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This paper proposes a scenario-based learning (SBL) methodology for teaching Computational Thinking (CT). The presented scenario includes educational material that teaches the basic concepts of a Python course for beginners. The scenario allows the educator to utilize a combination of tools and services and follow a mind map. Moreover, it presents a story through steps which the Generation Z students can follow to learn, understand, and test their acquired knowledge on the Python programming language while engaging in non-coding-related topics such as the history of coding and coding ethics. The proposed SBL methodology allows teachers of CT to familiarize themselves with a series of tools (e.g., Twine, Kahoot!, Repl.it, Discord, and Gather.town) so as to facilitate Gen Z students to learn in synchronous and asynchronous educational environments. The SBL methodology was assessed by using a variety of inspection methods depending on the scope of the individual using the method (e.g., the effectiveness of the tools for the educator, the ease of use, and the interest generated by a Gen X student). The assessment results were quite encouraging.

Numerous municipalities employ the smart city model in large cities to improve the quality of life of their residents, utilize local resources efficiently, and save operating expenses. This model incorporates many heterogeneous technologies such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and Cloud Computing (ClCom). However, effective networking and communication protocols are required to provide the essential harmonization and control of the many system mechanisms to achieve these crucial goals. The networking requirements and characteristics of smart city applications (SCAs) are identified in this study, as well as the networking protocols that can be utilized to serve the diverse data traffic flows that are required between the dissimilar mechanisms. Additionally, we show examples of the networking designs of a few smart city systems, such as smart transport, smart building, smart home, smart grid, smart water, pipeline monitoring, and control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in new and emerging applications needs dynamic and adaptive networking. The development of routing protocols for UAV ad hoc networks faces numerous issues because of the unique characteristics of UAVs, such as rapid mobility, frequent changes in network topology, and limited energy consumption. The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol seems to be a promising solution as it offers improved delay performance. It is expected that OLSR will satisfy the strict demands of real-time UAV applications such as "search and rescue" (SAR) missions as it involves the most recent update of routing information. The classical OLSR routing protocol and its enhanced versions, D-OLSR, ML-OLSR, and P-OLSR, use different techniques to make an appropriate decision for routing packets. These routing techniques consider the quality of a wireless link, type of antenna, load, and mobility-aware mechanism to select the best UAV to send the message to the destination. This study evaluates and examines the performance of the original and modified OLSR routing protocols in UAV ad hoc networks for three SAR scenarios: (1) increasing mobility, (2) increasing scalability, and (3) increasing the allowed space of UAVs. It analyzes and validates the performance of the four OLSR-based routing protocols. It determines the best OSLR routing protocol by taking into account the packet delivery ratio, latency, energy consumption, and throughput. The four routing protocols and the SAR scenarios were simulated using NS-3.32. Based on the simulation results, ML-OLSR outperforms OLSR, D-OLSR, and P-OLSR in the considered measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this work is to evaluate Greek newspaper websites using clustering and a number of criteria obtained from the Alexa search engine. Furthermore, a recommendation approach is proposed for matching Greek online newspapers with the profiles of potential readers. The paper presents the implementation and validation of a recommender tool that suggests to a user (based on age, education and income) an optional Greek newspaper's website to read. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 25 newspaper websites were selected from the Greek information bank http://edoellada.gr. After investigating these websites one by one, this number was decreased to 16 websites due to their printing prevention, cessation or no coverage by Alexa. Findings: Based on data obtained from Alexa, the "Naftemporiki" newspaper has the highest traffic rank and the "Eleftherotypia" newspaper the largest number of links among others. The "Macedonia" newspaper has the largest number of foreign users. The results of the study also show that most newspaper websites' visitors come from the UK. The expectation-maximisation (EM) clustering algorithm classifies the 16 websites into two groups based on some common characteristics. Research limitations/implications: The proposed recommendation approach is generic because it can be applied as a recommendation solution on various types of website, such as educational or commercial. However, slight adjustments are needed depending on the nature of recommending websites. Practical implications: A website administrator of an online newspaper can adapt the newspaper's features such as content and layout according to the prevailing user profile of the online newspaper. For example, a website administrator of an online newspaper whose dominant user education is "no-college" should enable the writing style of this newspaper in a more naive way. The administrator can also add advertisements that are more suitable to readers aged between 35 and 55 years, if the most frequent age of users of this online newspaper is between 35 and 55. Originality/value: The results of this research will be important not only to administrators of Greek newspaper websites but also to anyone with a need to increase the usage of a website. (Contains 3 figures and 4 tables.)

