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Copyright of Comunicar (English Edition) is the property of Oxbridge Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are growing concerns about the commercialisation of childhood and the consequences of marketing to children, including marketing's negative effects and increasingly sophisticated and potentially deceptive online tactics that permeate the contemporary media environment. Children and young people are prolific users of video-sharing platforms (VSP) such as TikTok and YouTube, yet little is known about children's advertising literacy within these contexts. Therefore, this paper answers recent calls for a deeper understanding of children's advertising literacy in light of their increasingly digital lifestyles. A combination of qualitative, participatory creative methods were used with children aged 9–11 from the UK. Findings show that despite their negative perceptions of online advertising, children place a level of trust in video-sharing platforms, based on a misconception that the commercialisation of content is always disclosed. This is concerning because children may prefer and pay more attention to content that they believe to be genuine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolving media ecosystem underscores the pressing need for media literacy within the population. Numerous academic research initiatives typically focus on competencies such as mobile device management and the identification of fake news on social networks, among others. This paper seeks to uncover how academic research tackles advertising literacy, a facet of media literacy that promotes the development of critical consumers. Advertising literacy is increasingly recognised as a crucial competency in today's world, given the ubiquity of advertising messages and their potential to influence purchasing decisions, worldviews, and cultural perceptions. A systematic review was conducted, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, of articles on the topic published in Social Science academic journals indexed in Scopus. Significant findings suggest that advertising literacy has been a subject of analysis for over three decades, and that journals publishing on this topic, along with the affiliations of authors, are predominantly based in Europe and the United States. Additionally, it was observed that applied research, especially surveys and experiments, has superseded theoretical research in the analysis of this subject. The studies practical implications, alongside their theoretical contributions, are noteworthy. The conclusion drawn suggests that advertising literacy is a research area with substantial growth potential, warranting the attention of the educational and media industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on children's response to advertising is dominated by positivistic and quantitative approaches and often addresses children's failure to understand advertising in an adult manner. This paper suggests that reliance on Piaget's theory of child development has restricted research on children and advertising, and calls for more attention to be given to theorists such as Erikson who offer broader accounts incorporating social and cultural issues. The paper builds a case for viewing children as active, socially and culturally situated consumers of advertising by reviewing meaning-based, reader-response and literacy approaches to advertising. It reports on a qualitative study (using photo diaries, individual interviews and small friendship group discussions) which sought a child's eye view of advertising experiences among 10-12 year-olds. The children shared a drive to obtain and demonstrate power in their everyday lives, and this led them to seek mastery, control and critical distance in their dealings with advertising. The study's implications are considered for advertising practitioners, researchers and public policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research on how children process advertising is still in its infancy. This article reviews the published academic literature on advertising literacy and children. The aim is to offer an updated view of how this subject has been studied in the last decade, a term used to refer to children's skills and abilities to deal with advertising. Methodology: 105 articles indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases between 2010-2022 were analysed. Results: only three authors have published more than a dozen papers on this topic, with two European universities (one Belgian and one Dutch) concentrating their scientific production. The year in which the most papers were published was 2020 and the main journals that published these papers belong to the fields of communication, marketing and psychology. The main tool for this research was the survey. Discussion: the review yielded six lines of research: advertising literacy programmes and minors facing new formats; influence of food advertising; influencer marketing and influencers; purchasing decisions; identification of advertising and privacy. Conclusions: the article provides proposals for future research on advertising literacy and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children nowadays spend many hours online watching YouTube videos in which their favorite vloggers are playing games, unboxing toys, reviewing products, making jokes or just going about their daily activities. These vloggers regularly post attractive and entertaining content in the hope of building a large follower base. Although many of these vloggers are adults, the number of child vloggers is flourishing. The famous child vlogger Ryan of Ryan's World, for instance, has more than 19 million viewers and he is (at age seven) a social media influencer. The popularity of these vloggers incited advertisers to include them as a new marketing communication tool, also referred to as influencer marketing, in their marketing strategy. Accordingly, many influential vloggers now receive free products from brands in return for a mention in one of their videos and their other social media (e.g., TikTok or Instagram) and some are even paid to create a sponsored post or video and distribute it to their followers. This sponsored content appears to be highly influential and may affect young children's brand preferences. Given the limited advertising literacy skills (i.e., knowledge of advertising and skills to critically reflect on this advertising) of children under age 12, they are a vulnerable target group when it comes to persuasion. Therefore, caution is needed when implementing this marketing tactic to target