Search

Copyright of Arte, Individuo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite having worked in higher education for over twenty years, I am still, first and foremost, a practicing nurse. My employer requires me to be a nurse and my regulator regards what I do as nursing. My practice is regulated by the Code and informed by nursing ethics. If I am nurse, practicing nursing, does that mean that my students are my patients? This paper considers how the relationship that I have with my students can be informed by the ethics of the nurse/patient relationship. After some initial theoretical preparation concerning argument from analogy, the paper identifies some areas for comparison between the two relationships. Areas of similarity and difference identify two areas of concern: Nurse education and educators regularly engage in coercion and surveillance in an attempt to increase student success, both of which would be considered outside nursing ethics. It is concluded that these coercive practices are not conducive to an environment where character is cultivated. Despite current financial and workforce pressures, nurse lecturers and more especially their managers would do well to return to the professional ethics of nursing to question and guide their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Problem-solving" is the most crucial key insight of scientific research. This study focuses on constructing the "problem-solving" knowledge graph of scientific domains by extracting four entity relation types: problem-solving, problem hierarchy, solution hierarchy and association. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents a low-cost method for identifying these relationships in scientific papers based on word analogy. The problem-solving and hierarchical relations are represented as offset vectors of the head and tail entities and then classified by referencing a small set of predefined entity relations. Findings: This paper presents an experiment with artificial intelligence papers from the Web of Science and achieved good performance. The F1 scores of entity relation types problem hierarchy, problem-solving and solution hierarchy, which were 0.823, 0.815 and 0.748, respectively. This paper used computer vision as an example to demonstrate the application of the extracted relations in constructing domain knowledge graphs and revealing historical research trends. Originality/value: This paper uses an approach that is highly efficient and has a good generalization ability. Instead of relying on a large-scale manually annotated corpus, it only requires a small set of entity relations that can be easily extracted from external knowledge resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the work of Marcel Duchamp, especially the enigmatic category of infra-mince. Duchamp mentioned this exclusively conceptual category, which by its very nature escapes any physical grasp, only in hints in his notes. It is known that Duchamp was interested in the theme of the fourth dimension, especially in regard to the study of the French mathematician Esprit Pascal Jouffret and his treatise Traité élémentaire de géométrie à quatre dimensions from 1903, describing the way four-dimensional hyperbodies exist. He also adopted the idea of an '„infinitely thin layer'", extending between our three-dimensional space and a four-dimensional continuum of Jouffret. The imaginative (conceptual, performative or otherwise transformative) basis of Duchamp's work lies in the mathematical-geometric conception of the fourth dimension. Duchamp imagined a world we live in as one of shadows cast by four dimensional bodies. Although Joufferet did not believe in seeing the fourth dimension, as our senses have already adapted to the three-dimensional physical space, Duchamp would try to display it in the form of an image of apparition. He would find an analogy for perceiving four-dimensionality in the principle of the mirror. The mirror image perfectly interprets the illusion of the third dimension in the plane. Several mirror reflections become an analogy for a part of the four-dimensional perspective. Duchamp notices inversion as the law of mirroring. The reality rotates around its axis and changes its orientation in this movement.*** Therefore, Duchamp is interested in these mechanisms of change and transformation, or dissimilation, causing the movement inside a sign. Finally, infra-mince can be another name for concept, which appears to be the key to the methodological schedule of author's work to be studied as advised by Duchamp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine Socrates' argument that presupposes an audience familiar with Forms and explains why the sight-lovers are not philosophers. It is divided into three parts: the first part (476a1–6) shows why each Form is one in number; the second part (476a6–9) distinguishes Forms from their sensible appearances; and the third part (476a10–d6) draws an analogy between philosophers – people being awake and sight-lovers – people being asleep. Remarkably, the argument works only for opposites, which are mistakenly identified by the sight-lovers with sensible things. Also in this paper I suggest an alternative interpretation of the so-called 'Two Worlds Theory' which is based on the distinction between the objects of knowledge and opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper highlights theoretical issues in construction grammar and presents a simple computational language model as a preliminary solution to these issues. The specific issues dealt with are the lack of explicit definition of syntactic categories and the lack of explicit proposals regarding how constructions can be learned from linguistic experience. The proposed language model, called the "analogical path model", learns two-word syntactic patterns from sentences by finding distributional analogies between word pairs. The theoretical relevance and implications of the analogical path model are discussed at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects