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The Science Museum Group Journal's Issue 21 Editorial discusses a special collection of articles that explore the scientific acquisitions of Professor Stephen Hawking's office at the Science Museum Group and his papers at the University of Cambridge. These acquisitions provide insights into the practices of theoretical physics, academic collaboration, and the realities of living with a degenerative disease while being a celebrity. The articles also highlight the work of curators and archivists in acquiring, cataloging, and understanding museum and archive collections. The issue also includes discussions on curatorship, research, and audience engagement in other areas, such as the interactions of psychiatry and cinema. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of the research paper is to analyze the thematic scope of the archaeological subject matter of the collection of research papers 'Arkasivski Chytannia' and its author's representation at the conference (2011-2023). Scientific novelty. For the first time, the content of the archaeological subject matter of the collections of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Arkasivski Chytannia', which was held by the community of historians of V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. The main areas of publications, stability, the geography of the authors' presentativeness, and prospects of using the materials of the collection in further publications are determined. Conclusions. During 2011-2023, 130 reports in various areas were presented in the 'Archaeology' section. The author's circle of archaeological issues was presented by 88 scholars. The archaeological area was represented mainly by researchers from Mykolaiv, Odesa, and Kyiv. Ten most active participants included almost exclusively representatives of Mykolaiv, who often presented (or were members of the group of authors) several reports. Foreign archeology was represented by scholars from Moldova, Poland, the Russian Federation, Germany, and the USA. In the regional context, the absolute majority of papers (81%) are devoted to the South of Ukraine. In the center of research attention are sites of the Bronze Age (34.6%) and Antiquity (31.5%), which together make up 66.1% or 2/3 of the materials. The main sites, that the authors regularly focused on, were the objects that are being studied (were studied) in the territory of Mykolaiv oblast: the fortified settlement of the Late Bronze Age Dykyi Sad (Mykolaiv), the ancient city of Olbia (the village of Parutino, Mykolaiv raion), the antique settlement on Berezan island (Mykolaiv raion), the antique settlement of Viktorivka (Mykolaiv raion) and the Bronze Age settlement of Rozanivka (Bashtanka raion). Other objects are represented mainly by individual publications. Almost 40% of the reports are presented with materials based on the results of field archaeological research, and almost 30% are material culture analyses. The history of archaeological science and the theory of archeology together account for slightly over 30%, of which the greater part is the history of archaeology. In general, analyzing the achievements of the conference in the presentation of archaeological materials, it is necessary to note the high level of the qualitative component of the majority of publications, originality, and novelty. All of the above, in our opinion, requires further popularization of the achievements of the conference in the scientific environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To this purpose, McMillan employs the life experiences and legal struggles of Nova Scotia Mi'kmaw figure Donald Marshall Jr. to shed light onto the traditional tenets of Mi'kmaw legal consciousness and traditional justice principles as an alternative to the Canadian and Nova Scotian legal and justice systems, which are defendant-centered and focus mainly on punitive measures and, therefore, deemed ineffective in addressing the relationship and encounters that Indigenous Canadians have had with the law. I Truth and Conviction i offers an illustration and unique discussion of the Mi'kmaw First Nation's legal consciousness, which is revealed as grounded in traditional values prioritizing the restoration of relationships among all parties involved in a dispute and the healing of the whole community; furthermore, the book outlines the initiatives that the Mi'kmaw First Nation has recently taken to increase its participation in the workings of the Canadian and Nova Scotian justice systems in an attempt to decolonize them. [Extracted from the article]

The book "Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge" by Hannah Star Rogers explores the intersection of art, science, and technology studies (ASTS). The author examines specific episodes in the history of science where science has generated aesthetic objects and instances where artists have attempted to insert themselves into scientific endeavors. However, the reviewer criticizes the book for its narrow focus and lack of historical depth, suggesting that it offers a frivolous perspective on the distinction between art and science. The reviewer finds the book's use of lofty language and references to be wearisome and lacking in substance. [Extracted from the article]

