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To achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, China is actively promoting carbon reduction in many areas. Agriculture is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting the development of low-carbon agriculture is a critical way to achieve carbon reduction targets. Taking Chongming District in Shanghai as an example, this study summarizes the experience of low-carbon agricultural development in Chongming and analyzes the problems and challenges faced during its development. Finally, based on the system dynamics method, the causal relationship of carbon emission in Chongming's agricultural development is constructed, and feasible loop optimization suggestions are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A general charging scheduling problem for an electric bus fleet, which can be used a building block of more complex electric bus system planning or operations problems. • Time-based charging windows, battery state-of-charge bounds, time-of-use charging tariffs, and station-specific electricity load capacities considered. • A mixed linear integer programming model with charging location and time decisions specified by location-specific charging time slots. • A Lagrangian relaxation framework for decomposing the fleet charging scheduling problem by individual buses. • A bi-criterion dynamic programming algorithm for each single-bus charging scheduling subproblem. Electrification poses a promising low-carbon or even zero-carbon transportation solution, serving as a strategic approach to reducing carbon emissions and promoting carbon neutrality in the transportation sector. Along the transportation electrification pathway, the goal of carbon neutrality can be further accelerated with an increasing amount of electricity being generated from renewable energies. The past decade observed the rapid development of battery technologies and deployment of electricity infrastructure worldwide, fostering transportation electrification to expand from railways to light and then heavy vehicles on roadways. In China, a massive number of electric buses have been employed and operated in dozens of metropolises. An important daily operations issue with these urban electric buses is how to coordinate their charging activities in a cost-effective manner, considering various physical, financial, institutional, and managerial constraints. This paper addresses a general charging scheduling problem for an electric bus fleet operated across multiple bus lines and charging depots and terminals, aiming at finding an optimal set of charging location and time decisions given the available charging windows. The charging windows for each bus are predetermined in terms of its layovers at depots and terminals and each of them is discretized into a number of charging slots with the same time duration. A mixed linear integer programming model with binary charging slot choice and continuous state-of-charge (SOC) variables is constructed for minimizing the total charging cost of the bus fleet subject to individual electricity consumption rates, electricity charging rates, time-based charging windows, battery SOC bounds, time-of-use (TOU) charging tariffs, and station-specific electricity load capacities. A Lagrangian relaxation framework is employed to decouple the joint charging schedule of a bus fleet into a number of independent single-bus charging schedules, which can be efficiently addressed by a bi-criterion dynamic programming algorithm. A real-world regional electric bus fleet of 122 buses in Shanghai, China is selected for validating the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed charging scheduling model and algorithm. The optimization results numerically reveal the impacts of TOU tariffs, station load capacities, charging infrastructure configurations, and battery capacities on the bus system performance as well as individual recharging behaviors, and justify the superior solution efficiency of our algorithm against a state-of-the-art commercial solver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is a critical factor affecting regional carbon emissions. Clarifying the linkage between urbanization and carbon emissions can provide a decision-making reference to realize China's goal of carbon neutrality. This article examines the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization and carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2008 to 2018. A complete set of variables is considered to construct relevant land and ecological urbanization variables, and the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and spatial Durbin model (SDM) are adopted to explore the impact of various driving factors on carbon emissions. The results indicate that (1) during the study period, the carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration exhibited a fluctuating increase and that the incremental carbon emissions followed a downward trend. (2) Carbon emissions exhibited a positive spatial correlation. Cold- and hotspot areas indicated a three-gradient pattern from west to east, and a concentric circle radiation pattern occurred with Shanghai as the core. Carbon emissions were spatially imbalanced, but the centre of gravity slightly fluctuated, with a total migration distance of 38.48 km, indicating a migration trend towards the southeast. (3) Regarding the two considered dimensions of urbanization, all driving factors except urbanization played a role in carbon emission enhancement. Consequently, for every 1% increase in economic factors, the carbon emissions correspondingly increased by 0.43–0.57%. Hence, economic factors are the most important factors promoting increased carbon emissions. In the ecological urbanization dimension, urbanization caused a non-significant decrease in carbon emissions, while there was no spillover effect on carbon emissions in neighbouring areas. Accordingly, carbon emission reduction efforts should promote the transformation of urbanization from a land-driven process to an ecologically driven process and realize the synergies among carbon emission reductions, urban development, and land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic growth has entered "new normal," and the task of reducing carbon emissions has become more onerous. Hence, this study aimed to explore whether China's carbon emissions trading pilot policy stimulated corporate green innovation capabilities. The data pertained to the green patent data of the listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges during 2008-2018. Using a difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) method, the study took advantage of the variations across regions, across enterprises, and across years and obtained several novel findings. First, the pilot carbon emissions trading policy significantly stimulated the green innovation capabilities of emission control companies in the pilot areas compared with enterprises in nonpilot areas and the nonemission control list. Second, the effect of the policy on the improvement in corporate green innovation capabilities might be driven by the improvement in corporate input factor allocation efficiency and the additional benefits that could be obtained from the carbon trading market. Third, the positive effect of the policy on the green innovation capabilities of state-owned enterprises was more significant. Therefore, the establishment and promotion of a unified national carbon emissions trading market and supporting mechanisms should be accelerated to achieve the balance of stable economic growth and carbon emission task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world's largest developing country and a carbon dioxide emitter. A functional carbon market can effectively reduce carbon emissions. This paper uses the Markov chain Monte Carlo-stochastic volatility model and the wavelet multi-resolution model to analyze the volatility of price returns and the dynamic characteristics of price fluctuations in the carbon pilot markets in Hubei, Shanghai, and Shenzhen. The price movements in these markets are compared to the emissions trading system of the European Union (EU-ETS). The results show that there is a volatility clustering in the price of carbon trading in Hubei, Shanghai, Shenzhen and the EU-ETS. China's carbon pilot markets have a deficiency in terms of volatility stability, as does the EU-ETS. From a long-term perspective, China's carbon market lacks a detailed development plan, which is vital because the construction of the market system is not yet optimal. From a short-term view, China's carbon market is not active and the participants' attitude toward risk is extremely sensitive. • MCMC-SV and wavelet multi-resolution model applied to carbon price volatility. • Three major Chinese markets are compared to the EU-ETS. • All markets evidence volatility clustering. • China's carbon market lacks a detailed development plan for the long term. • Short-term, China's carbon market must become more active and offer more products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an economic means to cope with climate change, carbon trading has become an important measure to reduce carbon emissions in China. It has been over seven years since the initiation of seven pilot carbon markets, but has the implementation achieved the goal of controlling carbon emissions in the region? Are the effects really resulted from the carbon market other than other energy-saving and emission reduction policies? Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2005 to 2016 this paper conducts an empirical study on the emission reduction effects of pilot projects using the Difference-in-differences model (DID). The results show that: (1) The implementation of carbon markets in Beijing, Shanghai and Hubei exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on local carbon emissions, but a promoting effect in Guangdong, and no significant effect was found in Tianjin; (2) In terms of time lag effect, no significant inhibiting effect on the local carbon emissions is found during the first year of opening of Shanghai carbon market but the effect grew significantly from 2015 to 2016; while for Hubei and Beijing, significant effect was shown from the first year of running. Being an experimental program to see whether the carbon trading policy would work in China or not and if it does, under what conditions and settings the policy becomes effective, the 7 pilot markets provide important experiences and lessons to the upcoming nationwide market in China. Based on the empirical result that the carbon trading system in Beijing, Shanghai and Hubei effectively reduced carbon emissions, it is suggested that the national carbon market should actively learn from the experiences of these three pilot markets particularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]