upon the observational practices and methods developed by the early exponents of ethology committed to naturalistic field study and explores how their approaches and techniques influenced a wider field of popular natural-history filmmaking and photography. In doing so, my focus is upon three aspects of ethological field studies: the socio-technical devices used by ethologists to bring birds closer to them, the distinctive observational and representational practices which they forged, and the analogies they used to codify behaviour. This assemblage of elements included hides or screens from which to watch wild birds without disturbing them, optics to extend human vision, pens and paper to sketch and fix patterns of behaviour, watches to record timings, photography to capture action and freeze movement, and illustration and photographs to visualize behaviour. Carried through natural-history networks, the practices, methods and theories of ethologists like Huxley and Tinbergen influenced popular natural-history filmmaking and photography more broadly from the 1940s, driving a behavioural turn in these cultural practices. This popularization of the 'ethological eye' was further facilitated by the convergence of socio-technical devices, forms of observation and dramatization in the work of the early exponents of naturalistic field studies of birds and the popular filmmakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the fact that the mechanism of Davidson’s passing theory, a highly controversial proposal, has not yet been fully explained, and aims to contribute to clarifying it, if only slightly. Wirth has already noted the connection between Davidson’s passing theory and Peirce’s abductive inference. Wirth contributed to the partial clarification of Davidson’s passing theory by focusing on the analogy in Peirce’s semiotics. This paper is inspired by Wirth’s idea and pursues the relationship between passing theory and abductive inference based on analogy in more depth. The paper also critically discusses the misunderstanding of the concept of economy that both Davidson and Peirce have in common and argues that we can depict the reality of creative and active speech interpretation in our ordinary lives if we consider economy as a pragmatism-based concept rather than a mere labor-saving one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of On the W@terfront is the property of University of Barcelona, Centre de Recerca POLIS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a response to Haze's brief argument for the falsity of the theory that instantial terms refer arbitrarily, proposed by Breckenridge and Magidor in 2012. In this paper, I characterise instantial terms and outline the theory of arbitrary reference; then I reconstruct Haze's argument and contend that it fails in its purpose. Haze's argument is supposed to be a reductio ad absurdum: according to Haze, it proves that a contradiction follows from the most basic tenets of the theory of arbitrary reference. I will argue, however, that the contradiction in question follows not from these tenets, but from the surreptitious use that Haze makes of a self-referential expression. I conclude, consequently, that Haze's argument is nothing more than an illustration of the well-known fact that self-referential expressions produce paradoxical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The years between 1890 and 1914 saw several prominent studies from statesmen-administrators comparing British India with the Roman empire. These were not the self-congratulatory comparisons of earlier decades, but serious comparative studies aimed at learning practical lessons from Rome's successes and failures. To gain a clearer picture of the significance of these analogies and how they were used, the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination papers from the same period are analysed. It is argued that, following a move in 1892 to make the ICS a fully graduate service, the Civil Service commissioners showed a sustained interest in asking candidates to compare India (and the wider British empire) with the empires of Rome and Greece. Rome was considered particularly relevant for the directly ruled parts of the empire, with a focus on provincial administration and frontier defence, while Athens was preferred for questions of colonial federation. In the final section, the spread of subjects and weighting of marks within the examination are considered. It is argued that a series of changes post-1892 were designed to favour candidates who had studied Classics at university enabling them to obtain a higher proportion of the overall marks than those specializing in other subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu University Journal of Art & Design / Sanat & Tasarım is the property of Anadolu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analogy has received attention as a form of inductive reasoning in the empirical sciences. Its role in mathematics has, instead, received less consideration. This paper provides a novel account of how an analogy with a more familiar mathematical domain can contribute to the confirmation of a mathematical conjecture. By reference to case-studies, we propose a distinction between an incremental and a non-incremental form of confirmation by mathematical analogy. We offer an account of the former within the popular framework of Bayesian confirmation theory. As for the non-incremental notion, we defend its role in rationally informing the prior credences of mathematicians in those circumstances in which no new mathematical evidence is introduced. The resulting framework captures many important aspects of the use of analogical inference in the domain of pure mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we obtained the geometrical objects that are common in different definitions of the generalized Riemannian spaces. These objects are analogies to the Thomas projective parameter and the Weyl projective tensor. After that, we obtained some geometrical objects important for applications in physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments involving 163 children were conducted to investigate the circumstances under which an abstract statement promotes analogical problem solving in children. External instantiation (providing concrete examples with the statement) and internal instantiation (encouraging learners to generate concrete examples) were equally effective in promoting transfer. (SLD)