Background: More than a century ago, experimental work and clinical observations revealed the functional communication between the brain and the peripheral immune system. This is documented on the one hand by studies first demonstrating the effects of catecholamines on the circulation of leukocytes in experimental animals and humans, and on the other hand via the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovic Pavlov and his coworkers, reporting observations that associative learning can modify peripheral immune functions. This work later fell into oblivion since little was known about the endocrine and immune system's function and even less about the underlying mechanisms of how learning, a central nervous system activity, could affect peripheral immune responses. Summary: In this article, we embark on a fascinating exploration of the historical trajectory of behaviorally conditioned immune responses. Key Message: We will pay homage to the visionary scientists who laid the groundwork for this field of research, tracing its evolution from early theories of how associative learning can affect immunity to the modern-day insights that behavioral conditioning of pharmacological responses can be exploited to improve the efficacy of medical interventions for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The paper "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" (Mollusks of Cocos Island) published in the Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) is the translation to Spanish of one of the last works of Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), Swiss naturalist that lived in Costa Rica. This article was one product of a malacological research carried out during a scientific expedition organized by the 'Instituto Físico- Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica' (IFGN) in 1902 to Cocos Island, at a time when the country claimed its sovereignty both in this territory. Objective: To analyze the contributions of the article "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" from the Social History of Science approach. Methods: Most of the researches that have applied this approach in Costa Rica analyze processes of institutionalization of scientific disciplines. The methodology used in these works was very useful for the analysis of the Biolley article, together with the information of historical data provided by other texts about Cocos Island and the development of scientific research in Costa Rica from a temporal perspective. In addition, tables were made to synthesize the classification of the species and genera studied by Biolley in Cocos Island to identify their provenance and the habitat in which they lived. Results: This study of Biolley constitutes a text of interest from the point of view of the Social History of Science, due to the descriptions it offers of the physical conditions of the territory of Cocos Island, of the different species of mollusks located in them and to the exchange of information with national and foreign scientists that show the participation of Biolley in scientific networks. Conclusions: The analysis of the information with the Social History of Science approach, concludes that the compilation of the flora and fauna permits a greater knowledge of the natural resources of the explored territories, in order to colonize them and integrate them into the economic dynamics of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. However, attempts colonize Cocos Island failed given the distance between this and the continent, in addition to the topographic conditions that prevent the permanent establishment of human populations and their productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including history of science in East Asia; Korean and Taiwanese academic contexts; and conversations among Asian societies.

"Perspectives on Kuhn: Contemporary Approaches to the Philosophy of Thomas Kuhn" is a book that emerged from a conference in Argentina and Uruguay, featuring five substantial papers and five commentaries. The topics covered in the book include epistemological coherentism, the philosophical nature of 'structure,' the theoretical background of Kuhn's philosophy, incommensurability, and 'world change.' The papers present new claims and assessments of Kuhn's philosophy, while the commentaries highlight potential issues and areas for further exploration. The book offers valuable insights into Kuhn scholarship and is a well-structured and accomplished collection. [Extracted from the article]

"La Carte de France: Histoire et Techniques" by Jean-Luc Arnaud is a book that explores the topographic cartography of France from the Cassini map of 1756 to the present day. The author focuses on state-sponsored maps, excluding other types of maps from the study. The book provides a historical perspective on the development of cartography in France, with an emphasis on the technical aspects and materiality of maps. It is aimed at a wide audience of map enthusiasts, cartographers, and geographers, but some technical explanations may be challenging for non-specialists. The book is divided into two parts, with the second part serving as a guide to the different cartographic series of France. While the book offers valuable insights into the history of French cartography, it primarily focuses on France and its colonial space, with limited international comparisons and perspectives. [Extracted from the article]

