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Citation analysis of 265 Workforce Education and Development (WED) dissertations, theses, and graduate research papers at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC) was used to (1) determine core serials in the discipline, (2) provide Morris Library with a guide to serials acquisition and maintenance in the discipline, and (3) provide future WED students with a core list of WED journals. This study has applicability as a specific instance of applied citation analysis as well as for academic librarians faced with acquiring and maintaining serials in WED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined anesthetic records before and after the implementation of an electronic anesthetic record documentation (AIMS) in a single surgical population. The purpose of this study was to identify any inconsistencies in anesthetic care based on handwritten documentation (paper) or AIMS. We hypothesized that the type of anesthetic record (paper or AIMS) would lead to differences in the documentation and management of hypotension. Consecutive patients who underwent esophageal surgery between 2009 and 2014 by a single surgeon were eligible for the study. Patients were grouped in to 'paper' or 'AIMS' based on the type of anesthetic record identified in the chart. Pertinent patient identifiers were removed and data collated after collection. Predetermined preoperative and intraoperative data variables were reviewed. Consecutive esophageal surgery patients ( N = 189) between 2009 and 2014 were evaluated. 92 patients had an anesthetic record documented on paper and 97 using AIMS. The median number of unique blood pressure recordings was lower in the AIMS group (median (Q1,Q3) AIMS 30.0 (24.0, 39.0) vs. Paper 35.0 (28.5, 43.5), p < 0.01). However, the median number of hypotensive events (HTEs) was higher in the AIMS group (median (Q1,Q3) 8.0 (4.0, 18.0) vs. 4.0 (1.0, 10.5), p < 0.001), and the percentage of HTEs per blood pressure recording was higher in the AIMS group (30.4 ((Q1, Q3) (9.5, 60.9)% vs. 12.5 (2.4, 27.5)%), p < 0.01). Multivariable regression analysis identified independent predictors of HTEs. The incidence of HTEs was found to increase with AIMS (IRR = 1.88, p < 0.01). Preoperative systolic blood pressure, increased blood loss, and phenylephrine. A phenylephrine infusion was negatively associated with hypotensive events (IRR = 0.99, p = 0.03). We noted an increased incidence of HTEs associated with the institution of an AIMS. Despite this increase, no change in medical therapy for hypotension was seen. AIMS did not appear to have an effect on the management of intraoperative hypotension in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools and districts nationwide have heavily emphasized supporting students' health and wellbeing by engaging families and caregivers to truly support the "whole child," as outlined in the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model. The COVID-19 pandemic only heightened the important role of school and family partnerships in supporting children's health. The Chicago Public Schools (CPS) Healthy CPS initiative is designed to support schools in their compliance with existing health and wellness policies to support child health. This study aimed to explore parents' primary health concerns for their children, characterize these views, explore any alignment with WSCC, and identify recommendations for family engagement in school health promotion. Eleven semi-structured focus groups (seven English, four Spanish) were conducted with CPS parents/caregivers. Groups were conducted in spring 2021 on Chicago's West Side, one of the more historically disinvested communities in the city. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using constant comparison, incorporating both inductive and deductive approaches. Key themes emerged related to parents' perceptions of schools' role in promoting health including: (1) parents see child health as a shared responsibility between families and schools; and (2) parents identify significant structural barriers and inequities that impede child health, such as racism, community violence, and a lack of community resources in their neighborhoods, and believe schools can do more to address them. Parents' viewed child health and wellbeing as multidimensional and stated that these dimensions must be considered holistically. Their views aligned with WSCC family engagement-related components. Parents recommended that schools employ a variety of strategies to engage families. Findings from this paper have implications for engaging families in school health policy and program development as well as implementation, particularly those in lower income, urban communities that have faced a history of structural inequities. Highlights: Chicago Public Schools parents in in this sample see child health as a shared responsibility between families and schools. Consistent with the long-standing evidence documenting historic disinvestment on the West Side of Chicago, participating parents identify significant structural barriers and inequities, such as racism, community violence, and a lack of community resources in their neighborhoods, and believe schools can do more to address them. Parents recommend schools take a variety of strategies to engage families and recommend more leadership opportunities for parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a review to summarize the settings, configurations, and capture data for an array of fisheries gear types used to capture invasive bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in North America. The goal of this paper was to synthesize patterns of bigheaded carp catch data across various gear types and capture methods. Data consisted of bigheaded carps captured among a variety of riverine habitats where their populations are well-established (e.g., lower pools of the Illinois River), as well as near the leading edge of their invasion front (e.g., Upper Mississippi, Upper Illinois, Upper Missouri, Red River). Our synthesis provides a summary of (1) capture gears and their settings/configurations, (2) catches (fish size, number captured, precision of estimates), and (3) assessment of gears that were robust (i.e., high precision, low cost, high catch, sample many habitat types) in riverine environments and impoundments. Across the 26 gear types used to target bigheaded carps, catch rates of silver carp were consistently higher than bighead carp, which may result from a combination of sampling inefficiencies, sampling biases, and spatial dynamics of their invasions. Gear performance matrices combining catch rate, precision, and labor cost indicated that DC electrofishing and herding fish into gill nets and/or trammel nets were the top-ranked capture methods. This review provides guidance for the development of detection, monitoring, and control programs that target bigheaded carp species, as well as identifies future research to fill critical data gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Barriers exist for the provision of surgery for permanent contraception in the postpartum period. Prenatal counseling has been associated with increased rates of fulfillment of desired postpartum contraception in general, although it is unclear if there is impact on permanent contraception specifically. