences for industrial structure, economic growth and the environment. Drawing on theories of technological diffusion, industrial evolution and long-term technological change this paper explores the effect of the development and diffusion of two future pervasive technologies on five industrial sectors in three regions during the 21st century in terms of their effect on economic structural change. Through semi-structured interviews with over 100 experts in the two technologies, the paper quantifies the effects of future biotechnologies and nanotechnologies on the industrial structure of the EU, USA and China in 2020 and 2050. The paper finds that as a result of the development and diffusion of future biotechnologies and nanotechnologies, some industries grow whilst others decline and some new ones emerge. The evidence suggests that the effect is different across countries and time; whereas the experts commonly believe that effect of the technologies on the industrial structure of the EU and US is likely to be similar, the effect in China is considered to be less by 2020 but the same as in the EU and US by 2050. This finding has important implications for the location of production, economic growth and energy demand in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Visions about the establishment of a lunar base and development of the Moon for scientific, technical and commercial ends have been on the political agenda since the beginning of the Space Age. In the past few years a number of spacefaring nations, including the USA, European states through ESA, Japan, India, China and Russia have proposed missions directed at the robotic and human exploration and development of the Moon. This paper argues that an important factor in advancing these missions lies in a partnership between the pubic, governmental sector and the private sector. The paper analyzes the dynamics of this partnership as applied to the case of the US Vision for Space Exploration. The results of the analysis suggest that public–private partnerships directed at lunar development and commerce depend on how government reduces risks for the private sector. The risks identified and discussed herein include political and legal risks, technological risks, and financial and market risks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines cultural differences manifested in and constructed by linguistic practices in public discourse in two sports radio shows in the US and China. The study suggests that the use of personal reference in the two sports radio broadcasts manifests a culturally constructed multiplicity of self. We found that in the English data, the use of personal references represents a predominance of direct consciousness of self [Chafe, W., 1994. Discourse, Consciousness, and Time: the Flow and Displacement of Conscious Experience in Speaking and Writing. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.]. In contrast, the Chinese speakers’ use of personal references is implicit and circumferential. By focusing on the Chinese speakers’ use of ziji ‘self’, a frequently used personal pronoun in Chinese for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person referents, with emphatic and empathetic overtones, the study reveals that personal opinions in the Chinese data were facilitated partly through the speaker''s use of this pronoun oriented toward micro level discourse contexts. The paper further illustrates that in the Chinese data, personal opinions about other people and controversial issues were expressed through a mediation of the speakers’ displaced consciousness (Chafe, 1994), i.e., in expressing opinions by appealing to collective public opinions. This feature differs from the English data where the interlocutors primarily refer to each other in constructing personal opinions in either negative or positive contexts. By comparing the usages and the functions of the personal references in Mandarin Chinese and in American English, we hope to demonstrate that the concept of “self” has multiple manifestations in various cultures, which should be understood within the specific cultural contexts of their occurrences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To date, China has the world's largest wind power generation capacity, followed by the United States. Yet, China's utilization of this installed capacity trails that of the United States by a huge gap. This paper seeks to explain this gap by focusing on the role of institutions. First, it analyzes the institutions that either facilitate or impede wind integration in the two countries. Next, it synthesizes these institutions into coherent institutional logics for China and the United States. Then, it corroborates the institutional analysis with empirical evidence from China and the United States. Finally, it compares the two countries and summarizes what China can learn from the United States to reduce wind curtailment. Overall, this paper finds that China's dominant institutional logic of wind integration is state centrism and it is complemented by partial decentralization and liberalization – a system that is more conducive to capacity addition than capacity utilization. By contrast, the United States' dominant institutional logic of wind integration is market competition but a competing logic also exists which is regulatory interventionism – a system that aligns capacity addition and utilization better but engenders greater policy uncertainty. Because the two countries have distinct institutional logics that generate different root causes for wind curtailment, this paper argues that simply transplanting solutions from the United States to China will not work. What China can