Purpose: This paper aims to provide an overview of representative multimedia applications in the cultural heritage sector, as well as research results on quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in internet protocol (IP) networks that support such applications. Design/methodology/approach: The paper's approach is a literature review. Findings: Cultural heritage multimedia applications require greater bandwidth capacity, especially where multiple users share the connections. For such applications, scalability and reliability of quality of service depend on packet-level QoS mechanisms operating in a full end-to-end basis. Research limitations/implications: The paper provides a foundation for future research directions in the professional communication context. For instance, the QoS mechanisms in possible network infrastructures could be used to explore effective multimedia data dissemination across cultural heritage institutions. Practical implications: The paper provides an overview of which technologies/mechanisms are being used most broadly and which might provide the most potential for cultural heritage institutions managers considering experimenting in the multimedia communications area. Originality/value: QoS mechanisms that support multimedia applications in the cultural heritage sector need to become well known by cultural heritage institutions managers and professional associations in the fields of libraries, museums and archives. This paper provides a useful overview of the topic. (Contains 1 figure.)

The Internet of things (IoT) extends the Internet space by allowing smart things to sense and/or interact with the physical environment and communicate with other physical objects (or things) around us. In IoT, sensors, actuators, smart devices, cameras, protocols, and cloud services are used to support many intelligent applications such as environmental monitoring, traffic monitoring, remote monitoring of patients, security surveillance, and smart home automation. To optimize the usage of an IoT network, certain challenges must be addressed such as energy constraints, scalability, reliability, heterogeneity, security, privacy, routing, quality of service (QoS), and congestion. To avoid congestion in IoT, efficient load balancing (LB) is needed for distributing traffic loads among different routes. To this end, this survey presents the IoT architectures and the networking paradigms (i.e., edge–fog–cloud paradigms) adopted in these architectures. Then, it analyzes and compares previous related surveys on LB in the IoT. It reviews and classifies dynamic LB techniques in the IoT for cloud and edge/fog networks. Lastly, it presents some lessons learned and open research issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A huge amount of generated data is regularly exploding into the network by the users through smartphones, laptops, tablets, self-configured Internet-of-things (IoT) devices, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. In such a situation, satisfying critical quality-of-service (QoS) requirements (e.g., throughput, latency, bandwidth, and reliability) is a large challenge as a vast amount of data travels into the network. Nowadays, strict QoS requirements must be satisfied efficiently in many networked multimedia applications when intelligent multi-homed devices are used. Such devices support the concept of multi-homing. To be precise, they have multiple network interfaces that aim to connect and communicate concurrently with different networking technologies. Therefore, many multipath transport protocols are provided to multi-homed devices, which aim (1) to take advantage of several network paths at the transport layer (Layer-4) and (2) to meet the strict QoS requirements for providing low network latency, higher data rates, and increased reliability. To this end, this survey first presents the challenges/problems for supporting multipath transmission with possible solutions. Then, it reviews recent research efforts related to the concurrent multipath transmission (CMT) protocol and the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP). It reviews the latest research efforts by considering (1) how a multipath transport protocol operates (i.e., its functionality); (2) in what type of network; (3) what path characteristics it should consider; and (4) how it addresses various design challenges. Furthermore, it presents some lessons learned and discusses open research issues in multipath transport protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An open-source management system of Web-based teaching interventions is presented that can be used in general for science curriculum courses and especially for computer science courses. The proposed solution is called System of Teaching Intelligent Interventions (STII) and facilitates the authoring, deployment, and evaluation of Web-based metaphors. This paper discusses the use of metaphors for assisting students to comprehend the substance of cognitive concepts and their basic background. STII has been applied in a particular educational scenario during the learning process of 228 students attending the course 'computer applications.' The presentation of results from a pilot evaluation of two metaphors demonstrates the usefulness of the system. The evaluation focuses on the impact of the two metaphors on student learning, and on detecting potential correlations between metaphors and students' groups. STII evaluation conclusions strongly support that multimedia metaphors can be used as an alternative instructional tool to assist students in confronting their cognitive constraints and developing functional understanding of curriculum courses. Index Terms--Internet technologies, multimedia metaphors, open learning system, teaching intervention.