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between initial timing for prenatal documentation of a contraceptive plan for permanent contraception and fulfillment of postpartum contraception for those receiving counseling. Methods: This is a planned secondary analysis of a multi-site cohort study of patients with documented desire for permanent contraception at the time of delivery at four hospitals located in Alabama, California, Illinois, and Ohio over a two-year study period. Our primary exposure was initial timing of documented plan for contraception (first, second, or third trimester, or during delivery hospitalization). We used univariate and multivariable logistic regression to analyze fulfillment of permanent contraception before hospital discharge, within 42 days of delivery, and within 365 days of delivery between patients with a documented plan for permanent contraception in the first or second trimester compared to the third trimester. Covariates included insurance status, age, parity, gestational age, mode of delivery, adequacy of prenatal care, race, ethnicity, marital status, and body mass index. Results: Of the 3103 patients with a documented expressed desire for permanent contraception at the time of delivery, 2083 (69.1%) had a documented plan for postpartum permanent contraception prenatally. After adjusting for covariates, patients with initial documented plan for permanent contraception in the first or second trimester had a higher odds of fulfillment by discharge (aOR 1.57, 95% C.I 1.24–2.00), 42 days (aOR 1.51, 95% C.I 1.20–1.91), and 365 days (aOR 1.40, 95% C.I 1.11–1.75), compared to patients who had their first documented plan in the third trimester. Conclusions: Patients who had a documented prenatal plan for permanent contraception in trimester one and two experienced higher likelihood of permanent contraception fulfillment compared to those with documentation in trimester three. Given the barriers to accessing permanent contraception, it is imperative that comprehensive, patient-centered counseling and documentation regarding future reproductive goals begin early prenatally. Plain language summary: Permanent contraception is a highly desired form of postpartum contraception in the United States, however there are several barriers to accessing it. In this paper, we investigate whether the timing of when a patient has a documented plan for postpartum contraception has an impact on if they achieve postpartum contraception. This is a cohort study from four hospitals in Illinois, Ohio, California, and Alabama for patients with a desire for postpartum permanent contraception documented in their medical record. We specifically investigated the trimester (first, second, or third) where a patient had a plan for permanent contraception first documented. We then used univariate and multivariate models to determine the relationship between the timing of a plan for permanent contraception and if a patient achieved the procedure at three time-points: hospital discharge, 42-days, and 365-days. Our findings showed that of the 3103 patients in our cohort, only 69.1% of them had a documented plan for postpartum contraception at any point before going to the hospital for their delivery admission. We additionally found that patients who had a documented plan for permanent contraception in the first or second trimester had a higher odds of receiving their postpartum contraception procedure compared to people who had their first documented plan in the third trimester. This showed us the importance of earlier counseling regarding contraception for pregnant patients. There are many barriers to accessing postpartum contraception, so having patient focused counseling about future goals around reproductive health early on in pregnancy is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of visual media, cities, and society are represented, experienced, and interpreted through images. The need for interdisciplinary visual approaches, therefore, is indisputable. By focusing on cinema, this paper aims to develop a conceptual, methodological framework through which theory helps a broad range of researchers in social sciences, humanities, and arts interpret the represented phenomenon. Based on Peirce's model of signs, the framework provides the basis for a dynamic interpretation of the city and society. This paper shows that Peircean cinesemiotics takes advantage of theory in three ways: First, as the basis that provides scholars with clues necessary for identifying eligible "image-signs"; second, as the guiding framework that helps them reach a final interpretation; third, as ideas are being criticized from visual perspectives. As an example of its application, using Jane Jacobs' "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," the final part of the paper applies Peircean cinesemiotics to an image-sign from Death Wish (2018) and interprets it as the representation of safety/crime in a neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the second white paper by the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. It mentions that the said white paper provides details on the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in terms of issues such as in gastric closure, and peritoneal access. Moreover, information on the 2010 International NOTES summit meeting held in Chicago, Illinois on July 7-10, 2010 is presented.

The Daniel Rostenkowski papers became the first Congressional papers collection at Loyola University Chicago in 1995. The papers of a high profile alumnus, the University Libraries decided to create a stand-alone archive for the collection. This article describes the history of the collection, several attempts to create a stand-alone archive, and the collecting policy that was eventually created to guide the development of the archive. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Our system of research self-regulation, designed to provide internal checks and balances for those who participate in research involving human subjects, is under considerable stress. Much of this crisis has been caused by what we call mission creep, in which the workload of IRBs has expanded beyond their ability to handle effectively. Mission creep is caused by rewarding wrong behaviors, such as focusing more on procedures and documentation than difficult ethical questions; unclear definitions, which lead to unclear responsibilities; efforts to comply with unwieldy federal requirements even when research is not federally funded; exaggerated precautions to protect against program shutdowns; and efforts to protect against lawsuits. We recommend collecting data. We also call for refinements to our regulatory system that will provide a set of regulations designed for non-biomedical research. This will enable IRBs to direct attention to the areas of greatest risk while intentionally scaling back oversight in areas of lesser risk. We recommend removing some kinds of activity from IRB review altogether. Our system, if not broken, is seriously straining at the seams. It is imperative that we have a respected and effective system in place to protect human research subjects, so that much-needed research into the causes and prevention of disease and other research expanding the boundaries of knowledge can proceed. We hope that this White Paper will further the discussion about what reasonable procedures can be instituted to help get IRBs back on track and do what they were originally meant to do—protect the rights and welfare of human subjects while allowing the research enterprise to progress and its benefits to society to accrue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a symposium held at The Morton Arboretum where researchers discussed experiences and knowledge on the topic of urban tree growth and longevity. Held in September 2011 in Lisle, Illinois, the event was attended by arborists, planners, students, and researchers. Lectures and poster displays were presented during the symposium.

The article highlights the Cook County Simultaneous Expert Disclosure Pilot Project, which is aimed at addressing the issues beyond legal concerns. The Pilot Project was first implemented as voluntary, requiring the consent of both plaintiff and defendant, but it was soon requested that plaintiffs be included in the Pilot Program. The Illinois Association of Defense Trial Counsel (IDC) recommends amendment of the sequence of Rule 213 among others.

