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Current management guidelines for lupus nephritis (LN) do not attach importance to histological indices of disease activity or chronicity. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical relevance of these indices in determining outcomes in patients with class IV LN. We analyzed the data of all patients with biopsy-proven class IV LN seen over a 6-year period. The histopathological findings were reviewed; the activity and chronicity indices proposed by Austin [AI (Austin) & CI (Austin)] and the renal biopsy index proposed by Hill were calculated. As immunofluorescence was not done in all patients, this was excluded from calculation of the renal biopsy index, which was referred to as the modified Hill's index (MHI), which was a composite of glomerular activity index (GAI), chronicity index (CI) and tubulo-interstitial activity index (TIAI). Pearson's correlation coefficient, multilinear regression analysis and logistic analysis were performed, and p value of <.05 was considered significant. During the study period, 114 cases of LN were evaluated, of which 64 % (73/114) had class IV LN. The mean age was 26.5 years, and 92 % were females. The mean scores of AI (Austin), CI (Austin), GAI, CI, TIAI and MHI were 8.46, 2.50, 7.54, 3.06, 4.74 and 2.23, respectively. Serum creatinine correlated significantly with TIAI, CI, CI (Austin) as well as MHI, but not with AI (Austin) or GAI. The serum creatinine level was the strongest clinical parameter determining outcome, while none of the histological indices correlated with either treatment outcome or mortality. None of the histological indices performed better than serum creatinine level in determining the treatment outcomes and mortality.

Proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) is histologically characterized by endocapillary hypercelMarity and large immune deposits on light microscopy. Immunofluorescence shows almost all immunoglobulins and complement staining. The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is important for diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Absence of ANA rules out the possibility of SLE according to the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE. We report a young boy with fever, nephrotic-nephritic syndrome and pancytopenia consistent with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Renal biopsy was consistent with LN; however, his initial ANA was negative. In view of pathological features of LN and persistent pancytopenia, high dose steroid therapy was started. Repeat ANA, done during the illness, turned positive. In this report, we describe the relevance of pathological patterns and the uncertainties of ANA positivity in making a diagnosis of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unlike adults, primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) comprises only 1–2% of childhood nephrotic syndrome. The clinical behaviour of PMN in children is not explicit and we report upon clinical presentation and outcome. Methods: This prospective study includes children and adolescents (< 20 years) with biopsy-proven PMN without secondary causes. Anti-PLA2R assessment: before and after completing therapy. Outcome: percentage of patients achieving remission. Results: Study cohort included 48 (M:F ratio 1.1:1) patients and median age 17 (IQR 15–18) years, with 35 (72.9%) PLA2R related. Median interval from symptom onset to presentation was 5 months, where median proteinuria, serum albumin and creatinine were 4.9 g/day, 2.1 g/dL and 0.63 mg/dL, respectively. Forty-seven patients received immunosuppressive therapy, with various agents used as first-line therapy: cyclical CYC/GC (53.1%), CNI/GC (21.3%), rituximab (14.9%), prednisolone alone (4.3%), azathioprine (4.3%) and mycophenolate mofetil (2.1%). Median follow-up was 29 (14, 59) months. At 6 months, 11 (24.4%) and 17 (37.7%) had complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR), while at last follow-up (median 29 months), 20 (45.4%) and 14 (31.8%) had CR and PR respectively. No significant differences in outcome were observed with different agents. A total of 60% patients treated with rituximab as first line/for relapsing disease, and all cases with resistant disease receiving rituximab had CR or PR at last follow-up. PLA2R antibody presence was associated with clinical outcome. Conclusions: Three-quarters of PMN in children and adolescents is PLA2R related and two-thirds respond to immunosuppressive therapy. Rituximab is a promising agent to manage PMN in children. Anti-PLA2R is associated with clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: End points currently used in lupus nephritis (LN) clinical trials lack uniformity and questionably reflect long‐term kidney survival. This study was undertaken to identify short‐term end points that predict long‐term kidney outcomes for use in clinical trials. Methods: A database of 944 patients with LN was assembled from 3 clinical trials and 12 longitudinal cohorts. Variables from the first 12 months of treatment after diagnosis of active LN (prediction period) were assessed as potential predictors of long‐term outcomes in a 36‐month follow‐up period. The long‐term outcomes examined were new or progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), severe kidney injury (SKI), and the need for permanent renal replacement therapy (RRT). To predict the risk for each outcome, hazard index tools (HITs) were derived using multivariable analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Among 