This paper aimed to carry out an analysis of Joule's original texts, written in the middle of the XIX century, trying to understand how the changes in heat concept occurred throughout his work. To support the theoretical analysis, a literature review was made with texts about the Science history and the study of alternative conceptions about heat. Guided by this literature review, the Discursive Textual Analysis was used as the methodology to examine which factors influenced Joule in changing his conception of the nature of heat. Joule initially accept the caloric theory and, instigated by internal aspects of his research and work by other researchers such as: Rumford, Davy and Herapath, he begins to understand the heat as a state of motion of the particles. We believe this work has the potential to serve as a subsidy for the teaching of Physics, where the study of Joule's work can contribute so that there is a reframing of the heat concept for the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales de Psicología is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Narratives of supply chains and raw materials are a poor fit for early modern Europeans' "thrifty" habit of reusing and reworking goods into new forms. This essay stresses the importance of such habits for early modern work using the example of paper, as a medium, instrument, and epistemic resource in various domestic and scientific spheres. Thrifty perspectives challenge not only linear supply narratives but also enduring accounts of the identities of materials themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND:Neurorehabilitation covers a large range of disorders, assessment approaches and treatment methods. There have been previous citation analyses of rehabilitation and of its subfields. However, there has never been a comprehensive citation analysis in neurorehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: The present study reports findings from a citation analysis of the top 100 most cited neurorehabilitation papers to describe the research trends in the field. METHODS: A de-novo keyword search of papers indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database yielded 52,581 papers. A candidate pool of the 200 most-cited papers published between 2005 and 2016 was reviewed by the clinician authors. The papers in the top 100 deemed to be irrelevant were discarded and replaced by the most highly-cited articles in the second tier deemed to be clinically relevant. RESULTS: The most frequently cited neurorehablitation papers appeared in Stroke, Movement Disorders, and Neurology. Papers tended to focus on treatments, especially for stroke. Authorship trends suggest that top cited papers result from group endeavors, with 90% of the papers involving a collaboration among 3 or more authors. CONCLUSION: Treatment studies, often focused on stroke, appear to have the highest impact in the field of neurorehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief review of the literature on the history of thermotropic liquid crystal discovery and the role of the observations reported by Julius Planer in his note published almost 150 years ago.

It is well-known that Einstein's first paper E=mc2 on as published in the Annalen der Physik in 1905 is problematic in that it suffers from the error of circular reasoning. This means that it uses as one of its premises a statement which is equivalent to the conclusion of the paper, namely, that . E=mc2 This difficulty with the paper has been pointed out by many writers including Max Planck, Herbert Ives, Max Jammer and also biographers of Einstein including Gerald Holton and Arthur I. Miller. Unfortunately, the derivation is repeated today as being correct without any mention of the above criticisms of it. In view of this it seems to us worthwhile to have a clear and as simple as possible explanation of the logical difficulties associated with Einstein's 1905 derivation, and it is to this end that this paper is written. Herewith we present a very simple treatment of the problem which makes absolutely clear the logical difficulties in Einstein's first published work on E=mc2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific progress, or scientific change, has been an important topic in the philosophy and history of science. Previous work has developed quantitative approaches to characterize the progression of science in different fields, but how individual scientists make progress through their careers is not well understood at a comprehensive scale. We characterize the regularity in the temporal dynamics of scientists' publishing behavior with computational algorithms that predict the historical emerging order of publications from individual scientists. We discover that scientists publish in ways following the processes of chaining that mirror those observed in historical word meaning extension, whereby novel ideas emerge by connecting to existing ideas that are proximal in semantic space. We report findings for predominant exemplar-based chaining that reconstructs the emerging order in the publications of 1,164 award-winning and random-sampled scientists from the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Economics, and Computer Science over the past century. Our work provides large-scale evidence that scientists across different fields tend to share similar publishing behavior over time by taking incremental steps that build on their past research outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientometric analysis of Nobel Laureate George P. Smith, who had been awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2018, reveals that the author has published 55 papers in various fields between 1971 and 2019. The subjects included 26 articles in Biomolecular Interactions, 17 papers in Genomics, 10 in Protein, and 2 in Evolutionary Biology. The forms of publications included 45 article papers, 1 book chapter, 2 editorials, 6 reviews, and 1 short survey. 17 of his publications were singleauthored, 18 two authored, 9 three and four authored, and 1 five and six authored. The highest no papers were published during the period 1991 - 2000. He has published the highest no papers (6) in BIOTECHNIQUES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of "Technoscience of Tak and Artisans: Resourceful Evolution of Chosŏn Papermaking" by Jung Lee. The book explores the history of papermaking technology and industry in Joseon Korea (1392-1910) and its impact on science and technology in early modern Korea. The author examines the unique papermaking process in Korea, which involved using a native tree called "Dak" to create durable paper that could be recycled and repurposed. The book also reevaluates the intellectual reform movement in the eighteenth century known as "Silhak" and highlights the importance of artisans in shaping Korean history. The concept of "giji," or being resourceful, is central to the book and emphasizes the artisans' skillfulness in rearranging material sources. The book offers insights into science and technology beyond the Western context and challenges conventional narratives about Korean history. [Extracted from the article]