learn from the United States is to make incremental improvements to address the frictions between its dominant and complementary institutional logics. • China's dominant institutional logic of wind integration is state centrism. • The U.S.'s dominant institutional logic of wind integration is market competition. • Different institutional logics underpin different solutions to wind curtailment. • China shall make incremental improvements along its dominant institutional logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive design strategies are important for achieving building sustainability given their proved influences over the building performance in both energy and indoor environmental aspects. The building layout, envelope thermophysics, building geometry and infiltration & air-tightness are major passive architectural parameters to improve the building energy efficiency. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review on simulation-based approaches to optimize passively designed buildings is conducted and corresponding research gaps are identified. Based on existing research methods, modelling experiments on a generic building are conducted to integrate robust variance-based sensitivity analyses with an early-stage design optimization process. Proposed mixed-mode ventilation and lighting dimming control algorithms are applied to the EnergyPlus model to simulate the total lighting and cooling energy demands by incorporating the related design criteria in a local green building assessment scheme. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is then coupled with the modelling experiment to obtain the Pareto frontier as well as the final optimum solution. Different settings of NSGA-II are also investigated to improve the computational efficiency without jeopardizing the optimization productivity. Furthermore, the sensitivity of optimum design solutions to external environmental parameters in hot and humid areas are explored. Findings from this study will guide decision-makers through a holistic optimization process to fulfill energy-saving targets in a passively designed green building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the textual content of online customer review (OCR) is very meaningful and previous studies suggested that the cross-cultural differences of OCRs exist. This paper proposes the textual content dimensions of OCRs and compares the differences between Chinese and American cultural contexts by conducting two studies. Based on theoretical analysis, expert advice, and online content analysis, 10 dimensions about the textual content of OCRs were proposed in Study 1, namely, seller trustworthiness, logistics quality, and service quality (seller-related), product functionality, price, product quality, and product aesthetics (product-related), emotional attitudes, recommendation expressions, and attitudinal loyalty (consumer-related). The differences in the proposed 10 dimensions mentioned in OCRs between American and Chinese consumers were statistically compared in Study 2. The data was collected from Amazon.com and Amazon.cn, which included 1565 OCRs of six products. The results show that the Chinese are more likely to mention seller trustworthiness, product functionality, price, product quality, and product aesthetics, while Americans are more likely to mention emotional attitudes and recommendation expressions in OCRs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to explore the differences of the integrated value of shale gas development between the US and China. On the basis of an extensive literature survey and 17 in-depth personal interviewswith domestic experts, a fuzzy-AHP model is exploited herein to evaluate the development of shale gas in the US and China. The fuzzy-AHP model encompasses 21 indicators, which can be further categorized into 4 critical factors: (1) market prospects, (2) environmental impacts, (3) conditions of resource & occurrence, and (4) general conditions of extraction & utilization. Among the 21 indicators, market demand, cost and price, technologies, gas content, water contamination/supply, and policy contribute significantly to the integrated value of the model. According to the integrated value of the shale gas development in the US and China, the comparative analysis suggests that there is a large gap between these two countries. Furthermore, differences in shale gas development between the US and China are identified and reasons for these differences are analyzed. The US-China comparative analysis and the experience from US suggest that government policies will be crucial to determine the future development of shale gas in China and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the empirical validity of the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the top ten tourist destinations in the world (China, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States) using the quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach and a new index of tourism activity that combines the most commonly used tourism indicators. This methodology, recently introduced by Sim and Zhou (2015), provides an ideal framework with which to capture the overall dependence structure between tourism development and economic growth. The empirical results primarily show a positive relation between tourism and economic growth for the ten countries considered with substantial variations across countries and across quantiles within each country. The weakest links are noted for China and Germany, possibly because of the limited importance of the tourism sector relative to other major economic activities in those countries. Important country-specific