550 eligible subjects, 54 CKD, 55 SKI, and 22 RRT events occurred. Variables in the final CKD HIT were prediction‐period CKD status, 12‐month proteinuria, and 12‐month serum creatinine level. The SKI HIT variables included prediction‐period CKD status, International Society of Nephrology (ISN)/Renal Pathology Society (RPS) class, 12‐month proteinuria, 12‐month serum creatinine level, race, and an interaction between ISN/RPS class and 12‐month proteinuria. The RRT HIT included age at diagnosis, 12‐month proteinuria, and 12‐month serum creatinine level. Each HIT validated well internally (c‐indices 0.84–0.92) and in an independent LN cohort (c‐indices 0.89–0.92). Conclusion: HITs, derived from short‐term kidney responses to treatment, correlate with long‐term kidney outcomes, and now must be validated as surrogate end points for LN clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The literature on membranous nephropathy (MN) with monoclonal deposits on immunofluorescence (IF) and their outcome is very scarce. We report our experience of managing five patients with this clinical entity. The mean age of the patients was 33.2 ± 6.55 years. The mean proteinuria, serum albumin and serum creatinine was 5.73 ± 2.17 g/day, 2.86 ± 0.51 g/dL and 1.34 ± 1.19 mg/dL, respectively. None of the patients had a lymphoproliferative disorder. Only one patient had an elevated free light chain ratio. Four (80%) patients were M‐type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) negative (tissue and serum), and one (20%) was PLA2R related. Three (60%) cases had monoclonal IgG3/k, one IgG3/λ, whereas one patient with PLA2R positivity had an IgG3/IgG4k subtype. Two (67%) patients treated with cyclical cyclophosphamide and steroids (cCYC/GC) achieved complete remission and one patient (33%) with elevated baseline creatinine had a reduction in serum creatinine with persistent proteinuria at the end of the 12th month of follow‐up. One patient with PLA2R positive MN was treated with Rituximab and is in complete remission. The patient with an elevated free light chain at baseline was treated with Bortezomib/Thalidomide/Dexamethasone, had complete remission at 12 months, however, had a progressive rise in creatinine over the next 40 months of follow‐up. The current series, though limited by numbers, documents the efficacy of conventional therapies in non‐malignant associated MN with monoclonal deposits on IF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) accounts for only 1-2% of nephrotic syndrome in children. Antibodies to m-type phospholipase A2 receptor (aPLA2R) is seen in 70% of adult PMN cases. The present study was undertaken to study m-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) status and clinical behavior in adolescent PMN cases. Methods The present prospective observational study included adolescent (10-19 years) onset biopsy proved PMN. Patients were followed on a monthly basis with urine protein, serum albumin and creatinine. Serum aPLA2R was done at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of starting treatment. Patients were treated as per unit's protocol. Results During the study period a total of 18 patients were enrolled. The mean age of the cases was 16.27 ± 2.39 (11-19) years. Seventeen (94.44%) patients presented with nephrotic syndrome. The mean proteinuria and serum albumin was 4.52 ± 1.93 (2.43-9.20) g/day and 2.1 ± 0.6 (1.1-3.4) g/dL respectively. PMN was PLA2R related in 83%. aPLA2R and enhanced staining for PLA2R in glomeruli was seen in 14 (77.78%) and 13 (72.22%), respectively. Clinical remission at the end of 6 and 12 months of therapy was seen in 11 (61.11%) and 9 (50%) subjects respectively. There was a significant association of aPLA2R to clinical remission/ resistance. Conclusion Primary membranous nephropathy in adolescent population is aPLA2R related in over three-quarters of the cases and the response to therapy is seen in only half of them. aPLA2R monitoring is clinically relevant and should be incorporated in the management of adolescent onset PMN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (cFSGS) is characterized by rapid progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We evaluated the clinicopathological spectrum of cFSGS and compared its clinical behavior to steroid and tacrolimus (TAC)-resistant noncollapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). All patients (>14 years) diagnosed with cFSGS were enrolled in the study. Staining for differentiated podocyte markers such as WT 1, PAX and KI67 were performed in all patients. The outcome and histological features of cFSGS was compared with a prospectively followed cohort of steroid and TAC-resistant noncollapsing FSGS. The study included 22 cFSGS patients and 19 cases of steroid and TAC-resistant FSGS. Complete remission, partial remission, steroid resistance, progression to ESRD and death were observed in 13.6%, 4.5%, 27.3%, 36.4% and 18.2% patients, respectively. Patients with cFSGS had higher serum creatinine and more advanced tubulointerstitial changes compared to resistant FSGS. Twenty-six percent of therapy resistant noncollapsing FSGS progressed to ESRD after two years of stopping TAC. However, there was no difference in progression to ESRD between cFSGS and therapy-resistant noncollapsing FSGS at the end of two years. Glomerular collapse in the setting of FSGS is poorly responsive to treatment and has a high rate of progression to ESRD. The long-term prognosis of cFSGS and steroid and TAC-resistant FSGS are similar. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]