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Raman microscopic measurements were used to analyse the detailed chemical composition and structure of three old papers dating from the 15th and 19th centuries. Raman mapping measurements were performed on the surface and along the cross‐section of the papers with a lateral resolution of 1 μm. The resulting Raman images visualise the detailed chemical structure of the papers including all components such as the different types of cellulose fibre, filler pigments, sizing agents, colour pigments and also inadvertently added trace particles, such as minerals or products of biological activity. The results of the paper analysis are discussed in connection with their use for the detailed characterisation and dating of paper. This study demonstrates the great potential and the possibilities offered by Raman microscopy or Raman imaging for chemical paper analysis. Raman microscopy allows new insights into the chemical composition and structure of old papers and could considerably enhance the understanding of former papermaking practices and also combat forgery and the fraud of documents and artworks on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of misidentified and contaminated cell lines continues to be a problem in biomedical research. Research Resource Identifiers (RRIDs) should reduce the prevalence of misidentified and contaminated cell lines in the literature by alerting researchers to cell lines that are on the list of problematic cell lines, which is maintained by the International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) and the Cellosaurus database. To test this assertion, we text-mined the methods sections of about two million papers in PubMed Central, identifying 305,161 unique cell-line names in 150,459 articles. We estimate that 8.6% of these cell lines were on the list of problematic cell lines, whereas only 3.3% of the cell lines in the 634 papers that included RRIDs were on the problematic list. This suggests that the use of RRIDs is associated with a lower reported use of problematic cell lines.

One of the most profitable forms of criminal activity is the forgery of works of art, where huge profits are earned on auctions and on the black art market. In private collections, galleries and museums, there is certainly a large number of undiscovered forged artworks whose authenticity is to be determined. Much of the authentication process does not belong to forensics, because art historians and art connoisseurs most often made conclusions about authenticity. Later examinations found that 40% of the works of art were of questionable authenticity; which points to the need for a scientific analysis of works of art, and that the forensic approach to authentication is replaced by experts or experts in the history of art. The need for expertise of documents and works of art on paper usually occurs when the content, origin or presentation of the circumstances under which the work is made constitutes a serious suspicion of its authenticity. The expertise of works of art on paper represent a criminal and judicial examination of works of art where paper is used for the substrate, and in the works of art there are watercolors, pastels, graphic prints, drawings (pencil, ink wash paint, ink), maps and plans, and many other combined techniques. The scientific study of art works on paper uses tools from very simple to state-of-the-art analytical instruments which provide detailed and accurate information about work of art on paper. The scientific study of works of art on paper shares common objectives with the technical studies of any work of art. Artifacts are examined in order to answer art historical questions about the origin of a work, namely, where, when, and by whom a work was created. The main components that make up an artwork on paper are paper (paper substrate), pigments and colors, various types of inks, and other materials used to create an artwork (such as charcoal, pens, various media, combined techniques, etc.). The expert must have the necessary knowledge of the components that make up an artwork on paper; to know the types of paper, to differentiate painting techniques; to know perfectly about the components from that make up the work of art (composition, types of production and types of paper, composition and types of pigments, composition and types of inks, tools used for workmanship, etc.). First, simple methods are used, such as the detailed study of the components of the painting (identification of paper, paint, ink, pigment, etc.). Subsequently, physical non-destructive methods are used that do not impair the tested material: use of different types of microscopes (stereo microscope, polarization microscope, fluorescence microscopy); magnifying glasses; types of invisible rays (ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, X-rays), neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and investigative photography. Destructive methods damage the material being analyzed. Destructive methods include chemical analysis, chromatography (Liquid Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Thin-Layer Chromatography), electrophoresis, infrared spectrophotometry, etc. These methods are highly avoided and are used only in extreme as ultimate necessity, in the case where the results obtained previously are unsatisfactory and with insufficient information. Each of these methods has a different working principle and gives us different information about the subject being analyzed, and the expert must have a basic knowledge of chemistry in order to understand the working principle of these analyzes and to know what kind of information they provide.

In this paper, an organic, fully recyclable and eco-friendly 20-bit inkjet-printed chipless RFID tag is presented. The tag operates in the near field and is implemented by means of chains of resonant elements. The characterization and manufacturing process of the tag, printed with a few layers of a commercial organic ink on conventional paper substrate (DIN A4), are presented, and tag functionality is demonstrated by reading it by means of a custom-designed reader. The tags are read by proximity (through the near field), by displacing them over a resonator-loaded transmission line, and each resonant element (bit) of the tag is interrogated by a harmonic signal tuned to the resonance frequency. The coupling between the reader line and the resonant elements of the tag produce and amplitude modulated (AM) signal containing the identification (ID) code of the tag.