policy implications may be drawn from these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so called “three-step test”, that the limitations and exceptions of copyright shall be allowed in certain special cases, provided that they do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author, grants copyright flexibilities to balance the interests of all stakeholders, especially within the European system of circumscribed limitations and exceptions. This is essential for the domain of computer law, confronted by rapid and unpredictable global technological developments, and is, thus, enshrined in the most important international intellectual property (IP) treaties. Through the proposed third amendment to the Copyright Law of the PRC, the legislature intends to adopt this test while also introducing an open-ended list of limitations and exceptions that constitutes a China-specific “two-step test.” This contravenes prima facie the thesis endorsed by the WTO Panel in the case concerning Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act in 2000. In contrast, court decisions in China frequently apply the fair use doctrine of US copyright law, neglecting to consider its peculiar context of the US common law tradition and, thus, unduly expanding the Chinese courts' discretionary power. This paper summarizes the case law in China and takes a comparative approach to address the divergence between the judicial application of cyber copyright law and the existing legislation. It suggests revising the proposed Article 43 of the Copyright Law of the PRC to capture the due interpretation of the three-step test, thereby finessing the delineation between rights protection and free use with the compensation of remuneration under the principle of proportionality. It argues that transplanting the US fair use doctrine into Chinese copyright law is feasible, but with the preconditions of endeavouring to strengthen judicial reform to integrate the IP adjudication systems, enhancing the coherence and efficiency of copyright enforcement, and facilitating consistent dialogues between scholars, practitioners, and lawmakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings consume large amounts of energy and resources and have a significant impact on environment. In 2010 buildings accounted for 32% of total global final energy use and 19% of energy-related GHG emissions. This energy use and related emissions may double or potentially even triple by mid-century. China is the world's largest energy consumer and CO 2 emitter. With the process of urbanization, China has been entering into a period of great prosperity for construction, about 1.6–2.0 billion m 2 buildings are constructed each year, which accounts for about 40% of the world's total new buildings. It is predicted that China’s building energy use and related emissions will continue to increase over the next 15 years. Therefore, promoting green building development has become an urgent issue in China. However, green building is a highly complicated system engineering, its promotion needs evaluation standards as technical support. Many countries had issued a series of green building evaluation standards since 1990. Currently, there are some representative green building assessment schemes. Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) has been fully implemented as the national authoritative standard of the UK since 2010. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) developed by the USA, was revised and updated regularly with the latest version issued in 2013. China enacted its national evaluation standard for green building in 2006, and revised the standard in 2014. Based on introducing the latest evaluation standards for green buildings in China, Britain and United States, the paper compared these standards from 5 aspects including energy-saving, water-saving, material-saving, site selection and the outdoor and indoor environmental quality. The comparison mainly focuses on evaluation methods and evaluation indicators in the three standard systems. Besides, the characteristics of each standard system were summarized and some suggestions for improving China’s evaluation standard for green building were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and tests a conceptual model of private-information sensitive mobile app adoption utilizing privacy calculus approach. It also explores the role of personality in affecting perceived benefits of using mobile apps and compares the findings across two countries: the US and China. Irrespective of the cultural environment, millennial mobile app users download apps that require access to sensitive personal information in order to satisfy their informational and social (but not entertainment) needs. Perceived privacy concern does not influence adoption or future use of private-information sensitive apps. Extraversion and agreeableness are positively related to user perceptions of benefits obtained from using apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the framework of a four-stage substance flow analysis, this paper displayed a quantified picture of copper flows in the U.S. in several specific years from 1975 to 2012. The ratio among the output of refinery and manufacture has changed from 0.30, 0.36, 0.34 in 1975–0.30, 0.25, 0.45 in 2012. It shows that production shrinks and manufacture increases. Domestic recovered old scrap in 2012 is 3 times as much as that in 1975. However, the use of old scrap in 2012 is only 40% of that in 1975. Meanwhile, the U.S changed from a net exporter (27.5 Gg) in 1975 to a net importer (471 Gg) for refined copper. All these results showed that the U.S chose importing refined copper to