them. However, research on how influencer marketing affects young children (under 12) is scarce and it is unclear how these young children can be empowered to critically cope with this fairly new form of persuasion. This paper therefore aims to shed light on why and how social media influencers have persuasive power over their young followers. The paper starts with providing insights into how and why social media influencers became a new source in advertising. We then discuss the few studies that have been conducted on influencer marketing among young children (under 12), based on a systematic literature review, and take these findings to formulate societal and policy implications and develop a future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Review of Communication Studies / Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is common to identify the ability to recognize advertising as a requirement for the development of a critical attitude towards commercial content. This paper reflects on the perception parents have of their children who, as active users of mobile devices, are recipients of advertising. We thought interesting to draw a comparison between parent and child responses to corroborate the level of consistency between adult perception and what children stated regarding their attitude towards the advertising to which they were exposed. In order to do so a survey was applied in dyads in 501 households in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile showing that parents and guardians tend to underestimate the trust that children place in the advertising appearing on the channels they watch most on their mobile devices. It is needed a ground a solid starting point to enable subsequent research on childcare, content supervision and parental and social mediation. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Researchers agree on the limitations of the conceptual knowledge of a message's persuasive intention for children to process commercial content. However, the potential impact of the advertising children deal with through digital media, and their parents' awareness of it, is under-researched. b. Novel Contributions: There are important differences in the perception of children and parents regarding mobile advertising and the way children interact with it. Parents are not aware of how their children trust the commercial messages they see while using their mobile phones. c. Practical Implications: Differences in perceptions between children and their parents are of interest to parental mediation researchers. From a methodological perspective, this article shows that parent-child dyad research is highly relevant, because it can reveal nuances in children's media use and media literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental design is conducted by applying laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of intentional manipulations on participating subjects. In detail, this research attempts to examine the quality of advertising proxies in marketing communication affected by Advertising Format and Advertising Literacy. The first experiment involves 100 participants who are randomly given interactive or non-interactive advertising from a peer. In the second experiment, 226 undergraduate students of Mulawarman University, Indonesia, are randomly assigned to eight designated situations. Looking at this study's results, improving entertaining features (Advertising Format) in advertising is found to deliver a significantly positive effect to attract consumers' attention. The Advertising Literacy variable is discovered to negatively affect the quality of advertising in a weak consumer tie. Hence, this study suggests that advertising literacy expectedly decreases consumers' perceived value of advertising and lessens their intentions to share. This paper will contribute to the marketing and advertising literature to design an online advertisement on Instagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on children's advertising literacy needs to keep pace with the emergence of different forms of marketing communication in the digital era. This paper reports on a qualitative study conducted among 30 children aged 10 to 12 to explore how children perceive and respond to YouTube videos that carry product and brand messages. Interviewees were asked to watch an unboxing YouTube video. Afterwards, they were asked about the purposes of this kind of video, similar videos they watched on YouTube, and the perceived influences of these messages on purchase decisions. Results show that interviewees varied tremendously in their understanding of the selling and persuasive intents of these messages. Some interviewees did not consider these videos to be advertisements because of their narrow way of defining advertising. Interviewees learned about brands for children as well as for adults from YouTube videos with product endorsements. They were aware of the persuasive effects of these videos on their brand knowledge and purchase behaviors. Theoretical and marketing implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have historically assumed that consumers' persuasion knowledge is invariably linked to skepticism about advertising and marketing. As a result, studies have often used skepticism‐focused stimuli to prompt persuasion knowledge access. However, as originally conceptualized, persuasion knowledge also includes an understanding of persuasion tactics that are trusted and believed, which suggests that accessing persuasion knowledge does not necessarily make consumers more skeptical. In this paper, we propose that, for at least some persuasion knowledge research questions, skepticism‐focused interventions may be too "one‐sided" because they bias participants to consider only the skeptical side of persuasion knowledge. The purpose of the present research is to test whether the "one‐sided" persuasion knowledge interventions that are used in persuasion knowledge research encourage skepticism more than balanced interventions that focus consumers on the negative and positive motives that may underlie persuasive communication. Across three experiments with three distinct subject pools and over 2,500 participants, we demonstrate that one‐sided versus balanced manipulations of persuasion knowledge can have differential effects on consumer skepticism. This is an important finding because skepticism‐focused operationalizations are frequently employed in persuasion knowledge research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the ambivalence of public attitudes to advertising is often acknowledged, it has been undertheorized. This paper begins with an overview of prior research on the structure of attitudes to advertising, and a case is made for ambivalence as a central characteristic. It is also argued that research on attitudes to advertising has generally focused on the content of attitudes at the expense of contextual factors, yet consumers do not relate to advertising in isolation from their experiences of popular culture, postmodernism and advertising literacy. Ambivalence in consumer attitudes to advertising is revisited by considering three sets of tensions which are related to these contextual factors. The paper concludes by considering the implications for advertising production and consumption in postmodern times. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An important domain in which children's rights are reconfigured by internet use, is digital advertising. New advertising formats such as advergames, personalised and integrated advertising have permeated the online environments in which children play, communicate and search for information. The often immersive, interactive and increasingly personalised nature of these advertising formats makes it difficult for children to recognise and make informed and well-balanced commercial decisions. This raises particular issues from a children's rights perspective, including, inter alia , their rights to development (Article 6, UNCRC), privacy (Article 16, UNCRC), protection against economic exploitation (Article 32, UNCRC), freedom of thought (Article 17, UNCRC) and education (Article 28, UNCRC). The paper addresses this reconfiguration by translating the general principles and the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child into the specific context of digital advertising. Moreover, it considers the different dimensions of the rights (i.e. protection, participation and provision) and how the commercialisation affects children and how their rights are exercised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first paper to provide findings on how candy placements in films influence children's (ages three to nine) selection behavior in real-life shopping situations. Furthermore, it offers insights into both influencing factors barely discussed in previous research and the underlying effect mechanisms. A field experiment was performed in natural viewing and shopping scenarios. For the first time, children aged 3 to 5 were incorporated. Results of multilevel and logistic regression moderation and mediation analyses show that the risk of selecting a placed product was more than nine times higher in the treatment group than in the control group, which was moderated by age: younger children were more likely to select the advertised products. Neither gender nor consumption habits affected the correlation. The time span between stimulus and choice tended to have an influence. Findings support the assumption of implicit persuasion processes via evaluative conditioning and, partially, mere-exposure-effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Inquiries / Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi is the property of Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi (Journal of Academic Inquiries) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In today's society, children are surrounded by advertising. Within this context, this paper presents a set of activities designed to make children aware of various marketing tactics, mainly related to advertising, so that they become empowered to make informed consumer choices. The design of the intervention and the evaluation of its effectiveness make a number of contributions to current research. Firstly, teachers carried out the activities, a role traditionally assigned to parents or researchers in previous literature. Secondly, we broaden the scope of indicators measuring the effectiveness of the activities by including the evaluation of changes not only in advertising literacy, but also in attitudes towards advertising and in children's behaviours. Results show the effectiveness of the intervention in preparing children to better deal with advertising. Suggestions for further research and the design of this type of interventions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising is an essential tool in influencing the customer's buying behavior. However, customers tend to have various levels of understanding and decoding advertising messages. Even though children do not have purchasing power themselves, they still create a key customer segment that can influence the purchase decision of the whole family. The paper focuses on how media usage by children and their attitudes towards advertisements determines their buying behavior. The main purpose of the research is to present and describe how children's advertising literacy develops and its connection with the concept of the theory of mind. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem is that according to several types of research, children are increasingly targeted through various advertising media. Even though their advertising literacy is not fully developed yet. However, nowadays, there is a growing importance of media in our lives and a need to socialize children as consumers because they represent a huge market for advertisers. An empirical study was carried out by designing a questionnaire filled by Slovak children between the ages of 11 and 15. The advertising impact and the degree of impact of the selected types of advertising media on children's consumer behavior were evaluated. The study involved the online method of computer-assisted web interviewing to investigate the influence of advertising media. The authors assessed the degree of the disruptive effect of the selected advertising media on children and the perception of a chosen medium within gender. The most and the least influential type of media were identified. The findings showed no significant difference within gender in the case of advertising media perception by children. The research empirically confirmed and theoretically proved commercial messages aimed at children through different kinds of traditional and electronic media. According to the results, children's buying behavior is mostly influenced by advertising on social media platforms. This type of media mostly integrates sponsored content which has a huge influence on decision making and forming future preferences. The research results can be helpful for further research of commercial messages of social media aimed at children and how those messages affect the whole family and children's future preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Prisma Social is the