The current paper reports long-term impacts of the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) on measures of achievement, cognitive functioning, and behavioral regulation taken toward the end of students' high school careers. The CSRP was a self-regulation-focused early childhood intervention implemented in Head Start centers serving high-poverty neighborhoods in Chicago. The intervention was evaluated through a cluster randomized control trial, providing us with rare longitudinal evidence from an experimental study. However, the study was limited by issues with low power and baseline differences between experimental groups. Here, we report on follow-up data taken approximately 11–14 years after program completion, including measures of participants' (N = 430) academic achievement, executive functioning, emotional regulation, and behavioral problems, and we provide a range of analytic estimates to address the study's methodological concerns. Across our estimates, we found little evidence that the program had lasting impacts on indicators of late-adolescent functioning. Main effects were estimated with some imprecision, but nearly all models produced null effects across the broad array of outcomes considered. We also observed few indications that effects were moderated by posttreatment high school quality or later assignment to a light-touch mindset intervention. Implications for developmental theory and early childhood policy are discussed. Public Significance Statement: This study evaluated the long-term effects of an early childhood intervention focused on self-regulation. Despite initial promise, the authors found virtually no evidence to suggest that the preschool intervention had long-lasting positive effects on key outcomes such as achievement, college enrollment, or behavioral dysregulation. This work carries important implications for our continued development of early childhood programs targeting children from low-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that gentrification influences crime. However, there are no quantitative studies on gentrification's impact on juvenile offending. This paper begins to fill this gap by examining the impact of gentrification on homicides by juveniles. To do this, we use Block, Block, and Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority's data on Chicago Homicides from 1965 through 1995. We couple these data with historical census data to create a dataset of victims killed by juveniles within gentrified and non-gentrified census tracts. We employ a pooled, longitudinal Poisson regression model. Our findings indicate that gentrification is moderately and negatively associated with people killed by juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the 11th International Surface X-ray and Neutron Scattering (SXNS-11) Conference that took place at the Northwestern University (NU) campus in Evanston, Illinois from July 13-17, 2010. The conference, which was hosted by the NU Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, has gathered 164 delegates from 16 countries. Information on papers presented at the conference are presented.

Storm frequency estimates and their temporal distributions are important in determining estimates of runoff or peak flow rates in many engineering and hydrological problems. Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin 70 has been serving as the design rainfall standard in Illinois since its publication in 1989. Although Bulletin 70 represented the best available data at the time of its publication, the standards needed to be reevaluated and updated after more than three decades and with the growing evidence of the nonstationary nature of heavy precipitation. The trends in heavy precipitation in Illinois prompted the creation of a new frequency study named Bulletin 75, providing precipitation frequencies for event durations ranging from 5 min to 10 days and for recurrence intervals ranging from 2 months to 500 years. The results are presented for the same 10 geographic sections in Illinois as in Bulletin 70 to maintain the continuity of hydrologic studies and compatibility with regulations. The primary goal of this paper is to outline some of the key methodological issues and challenges, to compare the results with the previous sources, and to highlight the effects of the changing precipitation standards on the development of amendments to existing ordinances. Lake County in Illinois, as one of the most affected urban areas with the highest change in heavy precipitation, was selected to illustrate issues related to the application of modified precipitation standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quasiconformal tree is a doubling metric tree in which the diameter of each arc is bounded above by a fixed multiple of the distance between its endpoints. In this paper we show that every quasiconformal tree bi-Lipschitz embeds in some Euclidean space, with the ambient dimension and the bi-Lipschitz constant depending only on the doubling and bounded turning constants of the tree. This answers Question 1.6 of David and Vellis [Illinois J. Math. 66 (2022), pp. 189–244]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of "Duel in Dermatopathology," papers presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Dermatopathology. It was held in Fair Mouth Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, from October 9-12, 2003. Titles of some of those abstracts are "Acquired Progressive Lymphangioma," by S. Murphy and W. Lee, "Cutaneous Reaction to Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor," by P. Bhanot and A. Armin "Carcinoma Ex Cylindroma-Spiradenoma" and "Oral Solitary Fibrous Tumor," by J. Lee.

Let δ∈(0,1]$\delta \in (0,1]$ and T be a δ‐Calderón–Zygmund operator. When p∈(0,1]$p\in (0,1]$ and b∈BMO(Rn)$b\in {\rm BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$, it is well‐known (see the work by Harboure, Segovia, and Torrea [Illinois J. Math. 41 (1997), no. 4, 676–700]) that the commutator [b,T]$[b, T]$ is not bounded from the Hardy space Hp(Rn)$H^p(\mathbb {R}^n)$ into the Lebesgue space Lp(Rn)$L^p(\mathbb {R}^n)$ if b is not a constant function. Let φ be a Musielak–Orlicz function satisfying that, for any (x,t)∈Rn×[0,∞)$(x,t)\in \mathbb {R}^n\times [0,\infty)$, φ(·,t)$\varphi (\cdot ,t)$ belongs to the Muckenhoupt weight class A∞(Rn)$A_\infty (\mathbb {R}^n)$ with the critical weight exponent q(φ)∈[1,∞)$q(\varphi)\in [1,\infty)$ and φ(x,·)$\varphi (x,\cdot)$ is an Orlicz function with the critical lower type i(φ)>q(φ)(1+δ/n)$i(\varphi)> q(\varphi)(1+\delta /n)$. In this paper, we find a proper subspace BMOφ(Rn)${\mathop \mathcal {BMO}_\varphi ({\mathbb {R}}^n)}$ of BMO(Rn)$\mathop \mathrm{BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$ such that, if b∈BMOφ(Rn),$b\in {\mathop \mathcal {BMO}_\varphi ({\mathbb {R}}^n),}$ then [b,T]$[b,T]$ is bounded from the Musielak–Orlicz Hardy space Hφ(Rn)$H^\varphi (\mathbb {R}^n)$ into the Musielak–Orlicz space Lφ(Rn)$L^\varphi (\mathbb {R}^n)$. Conversely, if b∈BMO(Rn)$b\in {\rm BMO}({\mathbb {R}}^n)$ and the commutators {[b,Rj]}j=1n$\lbrace [b,R_j]\rbrace _{j=1}^n$ of the classical Riesz transforms are bounded from Hφ(Rn)$H^\varphi ({\mathbb {R}}^n)$ into Lφ(Rn)$L^\varphi (\mathbb {R}^n)$, then b∈BMOφ(Rn)$b\in {\mathop \mathcal {BMO}_\varphi ({\mathbb {R}}^n)}$. Our results generalize some recent results by Huy and Ky [Vietnam J. Math. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10013‐020‐00406‐2] and Liang, Ky, and Yang [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 144 (2016), no. 12, 5171–5181]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to find and compare the agility abilities and anthropometric characteristics of 13-16-year-old volleyball and football players and adolescents not engaged in sports. The following research questions were posed: to find the agility results and anthropometric characteristics of volleyball and football players and non-athletes and to compare the agility results and anthropometric characteristics between athletes and not non-athletes and between different sports in both boys and girls. In total, 63 subjects participated in the study - 45 of them practised sports and 18 did not. Among those who practised sports, there were 19 volleyball and 26 football players. The following agility tests were applied in the study: T-test, four corners test, 5-0-5 run test and Illinois test. For data analysis, the Microsoft Excel program was used. The subjects' height, weight, fat percentage and fat amount were measured. The means, minimum and maximum values, standard deviations, and body mass indices were calculated. To find correlations within the groups, correlation analysis was used. To establish statistical significance between the groups, Student's t-test was used. The results revealed that, among both boys and girls, athletes were statistically significantly faster than non-athletes; only in Illinois test, there was no statistically significant difference. In girls, there were statistically significant differences between athletes and non-athletes in weight, fat percentage, fat amount and body mass index. In boys, however, there were no statistically significant differences in the body build characteristics between athletes and non-athletes. Football players were better in agility tests compared to volleyball players. Football boys were statistically significantly taller and older, and, in most tests, they were also statistically significantly faster than volleyball boys. Volleyball girls were statistically significantly taller and weighed more, but, in all tests, football girls were statistically significantly faster than volleyball girls. In all groups, the fat-related indicators, like fat percentage, fat amount and body mass index, were in mutual correlation. According to the body mass index scale, 45 subjects were of normal weight, 6 were overweight, 1 was obese and 11 were underweight. The authors of the paper hold the view that, namely in this age group, the athletes of sports games should practice agility and be tested in it, as, according to literature, the development of agility slows down at the age of 16-17 years, and therefore, can be one of the obstacles for reaching the top in adult athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two purposes: First, we describe the components of the Student Ownership, Accountability, and Responsibility for School Safety (SOARS) framework in the context of the literature on school safety. Second, we offer outcomes from a pilot study testing the framework's impact on student perceptions of: (a) school belonging, (b) sense of personal safety, (c) level of disruption, (d) level of delinquency, (e) responsibility for school safety, (f) engagement in victimizing behavior, and (g) sense of being victimized by peers. We conducted a study with two conditions, intervention and control. The study was conducted in Oregon and Illinois. Four high schools participated in the study. Two high schools received access to the SOARS framework and two high schools served as controls. We collected usage data of the Advocatr app, the central components of the SOARS framework, as well as survey data from students. We examined Advocatr use by overall frequency as well as across student race and gender. Survey data were analyzed using an ANCOVA analytic approach. Almost all outcomes were in the desired direction. Intervention effects on student-reported school belonging, sense of personal safety, and level of disruption reached statistical significance. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium, with the largest effect in students' perceptions of personal safety. We contextualize our study in the literature on school safety and describe the alignment of the SOARS components with existing recommendations for increasing students' safety at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is a growing need to clarify the effect of modifiable lifestyle factors such as obesity on outcomes of multiple myeloma (MM). In this paper, we examined the associations between body mass index (BMI) at different periods of life up to the time of diagnosis and overall survival among patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The key findings are that BMIs before and at the time of diagnosis were not associated with overall survival in MM, except that a higher BMI at diagnosis was associated with a better overall survival for females, irrespective of race/ethnicity. This is the first evidence that the BMI-survival association may differ by sex. Obesity is associated with survival in several solid tumors and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but its impact on multiple myeloma (MM) survival is unclear. We examined the associations between body mass index (BMI) at different periods of life up to the time of diagnosis and overall survival (OS) among 563 patients newly diagnosed with MM in 2010–2019. BMI at diagnosis was calculated using measured height and weight from electronic medical records (EMR). BMIs at age 20, maximum during adulthood, and 5 years before diagnosis were calculated using self-reported weights and measured height from EMR. Over a median follow-up of 49.3 months, 191 (33.93%) deaths were identified. We used multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models to examine the associations between BMIs and OS. Height as well as BMI before and at diagnosis was not associated with OS, but there is a U-shape association between weight and OS. Higher BMIs at diagnosis were associated with better OS among females (HR = 0.39 [0.22–0.71]), irrespective of race. In conclusion, our results suggest that BMI at different periods of life up to the time of diagnosis may not be associated with OS in MM, except that a higher BMI at diagnosis was associated with superior OS for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of papers that will be presented at the Thirty First Annual Meeting of Society for Psychophysiological Research. The meeting will be held at The Palmar House in Chicago, Illinois from October 9-13, 1991. The majority of the research reports will be given and discussed informally at three Poster Sessions. In addition, specific topics will be addressed in seven symposia. These abstracts are being published and distributed to all members of the society and to all journal subscribers prior to the annual meeting.