Three experiments involving 222 undergraduates investigated whether and when human memory retrieval is influenced by structural consistency. In all experiments, retrieval competition was manipulated. Results indicate that both retrieval competition and structural consistency influence reminding. Implications for psychological and artificial intelligence models of memory retrieval are discussed. (SLD)

This article analyzes current debates over search engine regulation and free speech. In these debates, Google and other companies have relied on the "editorial analogy": that search results are equivalent to editorial decisions, and thus cannot be regulated without violating freedom of speech. These debates largely focus on analogies to earlier media or the nature of algorithmic judgment. The paper argues that this framing misses key issues relevant to how we think about search engines (and algorithmic decisions in general) and freedom of speech. The paper examines the free speech debates that surrounded media in the 1930s and 1940s in order to: (1) clarify the stakes and politics of the editorial analogy being used today; (2) offer an alternate framing of the debate, that highlights conflicts of expressive interest and asks what it means to participate in the public sphere under conditions of rapid technological and political economic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work states the typical problems in thermodynamic optimization. The authors present an overview of the results of studies focused on the ultimate capabilities of macrosystems in thermodynamics and microeconomics, taking into account the irreversibility of the processes occurring in them. The research methodology is based on adding an entropy balance to energy and matter balances. This allows for the refining of reversible indicators, such as the reversible efficiency coefficient, by accounting for kinetic factors, such as transfer coefficients, which indirectly reflect the size of devices, kinetic equation forms, and others. For processes that use heat energy, the set of feasible solutions within the 'target flow intensity–energy expenses' plane is convex upwards and limited. This paper also provides conditions for the minimum dissipation of processes at a given intensity. These conditions define the boundary of the feasibility set. Finally, this paper compares and lists the similarities between thermodynamic and microeconomic systems and demonstrates the ultimate capabilities of an intermediary in microeconomic systems and the optimal parameters of a working medium in thermodynamic systems. These are divided into active and passive subsystems. The latter, in turn, can have finite and infinite capacity (reservoirs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TOPSIS is a well-known approach applied to multi-criteria decision-making under certainty (M-DMC). However, recently, some analogies between this domain and scenario-based one-criterion decision-making under uncertainty (1-DMU) have been revealed in the literature. Thus, the similarities aforementioned give the possibility to adjust TOPSIS to another area. The goal of the paper is to create a new method for problems with non-deterministic parameters on the basis of TOPSIS ideas. In the suggested approach criteria weights (declared within TOPSIS) are replaced by subjective chances of occurrence which are estimated for each scenario. The novel method has an advantage over existing classical decision rules designed for 1-criterion decision-making under uncertainty since within this procedure each payoff connected with a given option is compared with the positive and negative-ideal solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the personal and philosophical relationship between two philosophers, Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle. I show that a letter from MacDonald to Ryle found at Linacre College, Oxford, was part of an extensive correspondence, and that the two were intimate friends and philosophical interlocutors, and I explore the relationship between their respective philosophies. MacDonald, who studied with Wittgenstein before coming to Oxford in 1937, deployed and developed Wittgensteinian themes in her own subsequent work. I show that this work was an important source of ideas in Ryle's philosophy. I examine two episodes: (1) a 1937 symposium in which MacDonald gave the lead paper, and Ryle was a respondent – I argue that Ryle derived his famous distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that from her paper; and (2) Ryle's rejection in Dilemmas (1953/4) of the central importance of the idea of a 'category mistake' – I argue that this may have been in response to MacDonald's critical review of The Concept of Mind. Along the way I consider the development of MacDonald's metaphilosophical views, and I shed new light on MacDonald's remarkable biography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defends a constructive interpretation of the Critique of Pure Reason, which is built in analogy with an experimental construction that Kant believes to characteristic of chemistry. I also argue for a way to reconcile the methodological perspective of the constructivist method with that of transcendental reflection. I therefore provide a constructive explanation for what Kant describes as being pure reason and the argument of the transcendental deduction. I propose to frame the different perspectives in such a way that the experimental construction is the ratio cognoscendi of pure reason, while pure reason is the ratio essendi of the experimental