property of Revista Prisma Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Children nowadays spend many hours online watching YouTube videos in which their favorite vloggers are playing games, unboxing toys, reviewing products, making jokes or just going about their daily activities. These vloggers regularly post attractive and entertaining content in the hope of building a large follower base. Although many of these vloggers are adults, the number of child vloggers is flourishing. The famous child vlogger Ryan of Ryan’s World, for instance, has more than 19 million viewers and he is (at age seven) a social media influencer. The popularity of these vloggers incited advertisers to include them as a new marketing communication tool, also referred to as influencer marketing, in their marketing strategy. Accordingly, many influential vloggers now receive free products from brands in return for a mention in one of their videos and their other social media (e.g., TikTok or Instagram) and some are even paid to create a sponsored post or video and distribute it to their followers. This sponsored content appears to be highly influential and may affect young children’s brand preferences. Given the limited advertising literacy skills (i.e., knowledge of advertising and skills to critically reflect on this advertising) of children under age 12, they are a vulnerable target group when it comes to persuasion. Therefore, caution is needed when implementing this marketing tactic to target them. However, research on how influencer marketing affects young children (under 12) is scarce and it is unclear how these young children can be empowered to critically cope with this fairly new form of persuasion. This paper therefore aims to shed light on why and how social media influencers have persuasive power over their young followers. The paper starts with providing insights into how and why social media influencers became a new source in advertising. We then discuss the few studies that have been conducted on influencer marketing among young children (under 12), based on a systematic literature review, and take these findings to formulate societal and policy implications and develop a future research agenda.

Due to recent developments in the media landscape, the lines between the commercial message and media content have blurred and consumers’ advertising literacy is being challenged. Thus, a required skill and ability in our digital age is advertising literacy. This study is designed to investigate what consequences from advertising literacy arise. In such terms, this study proposes skepticism toward advertising, perception of advertising value, and attitude toward advertising. Study findings suggest that advertising literacy is likely to decrease consumers’ skepticism toward advertising and enhance their attitude toward ad. In addition, this study finds that advertising literacy increases consumers’ perceived value of advertising. Further research is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the levels of television advertising literacy amongst the young media consumers in Urban India. Through group discussions with children around 12 years, it was found that while young audiences love to watch and talk ads, their abilities to read between the lines or grasp the hidden intent is still limited or illogically driven. Cultivation and cross association of images from across media and onto the real world was visibly evident. The young are circumspect to the guile of ad tactics highlighting the need for advertising literacy to empower the new age consumer, especially against misleading claims and sexual imagery in advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mother Tongue Education / Ana Dili Egitim Dergisi is the property of Journal of Mother Tongue Education / Ana Dili Egitim Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social media has evolved over time from the digital platforms that facilitated human connections they initially set out to be, to the extremely popular and influential channels of information exchange they are today, overrun with misinformation, propaganda, and sponsored content. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to the effects of social media, and the relationship between social media and adolescents has been researched heavily in several different contexts such as identity-formation, mental health, and social interactions, to mixed results. This research seeks to understand the effects of social media on adolescents through the lens of information and advertising literacy. This research reviews the existing literature on adolescents' abilities to identify misinformation and sponsored content on social media, the two measures for critical thinking used in this research. The findings indicate that although adolescents' critical thinking skills on social media are not activated in most instances, it is a complex issue with several influencing factors, calling for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient advertising is an answer to increasing advertising clutter and resulting deteriorated attitudes toward advertising. This research draws on literature on human information processing, schema congruity theory, and advertising effectiveness literature to investigate drivers of ambient advertising effectiveness under conditions of increasing advertising clutter and advertising literacy. We contend that schema incongruity as evoked by ambient advertising positively impacts advertising effectiveness. We develop a conceptual framework that suggests four antecedents of advertising schema incongruity – creativity, unexpectedness, engagement, and subtlety – and two moderating variables – perceived advertising clutter and advertising literacy. We further propose that advertising effectiveness on the level of consumers' mind-set variables will have an impact on sales in the long run. The article is the first approach to contribute a theory-based conceptual framework on influencing factors of ambient advertising effectiveness. It provides a research agenda and theoretically grounded guidelines for ambient advertising practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this study was to develop and test an indirect measurement instrument that is able to assess children's advertising literacy activation. Study 1 (N = 24, age: 10–12) describes the development of the Advertising Literacy Activation Task (ALAT) in which participants sort successive words in two categories: advertising or news. Studies 2 and 3 tested the ALAT on usability, reliability, predictive, and construct validity. In study 2 (N = 38, age: 10–12), participants