satisfy the demand rather than recycling old scrap. Because the U.S tend to acquire copper resource in a more ecological and economic way. Due to economic and environmental pressure, the production stage prefers low-priced primary production rather than secondary production. Most old scrap is transferred to other countries and China became the destination of more than 70% scrap. Only pure or clearly graded scrap is recycled for domestic use and the majority is directly used in manufacture stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asset allocation, an important part of household finance, attracts constant attention across countries. Due to the differences between countries, asset allocation presents different characteristics in various countries. This paper compares and analyzes the differences in household asset allocation around the world based on the data of 23 developing and developed countries, such as China, the United States, 20 EU countries, and Australia, at the micro-level. This paper finds that in all of these countries, except for the United States, housing assets often occupy a large proportion of household total assets, which we give the name 'Valuing Housing', mainly attributed to the high housing value-to-income ratios (especially in developing countries). Further analysis shows that, with the increase in household income, the proportion of housing assets in most countries presents an inverted 'U' shape, which first increases and then decreases, and where the inflection point appears in the top 20% of households. Also, with increases in income, China, the United States, and some other countries see an increasing proportion of financial assets. The top 20% of households tend to invest in financial assets. In addition, as the ages of household heads increase, the proportion of housing assets tends to first rise and then level off, and that of financial assets tends to first decrease and then level off. The conclusions of this paper help to better understand the differences in the allocation of household assets across countries and explain the underlying causes. • Besides the US, housing assets often occupy a large proportion of household assets. • The main reason of high housing ratio is the high housing value-to-income ratio. • Housing ratio in most countries first rises and then decreases as income increases. • Older households prefer housing assets to financial assets. • Low-income groups in developing countries suffer more due to high housing prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do differences in the motive for conspicuous consumption in the United States and China affect the incidence of taxes in those countries? In this paper I develop a model of conspicuous consumption in which a consumer cares not only about the direct utility she receives from consumption, but also about the way her consumption pattern affects her peer group's belief about her well-being. Estimating the model on American and Chinese data, I find that a Chinese consumer cares 20% more than an American consumer about peer beliefs. I use the estimated model in several experiments related to tax incidence. I find that the 1990–2002 American luxury tax on automobiles led to widespread but small welfare gains, and that the stronger Chinese motive for conspicuous consumption leads to fewer households harmed and larger median welfare gains from a 10% tobacco excise tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce weighted permutation entropy (WPE) and three different symbolic approaches to investigate the complexities of stock time series containing amplitude-coded information and explore the influence of using different symbolic approaches on obtained WPE results. We employ WPE based on symbolic approaches to the US and Chinese stock markets and make a comparison between the results of US and Chinese stock markets. Three symbolic approaches are able to help the complexity containing in the stock time series by WPE method drop whatever the embedding dimension is. The similarity between these stock markets can be detected by the WPE based on Binary Δ -coding-method, while the difference between them can be revealed by the WPE based on σ -method, Max–min-method. The combinations of the symbolic approaches: σ -method and Max–min-method, and WPE method are capable of reflecting the multiscale structure of complexity by different time delay and analyze the differences between complexities of stock time series in more detail and more accurately. Furthermore, the correlations between stock markets in the same region and the similarities hidden in the S&P500 and DJI, ShangZheng and ShenCheng are uncovered by the comparison of the WPE based on Binary Δ -coding-method of six stock markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary It is generally agreed that the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) has significantly influenced global nanotechnology development since its inception in 2000. The far-reaching impact of NNI and nanotechnology development, as evidenced by publications in high impact journals, has been rising rapidly over the last 10 years. Recently, the global nanotechnology community witnessed China's ascent in nanotechnology. With increased governmental funding and improved research infrastructure, China has made significant advances and currently has the fastest growing nanotechnology publications and related industrialization. On the one hand, the Chinese government, like the American government, continues to build and support a fertile nanotechnology community. On the other hand, efforts appear less organized in the European Union. Although the gap in nanotechnology impact between