The use of misidentified and contaminated cell lines continues to be a problem in biomedical research. Research Resource Identifiers (RRIDs) should reduce the prevalence of misidentified and contaminated cell lines in the literature by alerting researchers to cell lines that are on the list of problematic cell lines, which is maintained by the International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) and the Cellosaurus database. To test this assertion, we text-mined the methods sections of about two million papers in PubMed Central, identifying 305,161 unique cell-line names in 150,459 articles. We estimate that 8.6% of these cell lines were on the list of problematic cell lines, whereas only 3.3% of the cell lines in the 634 papers that included RRIDs were on the problematic list. This suggests that the use of RRIDs is associated with a lower reported use of problematic cell lines.

Increasing threat intrusions to enterprise computing systems have led to a formulation of guarded enterprise systems. The approach was to put in place steel gates and prevent hostile entities from entering the enterprise domain. The current complexity level has made the fortress approach to security implemented throughout the defense, banking, and other high trust industries unworkable. The alternative security approach presented in this paper is the result of a concentrated fourteen year program of pilots and research. Its distributed approach has no need for passwords or accounts and derives from a set of tenets that form the basic security model requirements. At each step in the process it determines identities and claims for access and privileges. These techniques are resilient, secure, extensible, and scalable. They are currently being implemented for a major enterprise, and are a candidate for other enterprise security approaches. This paper discusses the Enterprise Level Security architecture, a web-based security architecture designed to select and incorporate technology into a cohesive set of policies and rules for an enterprise information system. The paper discusses the history, theoretical underpinnings, implementation decisions, current status, and future plans for expansion of capabilities and scale.

Paper surfaces under the microscopic view are observed to be formed by intertwisted wood fibers. Such structures of paper surfaces are unique from one location to another and are almost impossible to duplicate. Previous work used microscopic surface normals to characterize such intrinsic structures as a “fingerprint” of paper for security and forensic applications. In this work, we examine several key research questions of feature extraction in both scientific and engineering aspects to facilitate the deployment of paper surface-based authentication when flatbed scanners are used as the acquisition device. We analytically show that, under the unique optical setup of flatbed scanners, the specular reflection does not play a role in norm map estimation. We verify, using a larger dataset than prior work, that the scanner-acquired norm maps, although blurred, are consistent with those measured by confocal microscopes. We confirm that, when choosing an authentication feature, high spatial-frequency subbands of the heightmap are more powerful than the norm map. Finally, we show that it is possible to empirically calculate the physical dimensions of the paper patch needed to achieve a certain authentication performance in equal error rate (EER). We analytically show that log(EER) is decreasing linearly in the edge length of a paper patch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authentication devices transform cheap paper into legitimate documents. They are the sensory, informational, and computational features that make up valuable papers like banknotes and passports, and they provide the confidence required in moments of exchange and passage. These devices – which include techniques like watermarks and specialized threads, proprietary substrates and inks, or RFID chips – are the product of security printing, an industry that continuously reinvents the possibilities of paper. Importantly, these components protect paper things from counterfeiting, allowing it to function as an original and authentic copy and to do the logistical work of connecting quotidian materials to global networks. The value of valuable papers is therefore not purely extrinsic, socially or discursively established, but is also performed through its intrinsic material qualities. These are the authentication devices that are read, assessed, and trusted as paper things are circulated, and they are what securely connects paper to infrastructures of mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forensic Science & Technology is the property of Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies the authentication problem of specific pieces of paper using mobile imaging devices. Prior work showing high matching accuracy has used the normal vector field, which serves as a unique, microscopic, physically unclonable feature of paper surfaces, estimated by consumer grade scanners. Industrial cameras were also used to capture the appearance of the surface rendered after the normal vector field based on the laws of optics under a semi-controlled lighting condition. In comparison, past explorations based on mobile cameras were very limited and have not had substantial success in obtaining consistent appearance images due to the uncontrolled nature of the ambient light. We show in this paper that images captured by mobile cameras can be used for authentication when the camera flashlight is exploited for creating a semi-controlled lighting condition. We have proposed new algorithms to demonstrate that the normal vector field of paper surface can be estimated by using multiple camera-captured images of different viewpoints. Perturbation analysis shows that the proposed method is robust to inaccurate estimates of camera locations, and a matching accuracy of 10^-\textrm 4 in equal error rate can be achieved using 6 to 8 images under a lab-controlled ambient light environment. Our findings can relax the restricted imaging setups and enable paper authentication under a more casual, ubiquitous setting with a mobile imaging device, which may facilitate duplicate detection of paper documents and counterfeit mitigation of merchandise packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Application Research of Computers / Jisuanji Yingyong Yanjiu is the property of Application Research of Computers Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, an organic, fully recyclable