Soft skills are the personal characteristics of an individual that enhance his/her interactions, career prospects, and job performance. Soft skills include social skills which incorporate characteristics like empathy, self-control, socialization, and friendliness. The development of soft skills at an early age is vital. Currently, there are few serious games for social skills training aimed at primary school pupils. A serious game does not only provide fun but a player can discover knowledge about himself. This paper presents a serious game named "A Day at School" that helps primary school pupils to develop social skills through an educational scenario. In this scenario, the hero of the game faces various situations during a usual day at school. The scenario deals with the situations of bullying, racism, and social awareness of children. By using the educational application, pupils discover appropriate behavior and get the first stimulus for acquiring their social skills. The serious game helps them to socialize and gain the basis to cultivate empathy, friendliness, and self-control. Primary school pupils and teachers evaluated the serious game. The results showed that teachers found that the game is suitable for teaching purposes and its graphical user interface (GUI) is appealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has several intrinsic features that create unique queuing dynamics, and thus congestion control inside a MANET must be achieved under time-critical conditions. Meanwhile, the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture ensures traffic optimization and has attracted renewed attention as part of the future internet. The synergy between NDN and MANETs can be exploited in order to improve the performance of dynamic content routing and congestion control mechanisms. This overview identifies the key concepts involved in congestion control for NDN-based MANETs. It also proposes some criteria for categorising existing congestion control solutions for NDN-based MANETs and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each category. Future challenges regarding congestion control for NDN-based MANETs are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial weather stations can effectively collect weather data for a specified area. However, their ground sensors limit the amount of data that can be logged, thus failing to collect precise meteorological data in a local area such as a micro-scale region. This happens because weather conditions at a micro-scale region can vary greatly even with small altitude changes. For now, drone operators must check the local weather conditions to ensure a safe and successful flight. This task is often a part of pre-flight preparations. Since flight conditions (and most important flight safety) are greatly affected by weather, drone operators need a more accurate localized weather map reading for the flight area. In this paper, we present the Arduino Sensor Integrated Drone (ASID) with a built-in meteorological station that logs the weather conditions in the vertical area where the drone will be deployed. ASID is an autonomous drone-based system that monitors weather conditions for pre-flight preparation. The operation of the ASID system is based on the Arduino microcontroller running automatic flight profiles to record meteorological data such as temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, etc. The Arduino microcontroller also takes photos of the horizon for an objective assessment of the visibility, the base, and the number of clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a routing method that is based on an Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO) for minimizing energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing method is used as the backbone of the Internet of Things (IoT) platform. It also considers the critical design issues of a WSN, such as the energy constraint of sensor nodes, network load balancing, and sensor density in the field. Special attention is paid to the impact of network scaling on the performance of the ACO-based routing algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Dimitris N. Kanellopoulos Tremendous potential for remote integration and collaboration in travel-related processes is provided by mashup web applications. Using various web applications, travellers have specific needs and experiences during the pre-purchase, purchase and post-purchase stages of various travel products. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that integrates travel-related web applications taking into account the three purchase stages. The proposed framework is generic as it can be applied to other sales domains on the web. The mashup web applications of the proposed framework assure the needs of travellers and enhance their ability on managing their web applications at each purchase stage, and thus to manage better their needs.

Byline: Dimitris Kanellopoulos, Fotis Lazarinis Web visitors differ across regional, linguistic and country boundaries and their requirements are strongly influenced by their local cultural perspective. The localisation of a website is the process of adapting it to a particular language, culture and desired local 'look and feel'. In this paper, we introduce an evaluation model (of information quality) for measuring the localisation of hotel websites. We developed this model on the basis of a conceptual framework consisting of four major hotel website dimensions: Power Distance (PD), Individualism/Collectivism (IC), Masculinity/Femininity (MF) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UA). Finally, we used this model to measure the localisation of 30 chain hotel websites operating in Greece. The findings of the study show significant differences in the localisation scores for all dimensions among the investigated websites. This research is of interest to hotel practitioners and researchers, as the findings provide what is believed to be a useful starting point for the development of further quantitative measurements for hotel website localisation.

Byline: Dimitris N. Kanellopoulos Trying out or updating an existing learning ontology and providing evaluation tools to assess its quality are essential steps before putting an e-learning system online. Ontology evaluation is a crucial task and it is usually the output of an automatic process. This paper proposes an ontology-driven model, called Ontology-Driven model for the Evaluation of Learning Ontologies (ODELO), for the evaluation of ontologies representing learning resources with respect to syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, social and cohesion metrics. Syntax deals with the formal relations between signs (e.g., words, phrases, sentences) and the production of new ones. Semantics is the study of the relationships between the system of signs and their meanings. Pragmatics is the study of natural language understanding. Social metrics reflect the fact that software agents and ontologies coexist and communicate in communities. Ontology cohesion metrics refer to the degree of relatedness of ontology classes. ODELO is a deductive evaluation model that identifies the elements of ontological quality for learning ontologies. In this paper we propose a framework for assessing the quality of learning ontologies, which constitute the basis for intelligent educational Adaptive Hypermedia (AH) systems. We introduce a new pragmatic quality metric for assessing the quality of learning ontologies.