The lithospheric structure of the contiguous US and surrounding regions offers clues into the tectonic history, including interactions between subducting slabs and cratons. In this paper, we present a new radially anisotropic shear wave speed model of the upper mantle (70–410 km) of the contiguous US and surrounding regions, constrained by seismic full‐waveform inversion. The new model (named CUSRA2021) utilizes frequency‐dependent travel time measurements, from 160 earthquake events recorded by 5,280 stations. The data coverage in eastern US is improved by incorporating more intraplate earthquakes. The final model exhibits clear and detailed shear wave speed anomalies correlating well with tectonic units such as North America Craton (high‐Vs), Cascadia subduction zones (high‐Vs), Columbia Plateau (low‐Vs), Basin and Range (low‐Vs), etc. In particular, the detailed structure of the North America Craton beneath Illinois basin is revealed. The depth of high‐Vs anomaly beneath the North America Craton correlates well with S‐to‐P receiver function and SH reflection results. Besides, the radial anisotropy in the Craton lithosphere shows a layering structure, which may relate to the process of lithospheric accretion and the origin of mid‐lithosphere discontinuities. Plain Language Summary: The interiors of ancient continents extend down to 200 km beneath the Earth's surface. In the contiguous US region, the ancient continents are preserved in the central and eastern US and are altered in the western US. To better understand the processes of how continent interior was preserved or altered, we apply an advanced seismic imaging technique utilizing full seismic waveforms to obtain the detailed structure of the contiguous US and surrounding regions. We apply more earthquakes located inside the United States to improve the data coverage in order to better resolve detailed structure beneath the eastern US. We observe through the new model that the lithosphere of eastern US generally has two layers with different seismic wave speeds in vertical directions. This observation matches previous studies and may indicate the origin of ancient continents. Key Points: A new radially anisotropic shear wave speed model for the contiguous US using full waveform tomography is derivedEastern US data coverage is enhanced by including intracontinental earthquakes and geographic station weightingRadially anisotropic layering in the North America Craton region is widely observed and related to lithosphere accretion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: People with serious mental illnesses are overrepresented in the criminal justice system.Interventions such as Crisis Intervention Teams and Co‐responder Teams may improve police officers' ability to provide effective response.There is still a gap in our knowledge of the nature of the situations officers are responding to and their perceptions of what is needed for effective response. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: This paper provides insight into officer perceptions and experiences of the mental health‐related calls they respond to involving youth, adults and families.Officers often refer to people in crisis as having "gone off meds" but also recognize more complex factors at the individual level (e.g., co‐occurring issues), family level (challenges of caring for a loved one with mental illness) and community level (deficiencies in health and social resources to address long‐term unmet needs).Deficiencies in the resources needed to address the unmet needs of people and their families frustrate officers' desires to make a difference and effect long‐term outcomes. What are the implications for practice?: Findings underscore the need for cities and communities to develop alternatives to emergency departments which, in the long term, may provide the best hope for reducing the reliance on police as mental health interventionists. Formal collaborations between the law enforcement community and the mental health nursing community could be focused towards this end.Findings provoke the larger question of what should "count" as good police work in the face of deficient community health systems. Practitioners should consider the distinction between police effectiveness and "whole system" effectiveness. Police officers could be held to account for "principled encounters" that are resolved in ways that reduce immediate harm, avoid stigma and advance procedural justice, but the full impact of their effects is contingent on the capacity of the wider system to do its job.Mental health nurses are well positioned to assist with officer training and provide support to officers responding to mental health‐related situations. Introduction: Data on fatal outcomes of police encounters, combined with evidence on the criminalization of people with mental illnesses, reveal a grave need to improve outcomes for individuals with mental illnesses who come into contact with police. Current efforts are hampered by a lack of in‐depth knowledge about the nature of nature and context of these encounters. Aim/Question: Building on previous findings from a larger study on the nature and outcomes of mental health‐related encounters with police in Chicago, this paper examines officer perspectives on the unmet needs of individuals and their families and the ways in which the mental health and social system environment constrain officers' abilities to be responsive to them. Methods: Findings are drawn from qualitative data produced through 36 "ride‐alongs" with police officers. Field researchers conducted open‐ended observations of police work during routine shifts and carried out interviews with officers—according to a ride‐along question guide—during periods of inactivity or between calls for service to ask about experiences of mental health‐related calls. Field notes describing their observations and ride‐along interviews were analysed inductively using a combination of open and focused coding. Results: Officers responded to a variety of mental health‐related calls revealing complex, unmet needs at individual and family levels. A common theme related to officers' perceptions that "going off meds," combined with other situational factors, resulted in police being involved in behavioural health situations. The data also revealed broader aspects of the health and social system that, in officers' minds, constrain their ability to effect positive outcomes for people and their families, especially in the long term. Discussion: Findings beg the larger question of what it is we, as a society, should expect of police in the handling of mental health‐related calls, given their concerns with the wider health and social service system that they experience as deficient. At the same time, the view that "going off meds" is a common trigger of mental health‐related events should be interpreted with care, as it may signal or perhaps serve as a shorthand for more complex health and social needs that could be obscured by a pharmacological or medicalized perspective on mental illness. This is an important area of future inquiry for research at the intersection of policing and mental health nursing. Implications for practice: The contribution of police to the wellness and recovery of people and their families is constrained by the ability of the community health and social service system to do its job. A wave of new initiatives designed to enhance the interface between police and the medical community holds out hope for alleviating officers' concerns about whether they can work in tandem with the rest of the system to make a difference. For now, we suggest that what we can expect of police is to implement "principled encounters" that ensure public safety while achieving harm reduction, self‐determination and the reduction of stigma. Mental health nurses are well positioned to assist with officer training and provide support to officers responding to mental health‐related situations. However, the fields of policing and nursing practice may not yet fully understand the individual, family and community dynamics driving calls for police service. The notion of "gone off meds" should be interrogated as a potential trope that obscures a whole‐of‐person approach and whole‐system approach to mental health crisis response and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on literatures on mobility and memory, I present a theoretical and interpretive reframing of skeletal taphonomy and mortuary process previously reported for a precontact Oneota cemetery in the North American midcontinent. Most burials here were single inhumations, with individuals apparently interred promptly after death. Others were placed in graves containing multiple individuals who died violently and whose bones bore taphonomic signatures of extended exposure, suggesting they were killed away from home and not recovered or interred until significant time had passed after their deaths. These burials were previously interpreted as haphazard and carelessly executed, possibly owing to circumstances of death. In this paper, I seek to better understand acts of encountering, collecting, transporting, and interring these decomposed remains as discursive practices, conditioned by localized mobility and charged with social memory. Rather than representing an aberrant burial treatment employed solely for expedient disposal, I suggest that their taphonomy and presence in the cemetery offer insights into intentional and repeated engagement with the landscape, invoking/perpetuating traditional Oneota practices involving skeletonized remains. This interpretation provides a case study on how osteologists can contribute to social perspectives on the power of mobile dead bodies in the deployment of memory and construction of place in the ancient past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 8th annual meeting of the Geriatric Urological Society (GUS) sponsored by the American Urological Association (AUA) to be held on April 26, 2009 at Palmer House of the Hilton Hotel in Chicago, Illinois.

