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Olive oil washing water derived from the two-phase manufacturing process was assessed as an electron donor in a bio-electrochemical system (BES) operating at 35 ºC. Start-up was carried out by using acetate as a substrate for the BES, reaching a potential of around +680 mV. After day 54, BES was fed with olive oil washing water. The degradation of olive oil washing water in the BES generated a maximum voltage potential of around +520 mV and a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency of 41%. However, subsequent loads produced a decrease in the COD removal, while current and power density diminished greatly. The deterioration of these parameters could be a consequence of the accumulation of recalcitrant or inhibitory compounds, such as phenols. These results demonstrated that the use of olive oil washing water as an electron donor in a BES is feasible, although it has to be further investigated in order to make it more suitable for a real application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción El autoinyectable permite al propio combatiente o a un compañero, en cualquier situación y lugar, el poder administrar por vía intramuscular antídotos que contrarresten los efectos frente agentes neurotóxicos. Por ello el CEMILFARDEF, invierte y apuesta por la I+d+i de nuevos productos de interés estratégico militar, un claro ejemplo es el desarrollo que se ha llevado a cabo para la fabricación del AUTOINYECTABLE DE INSTRUCCIÓN DEF. Objetivos. Presentar el nuevo dispositivo disponible para la instrucción del combatiente en el uso del autoinyectable en centros de formación NRBQ dentro del ámbito de las Fuerzas Armadas. Material y Métodos: El AUTOINYECTABLE DE INSTRUCCIÓN DEF está constituido por: - Un cilindro exterior de poliamida, cuya parte interna es estanca y la parte exterior va precintada en todo su conjunto con una etiqueta informativa (Sleever). - Un muelle de acero inoxidable, es el elemento mecánico capaz de hacer disparar el dispositivo. - Una jeringa que acoge la solución inyectable, compuesta por vidrio, caucho y juntas de estanqueidad. - La solución inyectable contenida son 3 ml de agua. Resultados: El AUTOINYECTABLE DE INSTRUCCIÓN DEF es el mismo dispositivo que el AUTOINYECTABLE ATROPINA PRALIDOXIMA DEF, las únicas diferencias son: composición, ausencia de aguja intramuscular y el color del Sleever. Conclusiones. En una situación de estrés por ataque real, la rapidez de respuesta se puede ver gravemente disminuida. Por ello es de gran relevancia que todo el personal que vaya a estar potencialmente expuesto a agentes neurotóxicos y tenga que administrarse un autoinyectable, disponga de una instrucción previa para la correcta administración de un dispositivo de estas características. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Central Bank is striving to find environmentally friendly alternative methods of waste disposal. In 2020, it decided to end the disposal of Waste Euro Banknotes (W€B) in landfills and planned to use them for recycling and/or energy recovery. Despite being recognized as an effective tool in a circular economy model, there are no reported studies on the use of W€B as a substrate in anaerobic digestion (AD). Thus, the aim of this research was to assess the viability of W€B to be converted into high-value-added energy products (mainly methane) through AD. W€B (€10 and €20 denominations) provided by the Bank of Spain were used. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests of pre-treated (grinded) and untreated W€B were assessed at mesophilic temperature. The ultimate methane yield was considerably higher for pre-treated W€B (334 ± 23 NmL CH 4 g VS -1 added ) than for untreated W€B (297 ± 14 NmL CH 4 g VS -1 added ). The Logistic or Sigmoidal kinetic model adequately fit the experimental data and allowed for obtaining the kinetic parameters of each case studied. In this sense, an increase of 22.4 % in the maximum methane production rate (R max ) was observed for the pre-treated W€B (52.5 ± 0.9 mL CH 4 (g VS·d) -1 compared to the untreated W€B (16.2 ± 1.8 mL CH 4 (g VS·d) -1 ). According to the obtained results, AD may be a good alternative for the energetic valorization and recycling of W€B., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The principal by-product from the two-phase olive oil production process is olive mill solid waste (OMSW). It is a highly-pollutant by-product, not only because of its characteristics, but also because of the considerable volume of OMSW which is generated, amounting to 2 to 4 million tons per year in Spain. The anaerobic digestion of this by-product is a well-studied process, and results in the generation of biogas, methane and carbon dioxide mainly of high calorific values (20-25 MJ m -3 ), and an effluent or digestate. The digestate of this by-product has never been characterized. This study presents an informative view on how the composition of OMSW digestate shows promising implications as a soil amendment or fertilizer due to the quality of the biomass from Lolium rigidum, a useful grass specie for the production of forage. Three OMSW digestate alternative applications or treatments were investigated: the digestate and the solid fraction of the digestate for a nutrient-poor soil amendment and the liquid fraction of the digestate as fertilizer. The results confirm that all the OMSW digestate treatments studied presented suitable characteristics for agricultural use, and showed an optimal Carbon/Nitrogen ratio with adequate values for heavy metals which are below the limits established by the Spanish and European legislation in the absence of pathogens. However, fertirrigation was the treatment that provided Lolium rigidum with the best characteristics, improving its shoot biomass, photosynthetic rate and nutritional content., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Spent livestock bedding is a valuable resource for the production of green energy (methane) in rural areas. Comparison and evaluation of batch anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of different mixtures of goat straw bedding (SGSB) and goat cheese whey were carried out. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests of the 100% SGSB, 95% SGSB-5% whey, 90% SGSB-10% whey, 85% SGSB-15% whey and 100% whey were found to be 423 ± 7, 354 ± 9, 371 ± 2, 293 ± 1, 274 ± 2 mL CH 4 g -1 VS. Two different kinetic models were evaluated. The logistic model revealed a decrease in the maximum methane production rate (R m ) from 34.7 ± 1.5 to 14.1 ± 0.9 mL CH 4 g -1 VS·d -1 when the percentage of whey in the mixture increased from 0 to 15% as a consequence of the increased ammonia released during the co-digestion of increased concentrations of whey. The lowest value for the maximum methane production predicted by the model (P) was found for 100% whey (274 ± 10 mL CH 4 g -1 VS). A two-substrate model was applied to describe the evident existence of rapid and slowly degradable material. Regarding the hydrolysis kinetic constants predicted by this model, considerable increases in the rapid biodegradation stage (k rapid ) were observed when comparing to the values found for the slow (k slow ) biodegradation stage in all the cases tested. The increases between both constants rose from 5 to 42% when the percentage of whey increased., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Olive mill solid waste (OMSW) is a pollutant waste coming from olive oil elaboration by the two-phase centrifugation system. OMSW has a high organic matter content and unbalanced carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, 31/1, which avoids obtaining high methane yields in the anaerobic digestion of this waste. In the present study a microalgae, Dunaliella salina, was employed as co-substrate for the OMSW anaerobic digestion in order to decrease the C/N ratio and increase its biodegradability. Different co-digestion mixtures (C/N ratios) were studied. The increase of D. salina from 25% to 50% in the co-digestion mixture clearly increased the biodegradability of the sole substrates. The highest biodegradability was found for the co-digestion mixture 50% OMSW-50% D. salina. Nevertheless, the maximum methane production, 330mLCH4/gVSadded, and the highest methane production rate were obtained for the co-digestion mixture 75% OMSW-25% D. salina, keeping a C/N ratio near to 26.7/1., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)