Judah Folkman is considered the father of angiogenesis research. However, his hypothesis on tumor angiogenesis initially met with considerable skepticism. Scientific resistance has been described in the sociology of science, and leads to delayed recognition of pioneering work. In bibliometrics, delayed recognition is characterized by papers referred to as “sleeping beauties”. Sleeping beauties do not achieve recognition in terms of citations until they are awakened a few years after their original publication. The study of sleeping beauties is necessary to understand scientific knowledge better. The present paper explores the extent to which the phenomenon of delayed recognition affected Folkman’s body of work by analyzing his scientific production and the citation life of his publications. Citation analysis shows that Folkman’s landmark paper published in 1971 is a sleeping beauty. Scientometric analysis was combined with a qualitative analysis of the Folkman case in order to shed light on the reasons behind this delayed recognition, and the awakening of the “Sleeping Beauty” by a “Prince”, thus attracting a lot of attention in terms of citations. Interestingly, the fact that Judah Folkman was one of the co-authors of the Prince paper challenges the practice of excluding self-citations when conducting bibliometric analysis. By continuously citing his own paper after years of sleep, Folkman demonstrated his persistence and belief in the importance of his theory. Constancy and continuity in research are important components in ensuring the acceptance of unpopular hypotheses and the development of new research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the instrumentality of writing in the context of scientific research. It is suggested that the tool-character of writing is related to specific writing procedures, such as the list. These procedures can vary in their degree of complexity and often follow rules that are not codified. In any case, writing procedures can be characterized as non-material devices of “concretion.” Two examples from the notebooks of the physicist and philosopher of science, Ernst Mach (1838–1916), will help to develop the notion of writing procedures. Typical for Mach's use of his notebooks, they highlight the effects of writing in the context of reasoning and reflecting. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduces a series of papers on the history of astronomy.

In the last decades English has become the undisputed lingua franca of scientific and technical communication. This has not always been the case and it is well documented that scientific production used to be shared among German, French and English up to the beginning of the 20th century (Baethge, 2008, p. 37). This paper looks at scientific literature written in German by means of analysing translated papers published in Spanish journals. A traditional recipient of German research, the Spanish scientific community relied on translations in order to keep up with the swift progress of the so-called Natural Sciences at the turn of the century. Thus, Spanish was the first language into which Freud’s complete works were translated (Martin & Gallego, 2011, p. 309). Following prior research on science and translation (Montgomery, 2000; Olohan & Salama-Carr, 2011; Byrne, 2014), this study explores the works of translated scientists (German-Spanish) in the fields of microbiology and biochemistry in the 19th century. The aim is to ascertain which scientific articles and topics were translated and published in Spanish at the time, to analyse textual features of the genre and translation techniques applied to them. The results also offer some points for comparison with current scientific translation. This work also aims to highlight the long-standing role of translation in the dissemination of specialised knowledge.