This paper explores the strategies that staff at two refugee-serving organizations found helpful in mitigating their increased distress from negative political rhetoric aimed at their clients. Results point to the importance of organizational acknowledgment of the distress. Additionally, staff perceived that intentionally focused organizational interventions can mitigate the emotional impacts of negative rhetoric. Finally, strategies employees used to lessen their distress and regain a sense of efficacy included recommitment to the mission, advocacy for refugees among family and friends, strong reliance on religious faith in coping, and an avoidance of the rhetoric by decreasing engagement with news and social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of technology in special education has increased over the last 20 years. Expedited by the introduction of Apple iPad and its implementation of touch-based input, the perception of technology has grown from a functional role for students with disabilities to a bridge in accessing general education curriculum. However, quality adoption of new technology within the classroom relies heavily on professional development of the special educator. This paper offers a discussion on the expansion of technology in special education, various attributes associated with quality educator training on technology, and the results of a five-year investigation on the formal training of special educators using iPad tablets. Results indicated longitudinal training focused on active learner experiences had a significant effect on the likelihood of special educator iPad tablet adoption and the resulting implementation in the classroom. Recommendations on educator professional training on iPad tablets follows results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping material flows in an economy is crucial to identifying strategies for resource management toward lowering the waste and environmental impacts of society, a key objective of research in industrial ecology. However, constructing models for mapping material flows at a sectoral level, such as in physical input–output tables (PIOTs) at highly disaggregated levels, is tedious and relies on a large amount of empirical data. To overcome this challenge, a novel collaborative cloud platform PIOT‐Hub is developed in this work. This platform utilizes a Python‐based simulation system for extracting material flow data from mechanistic models, thus semi‐automating the generation of PIOTs. The simulation system implements a bottom‐up approach of utilizing scaled engineering models to generate physical supply tables (PSTs) and physical use tables (PUTs) which are converted to PIOTs (described in (Vunnava & Singh, 2021)). Mechanistic models can be uploaded by users for sectors on PIOT‐Hub to develop PIOTs for any region. Both models and resulting PST/PUT/PIOTs can be shared with other users utilizing the collaborative platform. The automation and sharing features provided by PIOT‐Hub will help to significantly reduce the time required to develop PIOT and improve the reproducibility/continuity of PIOT generation, thus allowing the study of the changing nature of material flows in regional economy. In this paper, we describe the simulation system MFDES and PIOT‐Hub architecture/functionality through a demo example for creating PIOT in agro‐based sectors for Illinois. Future work includes scaling up the cloud infrastructure for large scale PIOT generation and enhancing the tool compatibility for different sectors in economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State of Illinois is examining prospects to increase the development of in-state renewable energy resources on public lands. In response, this research develops a scalable decision-support tool for identifying suitable areas for solar energy generation in the state. This paper provides guidance for state agency-driven solar development by evaluating the suitability of potential generation areas in terms of environmental impact, socioeconomic costs, and energy productivity, and providing a forum for critical decision-making. More specifically, geospatial technologies are combined with a suitability analysis to reveal the potential for solar energy generation on public lands. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the resulting information for supporting both regional and local decision-making as a Planning Support System (PSS). Our analysis suggests that the large-scale analysis using fine resolution data is useful for comparison and site-specific decision making - with site verification protocols in terms of physical implementation. We find that planning decisions for solar development should use a fine-grained suitability approach at a large scale and a feasibility analysis at a specific scale. We present our findings in statewide application along with a scalable PSS tool to optimize and support solar decision-making process and democratize the information for engaging a broader audience. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the record number of papers received by the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) for the ANTEC 2004 Conference in Chicago, Illinois. Total number of technical papers submitted; Participation of the engineering communities from other countries; Induction of Susan Oderwald as the new executive director of SPE.

In this paper we present the results of a preliminary inventory of the terrestrial oligochaetes, or earthworms, of the Nachusa Grasslands preserve in Lee and Ogle Counties, Illinois, USA, based upon specimens collected from 23 sites in April and October 2015. In total, eight species representing four genera in the family Lumbricidae are reported, including the collection of Bimastos welchi (Smith, 1917) from one site - a new state record for Illinois, and species native to North America. The other seven species collected during this study - Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828), Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen, 1874), Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen, 1873), Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843, Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758, and Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny, 1826) - are considered to be introductions, and are relatively common elsewhere in Illinois and in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present in this Special Issue of Physics of Plasmas the review, tutorial, and invited papers of the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society's (APS) Division of Plasma Physics. This was the 52nd year of this meeting, and it was held in Chicago, Illinois on 8-12 November 2010. The meeting program was made up of over 100 review, tutorial, and invited oral presentations, and a significant fraction of these speakers prepared manuscripts which were peer-reviewed and are contained in this Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrepancies in the number of females occupying superintendent positions in the United States continue to exist; therefore, this study utilized a survey design to examine the perceived barriers to achieving the top positions in education as well as differences by gender among aspiring superintendents in K-12 in Illinois. Statistical analyses (Mann-Whitney U test and factor analysis) were performed on the results from the Aspiring Superintendents Perceived Barriers Questionnaire developed by Dulac, and its underlying constructs were used to investigate the extent to which aspiring female and male administrators perceived barriers to the superintendency position. Eighty-four participants completed the survey either online or on paper. The study found significant differences between male and female aspiring superintendents in 10 of the 21 perceived barriers. Factor analysis yielded two factors (societal issues and workplace expectations) as barriers identified by females, and three concepts (societal issues, workplace expectations, and masculinity in leadership) as barriers identified by males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States continues to experience a persistent rural-urban digital divide. However, in this area of research, less attention has been paid to the divide in regions between these two demographic and geographic extremes. In this paper, we examine the perceived effects of internet inaccessibility in this in-between space, which we term "quasi-rural." Using quasi-rural Illinois as a case study, semi-structured interview data is used to highlight the experiences of those who are