construction. O'Neill (1989, 2015) is one of the most important scholars that have argued for a constructivist reading of the Critique of pure reason (CPR). In this paper I develop and explore new aspects of this line of interpretation. One of the main criticisms raised against constructivist readings of Kant's philosophy is an alleged commitment to subjectivism or voluntarism (cf. Kleingeld & Willaschek 2019). This concern led some scholars to rename their position as constitutivist instead (Korsgaard 2009; Sensen 2013, 2017; Formosa 2011). Constitutivism, is intended to be a sort of constructivism capable of avoiding voluntarism. However, it becomes difficult, sometimes, to differentiate between the constitutivist and foundationalist positions, which are based on transcendental reflection and imply a sort of realist perspective on reason. The same preoccupation applies to the constructivist interpretation of the CPR. In order to deal with this issue, the following questions must be addressed: how can constructivism justify the necessity and universality of transcendental principles of pure reason without compromising the normative and procedural aspects of the construction? How to reconcile arguments based on the analysis of representations and faculties with a constructivist procedure? Or even, how may transcendental reflection, as a view of the possibility of a priori cognition, be rendered compatible with a constructive procedure? This paper is divided into three sections, followed by brief final remarks. The first section outlines the main characteristics of constructivism and relates them to Kant's positions about the nature of philosophy and its method. The second part argues for a type of experimental constructivism that might serve as a guiding analogy to understand the method underlying the CPR. Thirdly, I will show how the transcendental subject and pure reason are derived from this experimental construction. The conclusion briefly points out some advantages of this position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excerpted from my book Generally Speaking, this paper introduces "concept‐driven sociology," a special way of theorizing designed to reveal abstract social patterns. As such, it examines the methodological process by which we can "distill" generic patterns from the culturally, historically, and situationally specific contexts in which we encounter them. It thus champions a "generic sociology" that is pronouncedly transcontextual (transcultural, transhistorical, transsituational, and translevel) in its scope. In order to uncover generic, transcontextual social patterns, we need to collect our data in a wide range of social contexts. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi‐culturally, multihistorically, multisituationally, as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation. True to its message, the book illustrates generic social patterns by drawing on numerous examples from diverse cultural contexts and historical periods and a wide range of diverse social domains, as well as by disregarding scale. Emphasizing cross‐contextual commonality, concept‐driven sociology tries to reveal formal "parallels" across seemingly disparate contexts. The paper features the four main types of cross‐contextual analogies concept‐driven sociologists tend to use—cross‐cultural, cross‐historical, cross‐domain, as well as cross‐level—disregarding conventionally noted substantive differences in order to note conventionally disregarded formal equivalences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from new product development, design improvement aims to solve the problems of existing products. Although design knowledge and effect tools have been applied in product improvement, the existing methods for design improvement are limited in their specific application areas. A general method of product improvement is proposed in this paper using the knowledge mining and effect analogy. The length–time dimension is introduced to link the problem analysis and problem-solving for the first time. This method includes the effect knowledge base construction, length–time dimension extraction, effect retrieval, effect ranking, analogy object selection, and effect structure mapping. This method integrates a variety of algorithms and software tools in design knowledge mining to improve the efficiency of the effect analogy for product improvement. Through the comparative analysis of three effect retrieval methods and design improvement of a button battery ring device, the superiority and feasibility of the proposed method are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to study the second person–number marking in the (indicative) simple past in the history of European Portuguese, with a particular focus on morphological innovations such as fostes tu, which are considered deviant. These innovations, according to some brief descriptions in the literature (cf. Piel 1989; Williams 1994), are considered a case of morphological change by analogy; however, it remains to be determined whether it is a case of analogical extension or, possibly, leveling that would have resulted in syncretism. Based on data retrieved from private letters from the 16th to the 20th century by almost illiterate authors, we will argue that this innovation results from an analogical extension, motivated by morphological and pragmatic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Janina Hosiasson-Lindenbaum is a known figure in philosophy of probability of the 1930s. A previously unpublished manuscript fills in the blanks in the full picture of her work on inductive reasoning by analogy, until now only accessible through a single publication. In this paper, I present Hosiasson's work on analogical reasoning, bringing together her early publications that were never translated from Polish, and the recently discovered unpublished work. I then show how her late work relates to Rudolf Carnap's approach to "analogy by similarity" developed in the 1960s. Hosiasson turns out to be a predecessor