Byline: Dimitris N. Kanellopoulos Recently, multimedia computing turns into mobile, pervasive and context-aware. Adaptive multimedia computing is becoming the new paradigm for building complex information systems based on the use of different devices, web services and XML specifications. In dynamic environments, multimedia applications are potentially adaptive and are aware of their changing contexts. An intelligent context-aware infrastructure must be based on an appropriate context model such as to represent, manage and access context information. This paper proposes an ontology-based context model that supports context reasoning and context management for adaptive multimedia systems. The proposed model is flexible as it provides a general framework that can be applied to each multimedia application. Moreover, the model is extensible as it provides mechanisms to add new multimedia domain specifications.

Byline: Evangelos Sakkopoulos, Dimitris Kanellopoulos, Athanasios Tsakalidis The proposed techniques facilitate semantic discovery and interoperability of web services that manage and deliver web media content. As a test-bed, a web management system is discussed that provides vocational monographs for occupational guidance. The key idea of the proposed web service based architecture is that the WS of participating members share their vocational monographs and related resources, resulting in the overall system capacity increase. Mechanisms and techniques are presented concerning: an 'information desk', which provides an adaptive search user interface; discovery functions based on semantic representation of the WS' monographs; mining into monographs based on their semantic representation; a metric-based evaluation model for the web monographs; dynamic ranking of retrieved content list; consumption mechanisms for the career counsellors' local WS; e-payment; universal usability access. This analysis can be exploited in the practice of a new Occupational Guidance Policy.