directly affected by the digital divide, as well as those who provide service alternatives and advocate for internet connectivity. With this data, we describe the personal experience of at-home internet inaccessibility. We then focus on how limited, or a lack of access shapes the perceptions of community connectedness and disadvantage among those affected by the divide. Our findings demonstrate the internet's function as social infrastructure; differences in access are then conceptualized as a form of socioeconomic inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classic American main street ‒ walkable, well-serviced and supportive of mom and pop stores ‒ has been struggling for decades. This paper attempts to quantify the degree to which the American main street, or some aspects of it, still hangs on. It presents an exploratory, large sample look at the degree to which the blocks of one US city, Chicago, actually conform to idealized main street principles. The paper offers both an empirical and a methodological contribution: what metrics might be used to capture main street principles, and how does a large city like Chicago stack up to these stated norms? Eight variables are operationalized at the block level. While the metrics here do not reflect absolute consensus about what is important in an urban neighbourhood's commercial core, they do cover three dominant narratives: servicing, opportunity and quality. The paper finds that the overlap in these three dimensions is weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a new method of converting multidimensional time series into complex networks. Compared with the previous studies, this method puts different variables into the same high-dimensional system, not only can study the properties of individual variables but also can investigate the correlation between different variables and its dynamic evolution process. Taking the monthly crude oil price data of 23 regions in the United States as a sample, a complex network diagram of crude oil market prices was constructed in this paper. Through the study of network node degree, clustering coefficient and betweenness, this paper analyzes the linkage between crude oil markets. It is shown that the Illinois region is very important in the interaction of oil prices in the 23 regions of the USA. North Slope region in the network diagram is the middle junction of different node groups. This research can provide theoretical support for policy-making in the energy market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the work of groups established by chapters of the American Association of Social Workers in the 1920s to develop a systematic and empirically based understanding of the interactional dynamics of the interview in social casework. Now largely forgotten, this work had influence beyond social work. The paper goes on to explore the call by the Chicago sociologist Ernest Burgess to use the ‘verbatim interview’ as a focus of common interest by sociologists and social workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the research made by Marina Wolf of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in Chicago, Illinois, together with her colleagues, that demonstrated that an unusual type of receptor is formed in a rat's brain cells after cocaine withdrawal and that these expand the response to drug cues. Accordingly, Wolf's study on the self-regulation of neurons was influenced by the dominant thinking that dopamine neurons drive addiction. Wolf worked with pharmacologist Michela Marinelli to train rats to self-regulate the drug by poking the noses into a hole when given a stimulus that provides information on what to do.

The article focuses on the research of self-healing polymer by Jeffrey Moore and his colleagues Scott White and Nancy Sottos at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Over a period of five years the team has synthesized the first mechanophore-a molecule that changes structure in response to mechanical force. Details of the research regarding self repair and effects of ultrasound are provided.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated an immediate response and rapid transition from traditional face-to-face behavioral health services to behavioral telehealth at an organization serving sexual and gender diverse (SGD) individuals in Chicago. In this practice innovations article, we explore the unfolding public health crisis and the impact on service delivery for SGD individuals. Using a large multi-service organization as a case study, this paper describes how key members of the staff and leadership team shifted services online as a means of responding to isolation, loneliness, and disparities in access to healthcare for Chicago SGD communities. Lessons learned and practice recommendations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overarching purpose of this paper was to explore the legal resolution of companion animal custody disputes in the event of a couple's divorce or dissolution of a cohabiting union. I conducted content analysis on court cases throughout the U.S. between 1944 and 2019 and on policies enacted between 2016 and 2019 in Alaska, California, Illinois, and New Hampshire, the only states to date that have implemented legislation stipulating how companion animal custody disputes should be legally resolved. Results indicate that the law is moving away from a legal standard that defines animals as personal property to one concerned with the best interests, well-being, or care of companion animals and the strong emotional attachments of individuals to them. The implications of these court cases and legislation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defined by excavations in the early twentieth century, the Upper Mississippian archaeological cultures of northern Illinois consisted of three separate, but culturally related, manifestations: Langford, Fisher, and Huber. This introduction to a series of papers about the site describes the attributes and temporal affiliations assigned to these Upper Mississippian traditions, as well as the various ways they have been understood and interpreted. The Joe Louis site (11CK284) is then situated in relation to the Fisher phase specifically. Excavations at 11CK284 were undertaken by the Illinois State Archaeological Survey (ISAS) for a project funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and the Forest Preserve District of Cook County (FPDCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper will discuss the process of mapping opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment resources for pregnant women and discuss the intersection between treatment resources and rates of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Design: A resource manual was developed through a systematic process with stakeholders across Illinois. Resources were mapped by county and overlaid with county rates of NAS, using hospital discharge data. Results: Across Illinois, 89 treatment resources were identified for pregnant women insured by Medicaid. Resources were concentrated in 36% of Illinois' counties. Counties with limited treatment resources generally had high rates of NAS. Sixty‐six percent of NAS cases among rural Illinois residents had no OUD treatment resources in their county. Rural counties had less access to medication‐assisted treatment (MAT), the standard of care for treatment of OUD, compared with other counties across the state. Conclusions: Efforts to increase OUD treatment options for pregnant women insured by Medicaid should concentrate on geographic areas with limited access and high need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• State policy greatly influences community solar farm approaches. • Smaller projects in Illinois are a better deal for subscribers than larger ones. • Full net metering in ME is better for subscribers than higher REC prices in IL. • Lease-to-own provides value to all stakeholders in Maine and a path to ownership. • Panel purchase yields higher net present value for subscriber and host than leasing. Community solar farms (CSF) have the potential to expand solar access and improve financial viability compared to traditional residential and commercial solar options. The Cook County Community Solar Project created and made publicly available 26 benefit-cost analysis spreadsheets and associated white papers for 15 case study CSF locations in Illinois with proposed panel leasing financial models. We update these spreadsheets to reflect current federal incentives, fix some key errors, and compare the net present