of the line of research that models analogical influence as inductive relevance. A translation of Hosiasson's manuscript concludes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, we have introduced and studied all possible four-point compositions (one degree of freedom) and five-point compositions (two degrees of freedom) of ternary relations in analogy with the usual composition of binary relations. In this paper, we introduce and study new types of compositions of ternary relations inspired by the compositions of binary relations introduced by Bandler and Kohout (BK-compositions, for short). Moreover, we pay particular attention to the link between BK-compositions and the traces of binary relations and use it as source of inspiration to introduce traces of ternary relations. Moreover, we show that these new notions of BK-compositions and traces are useful tools to solve some relational equations in an unknown ternary relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifiers frequently figure in works of fiction. But occurrences of quantificational expressions within fictions seem no more inevitably to be associated with real domains than uses of names within fictions seem inevitably to be associated with existing referents. The paper outlines some philosophical puzzles resulting from this apparent lack of associated domains, puzzles that are broadly analogous to more familiar ones raised by the apparently nonreferential nature of many fictional names. The paper argues, in the light of an important disanalogy between quantifiers and names, that the quantificational puzzles are substantive, in that they cannot be resolved merely by appealing to the possibility of empty domains. It then argues that, despite the cited parallels between occurrences of quantifiers and names within fictions, promising treatments of fictional names do not always straightforwardly generalise to provide accounts of the quantificational phenomena: the quantificational puzzles are therefore not only substantive but also distinctive. The paper provides further testament to the depth and interest of the problems involving content that are generated by fiction, by identifying a very wide range of previously neglected cases, while also helping to situate within a broader context the notoriously hard philosophical challenges posed by fictional names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider credibility measures introduced by Liu and Liu and the corresponding credibility expectations, obtained through the Choquet integral. In analogy with de Finetti's approach to probability, we show that also for credibility measures and expectations, a subjective interpretation can be given through suitable notions of coherence. In detail, coherence can be expressed equivalently in terms of consistency, through a fair betting scheme and through a penalty criterion. Such notions of coherence rest upon the concepts of partially resolving uncertainty due to Jaffray, the notion of consonance due to Shafer and the notion of pessimism-optimism indifference introduced in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an account of natural analogy in scientific theorizing via Mary Hesse's original understanding of analogical reasoning. Starting with discussing Hesse's examples and her symbolic scheme, I argue that the traditional distinction between the type of formal analogy and the type of material analogy should be abandoned. All analogies in theorizing, that are both formal and material, contain a set of pretheoretic associations and a theoretic structure between two analogues. I thus provide a new interpretation of Hesse's symbolic scheme to reveal the pretheoretical and the structural dimensions of analogy and further illustrate the account of natural analogy by applying it to the history of the construction of Coulomb's law, which is traditionally seen as a typical case of formal analogy, arguing that pretheoretic associations as well as a theoretic structure play a necessary role in this case. In the final part of this paper, I argue that the account of natural analogy is preferable to Dedre Gentner's structural mapping theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analogy-based learning methods map the concept being learned to a concept well understood by the learner. An analogy is primarily useful when learners do not know the topic being studied. Computer science is an area where the concepts exhibit a high level of abstraction and, hence, are hard for students to comprehend. The use of analogies in instruction can significantly reduce the cognitive load a student faces in learning abstract computer science concepts. The role of analogies in helping students learn computer science topics has not been explored adequately. This paper presents our efforts related to using analogy-based teaching in computer science. Over the last several years, we have developed extensive analogies for many advanced computer science concepts. We have used these analogies extensively in classroom teaching at our institution. We list the analogies that we have developed and used in our classroom teaching and, as illustration, discuss two analogies: one from the field of operating systems and another one in modular software design. We have also conducted experiments to evaluate the impact of using these two analogies on student learning outcomes. Our results confirm our hypothesis that analogy-based instruction techniques are effective and result in improved student learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we offer a descriptive theory of analogical reasoning in mathematics, stating general conditions under which an analogy may provide genuine inductive support to a mathematical conjecture (over and above fulfilling the merely heuristic role of 'suggesting' a conjecture in the psychological sense). The proposed conditions generalize the criteria of Hesse in her influential work on analogical reasoning in the empirical sciences. By reference to several case studies, we argue that the