and eco-friendly 20-bit inkjet-printed chipless RFID tag is presented. The tag operates in the near field and is implemented by means of chains of resonant elements. The characterization and manufacturing process of the tag, printed with a few layers of a commercial organic ink on conventional paper substrate (DIN A4), are presented, and tag functionality is demonstrated by reading it by means of a custom-designed reader. The tags are read by proximity (through the near field), by displacing them over a resonator-loaded transmission line, and each resonant element (bit) of the tag is interrogated by a harmonic signal tuned to the resonance frequency. The coupling between the reader line and the resonant elements of the tag produce and amplitude modulated (AM) signal containing the identification (ID) code of the tag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the suitability of lip-based authentication as a behavioural biometric for mobile devices. Lip-based biometric authentication is the process of verifying an individual based on visual information taken from the lips while speaking. It is particularly suited to mobile devices because it contains unique information; its potential for liveness over existing popular biometrics such as face and fingerprint and lip movements can be captured using a device's front-facing camera, requiring no dedicated hardware. Despite its potential, research and progress into lip-based biometric authentication has been significantly slower than other biometrics such as face, fingerprints, or iris.This paper investigates a state-of-the-art approach using a deep Siamese network, trained with the triplet loss for one-shot lip-based biometric authentication with real-world challenges. The proposed system, LipAuth, is rigourously examined with real-world data and challenges that could be expected on lip-based solution deployed on a mobile device. The work in this paper shows for the first time how a lip-based authentication system performs beyond a closed-set protocol, benchmarking a new open-set protocol with an equal error rates of 1.65% on the XM2VTS dataset.New datasets, qFace and FAVLIPS, were collected for the work in this paper, which push the field forward by enabling systematic testing of the content and quantities of data needed for lip-based biometric authentication and highlight problematic areas for future work. The FAVLIPS dataset was designed to mimic some of the hardest challenges that could be expected in a deployment scenario and include varied spoken content, miming and a wide range of challenging lighting conditions. The datasets captured for this work are available to other university research groups on request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosensing of originality and counterfeiting in confidential cellulosic documents was reported after encryption of papers with security marks using water-based multi-color photoluminescent inks, which are known as optical authentication technology. • Incorporation of chromophore molecules to functionalized latex nanoparticles. • Full-color fluorescent nanoparticles containing coumarin and spiropyran derivatives. • Hydrogen bonding of the fluorescent nanoparticles with cellulosic substrates. • Application of the fluorescent nanoparticles for encryption and optical authentication. • Printing of security marks on cellulosic papers for increase of safety in documents. Photodetection of originality and authentication of security documents such as money, passport, bank note, and national card have been a significant challenge in recent decade. Using of advanced optical systems could remarkably reduce copy and counterfeiting of such national and international documents. Novel ecofriendly multi-color photoluminescent inks were developed for information encryption on cellulosic papers and optical authentication of confidential/original documents by synthesis of water-based latex nanoparticles modified with photoluminescent coumarin (blue emission) and two photochromic spiropyran derivatives (red and orange emissions). Some of the latexes with higher fluorescence emission were formulated to water-based inks, and then loaded to stamps with different marks for printing of quick response code, barcode, finger print, and other marks on cellulosic documents. All of the printed marks display ultra-bright blue, red, and orange fluorescence emissions upon UV irradiation, which have potential applications in encryption, security marking and optical authentication of confidential cellulose substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preservation librarian Randy Silverman makes the case for preserving hardcopy newspapers in the digital age. He faults the U.S. Newspaper Program that resulted in copying and destroying original historic newspapers while converting 60 million pages to microfilm, and he argues for the maintenance of the originals to support historical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms not only expanded the application areas of UAVs but also brought more complex challenges to security. Both the data collected by UAVs and UAVs themselves are easy targets for hackers. Once a hacker has intercepted communication information or hijacked a UAV, it can cause the disclosure of information and even affect the normal flight of the UAV. In terms of authentication, existing research focuses on building peer-to-peer networks through devices that support blockchain deployments at the edge nodes to form blockchain networks. UAVs cannot run blockchains directly, so fog nodes need to be introduced to assist UAVs in achieving authentication. This paper proposes a UAV authentication solution based on the fog node-assisted blockchain. The solution incorporates smart contracts to ensure trust, along with on-chain registration and authentication for UAVs. In the design of this paper, the main use is made of fog nodes at the edge of each block. The fog nodes serve as agents to register and authenticate the UAVs in their area on the blockchain, thus enabling the authentication of UAVs in different fog node areas. In this paper, the analysis of gas consumption yields a total economic benefit cost of about ¥ 12.77, which is negligible for the safety of the UAVs. Meanwhile, the paper compares the computational overheads, and within 10 UAVs, the computational overhead of this scheme is less than 50 ms, which is significantly lower than the other two schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing the completely automated public test to tell computers and humans apart (CAPTCHA) services that are not vulnerable to learning