The notion of the mechanism is one of the most popular and widely used concepts in science and sociology is no exception. This paper problematizes the widespread and often uncritical use of the term "mechanism" in contemporary sociology. Drawing on the mechanistic worldview associated with leading figures of the scientific revolution, the paper emphasizes the impact of mechanistic thinking on the societal rationalization process identified by Max Weber and the Frankfurt School. The analysis suggests that mechanisms, when applied to sociological theories, may uncritically reproduce a cultural fetish of the rational society with potentially dehumanizing consequences. The author advocates for a critical reflection on the cultural and historical context of mechanisms, urging sociologists to view them not merely as analytical tools but as active contributors to the creation and shaping of social worlds erected on a belief in instrumental reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logbooks and sea charts may appear rather straightforward evidence to present at a naval court martial. However, their introduction into proceedings in the early nineteenth century reveals an important shift. Measuring the depth of water soon became a problem both of navigation and of discipline. Indeed, Captain Newcomb's knowledge of the soundings taken at the Battle of the Basque Roads proved crucial at Lord Gambier's court martial in June 1809. Through a case study of Edward Massey's sounding machine, this paper reveals the close connection between disciplinary practices on land and at sea. The Board of Longitude acted as a key intermediary in this respect. By studying land and sea together, this paper better explains the changing make-up of the British scientific instrument trade in this period. Massey is just one example of a range of new entrants, many of whom had little previous experience of the maritime world. More broadly, this paper emphasizes the role of both environmental history and material culture in the study of scientific instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Charles Dotter has been described as the father of interventional radiology, a medical specialty born at the interface between radiology and cardiology. Before 1979, it was relatively difficult to find citations to a landmark paper that Dotter had first published in 1964-qualifying this study, from a scientometric perspective, as a sleeping beauty. Sleeping beauties are texts that suffer due to delayed recognition. The present paper explores the Dotter case study's bibliometric characteristics while analyzing the Van Raan criteria's usefulness for defining sleeping beauties in science. Citation network analysis using CitNetExplorer has proven helpful in identifying the 'Prince' in this fairy tale. The duration of sleep is viewed here as a period of restlessness marked by science and social controversies that are often documented in publication databases using a wide range of bibliographic references. Hence the idea of introducing alongside this sleeping beauty construct the idea of 'restless sleep'. These observations should open new avenues in identifying sleeping beauties while nurturing scientific controversy studies revolving around the use of scientometric approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief review of the literature on the history of thermotropic liquid crystal discovery and the role of the observations reported by Julius Planer in his note published almost 150 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historiae Scientiarum is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this 2-year study was to investigate Malawian teacher educators' perspectives and dispositions toward teaching about ecological sustainability issues in Malawi, a developing country in sub-Sahara Africa. This study was embedded in a larger theoretical framework of investigating earth systems science through the understanding of nature–knowledge–culture systems from local, place-based perspectives. Specifically, we were interested in learning more about eco-justice issues that are related to environmental degradation in Malawi and the potential role of inquiry-oriented pedagogies in addressing these issues. In a science methods course, the African educators' views on deforestation and teaching about ecological sustainability were explored within the context of the local environment and culture. Teachers participated in inquiry pedagogies designed to promote the sharing of perspectives related to the connections between culture and ecological degradation. Strategies encouraging dialogue and reflection included role-playing, class discussions, curriculum development activities, teaching experiences with children, and field trips to a nature preserve. Data were analyzed from postcolonial and critical pedagogy of place theoretical perspectives to better understand the hybridization of viewpoints influenced by both Western and indigenous science and the political hegemonies that impact sustainable living in Malawi. Findings suggested that the colonial legacy of Malawi continues to impact the ecological sustainability issue of deforestation. Inquiry-oriented pedagogies and connections to indigenous science were embraced by the Malawian educators as a means to involve children in investigation, decision making, and ownership of critical environmental issues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed90:660–680, 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies various functions of Berzelian formulas in European organic chemistry prior to the mid-nineteenth century from a semiotic, historical and epistemological perspective. Basis of new classifications of organic substances; Use in experimental investigations of organic chemical reactions; Dialectic contribution to the experimental culture of synthetic carbon chemistry.

Keywords: assessments; cognitive skills; history of science; informal learning; learning communities; learning styles EN assessments cognitive skills history of science informal learning learning communities learning styles 107 111 5 09/05/23 20230601 NES 230601 An understanding of how students learn chemistry and what can support better chemistry learning is a research field that has continuously developed during the last 50 years. Three papers in the SI could provide chemistry teachers with tools and insights that will better equip them to personalize their chemistry teaching. These studies, which enhance our understanding of learning and teaching chemistry, should be part of chemistry teachers' toolbox and support their professional development. A chemistry teacher who wishes to personalize her teaching to different students in the class is required to constantly adapt her teaching to the changing needs of each student in the class. [Extracted from the article]