the USA and China has narrowed significantly over recent years, the two countries have evolved with their own research focuses. Yet, China is still left behind American nanotechnology in terms of average citations per papers and publications in high-impact journals. It is hopeful that competition and collaboration between the two countries in this field will positively advance the global nanotechnology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines China's considerations in reaching the 2004 and 2007 Air Service Agreement Protocols with the United States (US) and the impacts of such policy on the China–US market from the perspective of China. Analysis shows that the 2004 and 2007 protocols have profound impacts on the China–US market. The two protocols have been associated with phenomenal traffic growth and intensified competition. Passengers also benefit from much more choice in terms of both airlines and routing. Over time, Chinese carriers' operating performance and financial performance have gradually improved after the liberalization expressed in the protocols. However, the industry's hub-building initiatives are still seriously challenged by competing hubs in Seoul and Tokyo which have diverted substantial number of passengers moving between the China and US markets. Such issues have to be addressed in order to create a win–win outcome for both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The recurrence of past security breaches in healthcare showed that lessons had not been effectively learned across different healthcare organisations. Recent studies have identified the need to improve learning from incidents and to share security knowledge to prevent future attacks. Generic Security Templates (GSTs) have been proposed to facilitate this knowledge transfer. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether potential users in healthcare organisations can exploit the GST technique to share lessons learned from security incidents.Methodology: We conducted a series of case studies to evaluate GSTs. In particular, we used a GST for a security incident in the US Veterans' Affairs Administration to explore whether security lessons could be applied in a very different Chinese healthcare organisation.Results: The results showed that Chinese security professional accepted the use of GSTs and that cyber security lessons could be transferred to a Chinese healthcare organisation using this approach. The users also identified the weaknesses and strengths of GSTs, providing suggestions for future improvements.Conclusion: Generic Security Templates can be used to redistribute lessons learned from security incidents. Sharing cyber security lessons helps organisations consider their own practices and assess whether applicable security standards address concerns raised in previous breaches in other countries. The experience gained from this study provides the basis for future work in conducting similar studies in other healthcare organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers more than 2000 dust explosion accidents that occurred worldwide between 1785 and 2012. The statistical features of these cases are first examined spatially and temporally. Accident frequencies at different levels of economic development are further discussed. China and the United States are chosen as examples to represent the differences in distribution features of dust explosions in countries with different economic development levels. Data for combustible dusts leading to dust explosions in both China and the United States are also collected and categorized. The features of ignition sources for dust explosions, the types of enterprises with high risk, and the critical equipment in such enterprises are also analyzed. The results could help identify hazards of dust explosions in various industries, monitor the critical equipment, and further suggest safety improvement procedures to reduce the probability and damage of dust explosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the investigation reports for two major railway accidents in China and the USA, as well as the analysis of related systems, this paper compares the differences between Chinese and American railway accident investigation modes along different dimensions. The four aspects attended to are the investigation purpose, institutional basis, scope and process, and type of conclusion. The results reveal the role of social factors in shaping the investigation pattern of engineering accidents, and show engineering accidents can serve as a window to understanding a society and the ways that learning from engineering accidents is a socially institutionalized process. A final discussion considers possible improvements that might be introduced into the Chinese mode of engineering accident investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black rot disease of Vitis species and other host genera of Vitacease is caused by Phyllosticta ampelicida and allied taxa which is considered to be a species complex. In this paper, we introduce four new species of Phyllosticta , including two from the P. ampelicida complex, based on a polyphasic characterization including disease symptoms and host association, morphology, and molecular phylogeny. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and a combined multi-locus alignment of the ITS, actin (ACT), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1), and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene regions. Our study confirms the phylogenetic distinctions of the four new species, as well as their phenotypic differences with known species in the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]