is an important issue. Image-based CAPTCHA services have strengthened authentication by taking advantage of the fact that it is more difficult for computers to understand images, but the rapid growth of deep learning has made it possible to break and attack authentication. Image-based CAPTCHA uses pre-stored data, which enables learning and results in vulnerability. This paper presents an adaptive generative adversarial network (GAN) selection scheme using time-average image quality maximization subject to system/buffer stability. By using GAN, it can generate and provide new images for CAPTCHA authentication every time, preventing deep learning from learning images and enhancing security. In the image generation process, the trade-off exists between image quality and generation time, and in consideration of this trade-off, delay aware image-based authentication Lyapunov-based algorithm is proposed for stable and maximized performance. Moreover, through the performance evaluation, we investigate and show the existence of trade-off between generation time and generated image quality in the image generation process in both quantitative and qualitative manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the technical and engineering issues surrounding the future risk of biometric data theft in cyber security. Biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial recognition, and voice recognition, are increasingly being used as a means of authentication in various industries. However, the collection, storage, and transmission of biometric data present unique security challenges, as this data is highly personal and cannot be changed if compromised. In this paper, we will examine the vulnerabilities in biometric authentication technologies, the risks associated with the use of biometrics in various industries, and the measures that can be taken to mitigate these risks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread use of network infrastructures such as 5G and low-power wide-area networks, a large number of the Internet of Things (IoT) device nodes are connected to the network, generating massive amounts of data. Therefore, it is a great challenge to achieve anonymous authentication of IoT nodes and secure data transmission. At present, blockchain technology is widely used in authentication and s data storage due to its decentralization and immutability. Recently, Fan et al. proposed a secure and efficient blockchain-based IoT authentication and data sharing scheme. We studied it as one of the state-of-the-art protocols and found that this scheme does not consider the resistance to ephemeral secret compromise attacks and the anonymity of IoT nodes. To overcome these security flaws, this paper proposes an enhanced authentication and data transmission scheme, which is verified by formal security proofs and informal security analysis. Furthermore, Scyther is applied to prove the security of the proposed scheme. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the proposed scheme achieves better performance in terms of communication and computational cost compared to other related schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Technical Courier / Vojnotehnicki Glasnik is the property of Military Technical Courier / Vojnotehnicki Glasnik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper proposes a protocol of a multiple-time, two-round digital friend-or-foe authentication for a group of users. The protocol is based on the following scheme: in each authentication session, group members sign individual w-blocks of a message provided by verifier using the Winternitz signature scheme. The verifier verifies the validity of the entire signature. Current public keys are transmitted to the verifier in the previous session. In this way, public keys form a blockchain structure. The protocol's security stems from the known security of the Winternitz signature and the blockchain of public keys. In the cryptographic random oracle model, the proposed protocol also has the property of "honest verifier zero-knowledge proof." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world, the educational system is evolving. The new trend can be found in traditional classroom systems as well as digitalization systems. Cloud-based Learning Management Systems (LMS) will accelerate the educational industry forward in the next years because they can provide end—user with a versatile, convenient, secure, and cost-effective learning process. The cloud-based LMS approach is the most effective and proper learning model in the worldwide educational sector, particularly if the organization is in a state of depression owing to a global pandemic. It can be utilized over the internet with several users on the same platform. As a result, the initial requirement is important to enable to the LMS model. Despite its many advantages, LMS confronts challenges such as confidentiality, user acceptance, and traffic. In a pandemic like Covid 19, the entire planet depends on a safe LMS platform to establish student and instructor trust. Therefore, with this work, the attempt has been made to explain one LMS model that may provide its users with optimal security, a user-friendly environment, and quick access. This paper discusses the use of the cloud attack, and also cryptographic and steganographic security models and techniques to address these issues. There's also information on what kinds of security vulnerabilities or operations on cloud data are feasible, and also how to deal with them using various algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biometric verification is a process to authenticate whether the subject is what it claims to be, based on the characteristics of the human body. These characteristics must meet seven (7) conditions to enable them to be used in a practical biometric system. These conditions are namely distinctiveness, performance, collectability, acceptability, universality, circumvention, and permanence. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a human body characteristic measured from the heart that meets these seven conditions. Choosing the correct features from the ECG is important to get a high authentication rate. This paper proposed a new algorithm known as Bipolar Slope Feature (BSF) for ECG features selection. It is developed based on the relationship of slopes between several locations in a complete ECG cycle. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is used to measure the effectiveness of this technique for the application of biometric verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]