were primed with a story about advertising or about news. Study 3 (N = 114, age: 7–13) used a similar design but with actual television commercials and news broadcast. Frequency and speed of categorizing conceptual and attitudinal words were analyzed with Bayesian statistics investigating effects of priming, dispositional advertising literacy, and their interactions. Results indicate that the ALAT is a usable and reliable measurement instrument with good predictive validity, but with limited construct validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has been carried out to examine the unintended effects of television advertising on children in Western Europe. Little, however, is known about effects in Eastern European settings. Eastern European countries were part of the former USSR and its Soviet regime, meaning that all forms of commercial advertising were prohibited. Current parents and educators experienced the shift to capitalism first-hand and are particularly critical of consumer culture. This study adds to the current body of literature by studying unintended effects on advertising on children in a new context (i.e., Sofia, Bulgaria) and exploring the moderating effects of children's advertising literacy. We collected data among 273 8- to 11-year-olds and found that advertising exposure increases children's materialism and consumer involvement. We also found that children's conceptual advertising literacy buffered the effect on materialism for children with low advertising exposure, but enhanced the effect for children with high advertising exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies focus on how children's environment affects their ability to cope with contemporary advertising. This study uses multilevel analysis techniques to explore how parents', classmates', and teachers' characteristics influence primary school children's dispositional advertising literacy, while acknowledging these children's own individual features. To this end, three surveys were conducted, resulting in four data sets linking information obtained from 9- to 12-year-old children (n = 392), their peer group (children aggregated per class; n = 22), their parents (n = 191), and their teachers (n = 22). The results show that children's cognitive and attitudinal advertising literacy is to a large extent (12%-13%) determined by class-level processes (especially peers). Children's moral advertising literacy is primarily an individual matter (1%), albeit greatly influenced by their teachers. In general, parents' impact is mainly expressed through socioeconomic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how eliciting metaphors from multimodal commercials can facilitate a critical interpretation of advertising media, which is ubiquitous in the LL and highly manipulative. Adolescent students, a population which is particularly vulnerable to advertising's influence, utilized the analytic tool of metaphor elicitation to abstract away from the vast multimodal information that characterizes commercials, and simplify this information in the linguistic formulation of metaphor (e.g., super-pharm is a circus). The contrived link between the given brand (e.g., Super-Pharm pharmaceutical stores) and its metaphorically-attached source domain (e.g., circus) was emphasized to increase awareness of how the commercial was structured to deceive consumers. The study evaluated the intervention using a quasi-experimental design, showing that metaphor elicitation facilitated the knowledge, critical attitudes, and responsible behavioral inclinations of participants concerning advertising media. The study suggests that using the linguistic formulation of metaphor can help adolescents critically interpret the increasingly-deceptive commercial landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether a forewarning of advertising's intent can increase children's (N D 159, 8-10 years old) defenses against television commercials to lower their desire for advertised products. Two different forewarnings were tested, one for advertising's commercial intent or warning for the promotional nature, and one for advertising's manipulative intent or warning for the deceptive nature. Results showed that only the warning of manipulative intent prior to advertising exposure was successful in increasing children's advertising defenses. This forewarning activated children's attitudinal advertising literacy (i.e., skepticism toward the commercial), which in turn led to lower advertised product desire. The forewarning of commercial intent was not effective in strengthening children's advertising defenses. These findings have important implications for interventions that aim to lower children's desire for (unhealthy) advertised products by activating their advertising literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Prisma Social is the property of Revista Prisma Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to examine the online advertising literacy of children (10-12 years). By means of a survey administered to a total of 224 children, we investigate to what extent children are able to recognize a banner ad on a website and understand its persuasive, informational and selling intent. The banners are manipulated on two characteristics: congruence and complexity. Furthermore, the role of need for cognition and advertising literacy classes are examined. Our findings suggest that banners high in congruence and complexity are less easily recognized, compared to banners low in congruence and complexity. So, when it comes to recognition, the ad characteristics are important. As for understanding the commercial intent of advertising, not the ad characteristics but the personality trait need for cognition seems to be meaningful. Finally, advertising literacy classes are found to encourage both the level of recognition and understanding of banners among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across two studies, the authors investigate the extent to which children's persuasion knowledge of an advertising tactic (advergame and TV commercial) and their level of engagement with the medium (presence) influence their identification of commercial content and persuasion outcomes. In line with theoretical predictions of the persuasion knowledge model, results showed that those children who had more knowledge about advertisers' tactics were more likely to identify brands and commercial content in the advergame and less likely to be influenced. However, a high level of presence in the medium moderated the effect of persuasion knowledge on persuasion outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]