The El Niño phenomenon – and its associated phenomena El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña – have become probably the most well-known forms of natural climatic variability. El Niño forecasts underpin regional Climate Outlook Forums in many parts of the world. The declaration of El Niño conditions can unlock development aid money and El Niño events commonly receive widespread media coverage. Yet 'El Niño' has not always meant what it does today. The name was originally applied to an annually-occurring ocean current that affected northern Peru and Ecuador, so called because it arrived at Christmas (the Christ Child). The transition in meaning to a complex global phenomenon was related as much to commercial and geopolitical priorities as to the oceanic and atmospheric observations that underpin theories of El Niño dynamics. In this paper, I argue that scientific conceptualisations of El Niño are an example of path dependency. Badging ocean-atmosphere variability as 'El Niño' is unnecessary either for the advancement of science or effective disaster risk reduction; in fact, current definitions are confusing and can create problems in preparing for El Niño-related hazards, as occurred with the 2017 'coastal' El Niño in Peru. This paper outlines the historical processes that led to the current conceptualisations of El Niño and suggests an alternative way of understanding ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Pacific and beyond. It then considers the implications of this path-dependency on El Niño's ontological politics; that is, who gets to define El Niño, and to what end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These papers address how bioengineering principles can be harnessed to develop targeted therapies for a myriad of health conditions, from antimicrobial endotracheal tubes to lipid-polymer nanoparticles for cancer treatment. i I We hope that this special issue serves as an inspiration and a reference point for researchers and clinicians alike, highlighting the immense potential of biomedical engineering to drive advances in healthcare. i I Editors, i I Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering i I Biomedical Engineering Society i I 2023 Special Issue: Young Innovators i Thanks ChatGPT, we couldn't have said it better ourselves! Introduction to the Special Issue I We are thrilled to present the "Young Innovators" special issue of Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, featuring groundbreaking work in biomedical engineering. We are pleased to present this year's twelve Young Innovators of Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, whose original research is featured in this August issue. [Extracted from the article]

Astrobiology's goal of promoting interdisciplinary research is an attempt to reverse a trend that began two centuries ago with the formation of the first specialized scientific disciplines. We have examined this era of discipline formation in order to make a comparison with the situation today in astrobiology. Will astrobiology remain interdisciplinary or is it becoming yet another specialty ? As a case study, we have investigated effects on the scientific literature when a specialized community is formed by analyzing the citations within papers published during 1802-1856 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Phil. Trans.), the most important 'generalist ' journal of its day, and Transactions of the Geological Society of London (Trans. Geol. Soc.), the first important disciplinary journal in the sciences. We find that these two journals rarely cited each other, and papers published in Trans. Geol. Soc. cited fewer interdisciplinary sources than did geology papers in Phil. Trans. After geology had become established as a successful specialized discipline, geologists returned to publishing papers in Phil. Trans., but they wrote in the new, highly specialized style developed in Trans. Geol. Soc. They had succeeded in not only creating a new scientific discipline, but also a new way of doing science with its own modes of research and communication. A similar citation analysis was applied to papers published over the period 2001-2008 in the contemporary journals Astrobiology and the International Journal of Astrobiology to test the hypothesis that astrobiologists are in the early stages of creating their own specialized community. Although still too early to reliably detect any but the largest trends, there is no evidence yet that astrobiologists are drifting into their own isolated discipline. Instead, to date they appear to remain interdisciplinary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1936, Raymond Dart led the Wits University Expedition to the Kalahari where he used the tools of physical anthropology, including bodily measurements, face masks and comparative anatomy, to promote the ill-fated concept of race typology to understand human evolution. Dart's successor at the Wits School of Anatomical Sciences, Phillip Tobias, and his colleagues continued these anthropological practices in numerous expeditions to the Kalahari and elsewhere in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, including an excavation of the grave of Cornelius Kok II in Campbell, Northern Cape in 1961. This paper reviews these practices and their contribution to scientific racism in South Africa. The paper also explores the impact that Steve Biko's life and death had on medical ethics at Wits University in the 1970s, leading to Wits Medical School's submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the decision to hold an Internal Reconciliation Commission (IRC). While the IRC was important, the absence of any review of pre-apartheid and apartheid-era anthropological practices at the Wits School of Anatomical Sciences meant that it was incomplete. This paper concludes by suggesting that there is a need to acknowledge and revisit this painful history of scientific racism to build a greater understanding of history, transparency and ethics for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most discussions of John Maynard Keynes's activities in connection with Newton are restricted to the sale in 1936 at Sotheby's of Newton's Portsmouth Papers and to Keynes's 1946 essay 'Newton, the Man'. This paper provides a history of Keynes's Newton-related work in the interim, highlighting especially the events of 1942 and 1943, which were particularly relevant to the Royal Society's role in the domestic and international promotion of Newton's legacy. During this period, Keynes lectured twice on Newton, leaving notes that would later be read by his brother Geoffrey in the famous commemoration of the Newton tercentenary in 1946. In 1943 Keynes assisted the Royal Society in its recognition of the Soviet celebrations and in the acquisition and preservation of more of the Newton library. In each instance Keynes took the opportunity to promote his interpretation of Newton as 'the last of the magicians': a scientist who had one foot in the pre-modern world and whose approach to understanding the world was as much intuitive as it was methodical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]