account proposed in this paper does a better job in vindicating the use of analogical inference in mathematics than the prominent alternative defended by Bartha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Film matters to political theory, Davide Panagia has argued, because its unique properties as a medium create the possibility of experiencing ideas about politics in a way that the arguments of textual political theory cannot convey. This paper disputes this account by drawing on work on both the nature of political theory and on the concept of visual argument. It uses the work of Gilles Deleuze to argue that even if the filmic image cannot be understood on the analogy of language, insofar as film seeks to convey political ideas, these are always at least implicitly linguistic. Using examples drawn from classic and contemporary political films, the paper provides a classification of political films by genre according to the same criteria as written works of political theory. It concludes that although Deleuze's argument that film can present political images and signs in a way that has no linguistic equivalent may be correct, Panagia's further claim that there are political ideas that are uniquely suited to, or can only be conveyed in, a visual medium has no warrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The now archaic optative subjunctive was common in earlier forms of the German language. This paper examines two questions: Why is the optative subjunctive rarely used today? Which linguistic constructions are presently used in the contexts and functions that originally accompanied the optative subjunctive? The paper goes beyond previous studies on this subjunctive and its substitutes by explaining closely how its context, function and syntax in historical instances may have an impact on the constructions that have replaced it. Furthermore, this paper argues that pragmatic change, economy, analogy and especially expressiveness can explain such displacement by specific constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestic analogy is an old but persistent problem in theories of international politics. This paper examines the problem in the work of Immanuel Kant, whose political writings are often cited as a paradigmatic example of the analogy between individuals and states. Attention to Kant's own conception of analogy, however, shows that the political writings are structured by another "domestic analogy"—between international and cosmopolitan right. This analogy, I argue, is based on a correspondence between the systematic unity of the international and the spherical globe, the figure that for Kant represents the boundaries of world order. International and cosmopolitan right are thus distinguished on the basis of a geopolitical criterion: the global scope of international order. This analogy of order, the paper argues, thus works to domesticate world politics through the structural form of international order. To the extent that contemporary theories of international relations rely on this conception of order, they accept Kant's answer to the problem of perpetual peace. The paper concludes by drawing broader conclusions from the analysis about the domestic analogy, international order, and world politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents a baseball analogy to help students cope with varied complexity problems with commercial papers. Significance of negotiability, liability and holders-in-due course on commercial paper; Inclusion of negotiable instruments topic in CPA examination.

This paper examines the symbolism of the peony flower as an attribute of female demons or kijo in traditional and contemporary media. The peony, which symbolises the supernatural power of kijo, is depicted on the demon fan used in Noh theatre and remains in Japanese cultural memory. Over time, the meaning of this symbol has become ambiguous or lost, making it difficult for modern audiences to interpret. This study explores the linguistic, iconographic, and cultural sources of the peony on the demon fan and discusses how traditional aesthetic methods such as mitate (analogical representation) are used by contemporary media creators to revive the multilayered meanings of symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper inquires into the phenomenon of repetition in the works of Franz Kafka and in what ways it might characterize his way of writing (and his understanding of writing). I begin by making a distinction between three different planes of repetition, or repetitiveness: (1) as a 'method' of production; (2) as a symptom of the characters' situations; and (3) as a representation technique. First, there are different versions of the same text, equivalent in terms of finality, but perhaps also a certain existential rhythm (as exemplified by Kafka's famous 'schedules'). I suggest that a comparative reading of Heinrich von Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas (1810) could provide an insight into this feature of 'productivity'. Second, repetitive characters' situations create certain patterns and beg the question of their complex reader effects. Finally, and in addition to 'classical' discursive repetitions, there are minor textual recurrences (as in his 'breakthrough' story, "The Judgment") and the question whether these can be related to an analogy in technical reproduction. Are they part of an experimental narrative method? Is there a 'sense' to repetition in Kafka and can these provisional distinctions help us understand it? How should their entanglement be described? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we refine the lower bound for the size of the set of finite intervals of positive integers such that the size of the set is asymptotically equal to . Arguing by analogy with the previous work by Ford (2018) with minor optimizations, we refine the previous estimate. In this paper, we borrow the problems, approaches, and arguments of reasoning proposed by Ford. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]