value, annual cash flow, return on investment, and simple payback period for all 26 panel leasing financial models; apply the panel leasing model to a Maine-based location; develop and apply to Maine three additional financial models: lease-to-own, panel purchase with developer, and grassroots "true ownership"; and provide a comparative analysis of the effects of federal and state incentives on CSF panel leasing in Maine and Illinois. Illinois panel lease results for subscribers, owners, and hosts, respectively, include net present values ($2019 thousands) of -$127 to $27, $6 to $450, -$490 to $473; return on investment of −53% to 295%, 8% to 117%, −44% to 474%; and simple payback period (years) of 0 to 20, 3.6 to 20, 0 to 20, (with system owner internal rate of return set at 10%). Respective Maine results include: $5 to $9, $4 to $201, $193 to $209; 84% to 262%, 26% to 207%, 116% to 309%; 0 to 8, 1 to 14, 0 to 3. Holding all else equal, higher electricity prices, a lower labor rate, and a 1:1 net metering bill credit policy yield greater subscriber and host (anchor subscriber) benefits for Maine than Illinois. Although the panel purchase model yields the greatest net present value (NPV) for subscriber and host in the Maine analysis, it yields the lowest developer NPV and requires a large upfront cost to subscribers that may limit participation to those with higher income. Therefore, we recommend the lease-to-own model for the Maine case study site, as it provides positive substantial NPV for all three stakeholder types without large upfront costs for subscribers and with a path to ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents material and spatial evidence on skilled crafting from a series of archaeological investigations at the Fingerhut Tract, located in the western portion of the Mississippian period (AD 1050–1400) Cahokia site in southwestern Illinois. Specifically, skilled crafters at the Fingerhut Tract throughout the Mississippian period resided in distinct household clusters and neighborhoods, were part or members of elite families, and assembled multiple exotic materials into accoutrements used in religious ceremonies. Moreover, the special knowledge of these skilled crafters was likely obtained during journeys to distant locations and was passed down through time within particular family, kin, or social groups. Perhaps most important, the evidence indicates that crafting these items was entangled with religious practice and not solely an economic or political pursuit as suggested in earlier prestige good models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions is necessary for clinicians to properly diagnose and treat patients as well as for scientists to investigate etiology, pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of the diseases and conditions. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐implant Diseases and Conditions. The workshop was co‐sponsored by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and included expert participants from all over the world. Planning for the conference, which was held in Chicago on November 9 to 11, 2017, began in early 2015. An organizing committee from the AAP and EFP commissioned 19 review papers and four consensus reports covering relevant areas in periodontology and implant dentistry. The authors were charged with updating the 1999 classification of periodontal diseases and conditions and developing a similar scheme for peri‐implant diseases and conditions. Reviewers and workgroups were also asked to establish pertinent case definitions and to provide diagnostic criteria to aid clinicians in the use of the new classification. All findings and recommendations of the workshop were agreed to by consensus. This introductory paper presents an overview for the new classification of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions, along with a condensed scheme for each of four workgroup sections, but readers are directed to the pertinent consensus reports and review papers for a thorough discussion of the rationale, criteria, and interpretation of the proposed classification. Changes to the 1999 classification are highlighted and discussed. Although the intent of the workshop was to base classification on the strongest available scientific evidence, lower level evidence and expert opinion were inevitably used whenever sufficient research data were unavailable. The scope of this workshop was to align and update the classification scheme to the current understanding of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions. This introductory overview presents the schematic tables for the new classification of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions and briefly highlights changes made to the 1999 classification. It cannot present the wealth of information included in the reviews, case definition papers, and consensus reports that has guided the development of the new classification, and reference to the consensus and case definition papers is necessary to provide a thorough understanding of its use for either case management or scientific investigation. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the reader use this overview as an introduction to these subjects. Accessing this publication online will allow the reader to use the links in this overview and the tables to view the source papers (Table  ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates conventional and soft-computing methods for the estimation of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and load (SSL) in rivers. Frequently used methods of sediment rate curve (SRC) and multi-nonlinear regression, and soft-computing methods of multi-layer perceptron, multi-linear regression and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system are implemented using various hydrological and hydraulic parameters for the Little Kickapoo Creek Watershed, Illinois, USA. All methods performed equally well in the estimation of SSL, without any noticeable outperformance from any from the methods. However, the application of soft-computing methods decreased SSC estimation errors considerably as compared to the results of SRC. The results are significant in the way they reconcile traditionally used hydrological parameters into the soft-computing methods. Overall, soft-computing methods are recommended for the estimation of SSC in rivers because of their reasonably better performance and ease of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the findings of a study that examined constraints on leisure experienced by African American, Latinx and Asian users and nonusers of recreation programs offered by a park district from a mid-size Midwestern community. The objectives of the study were to examine the constraints experienced by people of color and explore differences and similarities in constraints based on race and ethnicity, socio-economic status and user status. Individual and group interviews were conducted with 46 users and nonusers of recreation programs and services of a park district located in central Illinois. The findings revealed that the types and the strength of constraints experienced by the interviewees were related to cost, lack of knowledge of opportunities, transportation, time, programs and facilities, safety concerns, immigrants' context of arrival, and language barriers. Based on the findings, we propose a new ecological model of constraints in which constraints are divided into individual, interpersonal, and context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present our investigations on the Emerald Avenue, a potential Mississippian period (a.d. 1050–1400) roadway in southwestern Illinois. It is hypothesized that this road connected the pre-Columbian city of Cahokia to the Emerald Acropolis, a shrine complex 24 km to the east. To confirm the presence of the Emerald Avenue and document its physical characteristics and chronology, we performed an electrical resistivity tomography survey, magnetometer survey, and excavations on portions of the Avenue near the Acropolis. These investigations revealed that the Avenue is an early 19th century road that was used by early Euro-American settlers in the area. We present evidence that suggests that this historic road was actually a reused pre-Columbian route, possibly the Mississippian period Emerald Avenue. The presence of a Mississippian period road connecting the Emerald Acropolis to other important places throughout the region indicates that religious journeys were conducted throughout Cahokia's history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]