and host. A packet might travel through multiple intermediary ad hoc nodes in order to arrive to its destination, while the nature of wireless multi-hop channel is bringing in various types of packet losses. This paper focuses on three main reasons of online packet losses in MANETs: (1) losses due to wireless link errors; (2) losses due to congestion; and (3) losses due to route alteration. It proposes a deep learning-based algorithm for packet loss discrimination. The algorithm uses the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) concept. We performed simulation experiments for evaluating the performance of the proposed loss discrimination algorithm under different network configurations. Through simulation results, we confirmed that the proposed algorithm improves packet loss discrimination and route alteration in the network. It also reduces congestion and increases network throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to provide a tutorial and survey on recent advances in multimedia networking from an integrated perspective of both video networking and building digital video libraries. The nature of video networking, coupled with various recent developments in standards, proposals and applications, poses great challenges to the research and industrial communities working in this area. Design/methodology/approach -- This paper presents an insightful analysis for recent and emerging multimedia applications in digital video libraries and on video coding standards and their applications in digital libraries. Emphasis is given on those standards and mechanisms that enable multimedia content adaptation fully interoperable according to the vision of Universal Multimedia Access vision. Findings -- The tutorial helps elucidate the similarities and differences among the considered standards and networking applications. A number of research trends and challenges are identified, and selected promising solutions are discussed. This practice would needle further thoughts on the development of this area and open-up more research and application opportunities. Research limitations/implications -- The paper does not provide methodical studies of networking application scenarios for all the discussed video coding standards and Quality of Service (QoS) management mechanisms. Practical implications -- The paper provides an overview of which technologies/mechanisms are being used broadly in networking scenarios of digital video libraries. The discussed networking scenarios bring together video coding standards and various emerging wireless networking paradigms toward innovative application scenarios. Originality/value -- QoS mechanisms and video coding standards that support multimedia applications for digital video libraries need to become well-known by library managers and professional associations in the fields of libraries and archives. The comprehensive overview and critiques on existing standards and application approaches offer a valuable reference for researchers and system developers in related research and industrial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA is deployed as the primary medium access control (MAC) layer protocol to schedule the access to the wireless medium. The IEEE 802.11 standard was designed with the assumption that nodes would never deviate from the protocol. However, MANET nodes may purposefully show misbehavior at the MAC layer to obtain more bandwidth or degrade the network performance and disrupt the network services. This paper reviews and classifies the most important strategies generating MAC layer misbehavior based on their objectives and operating principles. Then, it examines some of the recent proposed solutions and mechanisms for detecting and preventing MAC layer misbehavior. A comparison of the studied solutions is carried out using a set of critical evaluation metrics. Finally, the paper concludes with a brief summary of key ideas and a general direction that can provide a basis for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the IEEE 802.11 standard, network nodes experiencing collisions on the shared medium need a mechanism that can prevent collisions and improve the throughput. Furthermore, a backoff mechanism is used that uniformly selects a random period of time from the contention window (cw) that is dynamically controlled by the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithm. Prior research has proved that the BEB scheme suffers from a fairness problem and low throughput, especially under high traffic load. In this paper, we present a new backoff control mechanism that is used with the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF). In particular, we propose a dynamic, deterministic contention window control (DDCWC) scheme, in which the backoff range is divided into several small backoff sub-ranges. In the proposed scheme, several network levels are introduced, based on an introduced channel state vector that keeps network history. After successful transmissions and collisions, network nodes change their cw based on their network levels. Our extensive simulation studies show that the DDCWC scheme outperforms four other well-known schemes: Multiplicative Increase and Linear Decrease, Double Increment Double Decrement, Exponential Increase Exponential Decrease, and Linear/Multiplicative Increase and Linear Decrease. Moreover, the proposed scheme, compared with the IEEE 802.11 DCF, gives 30.77% improvement in packet delivery ratio, 31.76% in delay, and 30.81% in throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Multimedia analysis techniques can enable e-learning systems and applications to understand multimedia content automatically. Therefore, such techniques can provide various novel services to both e-learning video providers and learners. This paper aims at providing lecturers and learners with a state-of-the-art overview of multimedia analysis techniques used mainly in internet video for e-learning purposes. Finally, the paper presents some of the open issues for further research in the area of video analysis for e-learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a quantitative evaluation framework of all the dimensions provided by hotel websites. The proposed framework evaluates the richness of specific and comprehensive information. A proposed conceptual model that describes the hotel websites' features is used in order to summarize the data and consider how sound websites are in terms of technology and management. The model combines various dimensions (i.e., information attributes, website design attributes, reservation engine facilities, payment, provided services attributes, provided information attributes, quality of content, language support, website operating attributes, website structure, navigation, and search facilities). The proposed evaluation method is based on the websites evaluation by users/guests, hotel managers, and IT professionals, while it uses principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the performance score from users/guests, hotel managers, and IT professionals as well the overall score of a website. Using this framework, we determine how each data dimension impacts on each performance indicator as well as on the overall performance. We applied our method and evaluated 30 chain hotel websites operating in Greece, and found interesting insights for the hotel chain industry in Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A multimedia communication system enables multimedia data's generation, storage, management, distribution, receiving, consuming, editing, sharing, and so on. In such systems, there are various security issues, which must be considered such as eavesdropping, intrusion, forgery, piracy and privacy. etc. Until now, various security solutions for multimedia communication systems have been reported, while few works have surveyed the latest research advances. This paper gives a thorough review to multimedia information system security. It introduces a general architecture of multimedia information system, and investigates some security issues in multimedia information systems. It reviews the latest security solutions such as Digital Rights Management (DRM), confidentially, protection, ownership protection, traitor tracing, secure multimedia distribution based on watermarking, forgery, detection, cop), detection, privacy-preserving data mining, secure user interface, intrusion detection and prevention. Moreover, the paper presents some hot research topics such as Trusted Computing, steganography, security in network or service convergence, security of content sharing in social networks, privacy-preserving data processing, multimedia forensics and intelligent surveillance in multimedia information system security. It is expected to benefit readers by providing the latest research progress, advising some research directions and giving a list of references about multimedia system security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet and its World Wide Web service have reshaped the promotion of cultural and tourism products. Well designed and user adaptable e-commerce websites improve business promotion as they attract more e-visitors. Multilingualism, dynamic and thus frequently updated content, email communication and searching capabilities are crucial options of websites. In this paper we empirically build an evaluation methodology to assess the technologies and services of Greek e-tourism and e-cultural websites. The primary focus of our work is to evaluate the technical capability of tourism and cultural websites and to realize the available options offered to users. A number of tourism e-commerce websites and e-museums were randomly selected and their content and technologies were analyzed based on the methodology proposed. The results of this statistical examination are analyzed and discussed. The main conclusion is that although the reviewed websites are rich in multimedia content they need to support customers more efficiently by offering more services or by refining the offered e-services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying the principles of MANETs, a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) [2] can be established in an ad-hoc mode by vehicles. In the third paper [5], the authors introduce an epidemic algorithm (EPIC) for message dissemination in VANETs. From another perspective, existing routing protocols for VANETs often use several metrics to select the best route in a VANET. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Lilia Cheniti-Belcadhi et al on Semantic Web, one by Dimitris Stavrinoudis et al on the behavior of the users of an e-learning system, and one by Akbar Hussain et al on a Computer Algebra System (CAS) application.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) possess numerous and unique characteristics, such as high channel error-rate, severe link-layer contentions, frequent link breakage (due to node mobility), and dissimilar path properties (e.g., bandwidth, delay, and loss rate) that make these networks different from the traditional ones. These characteristics seriously interfere with communication and hence, ultimately degrade the overall performance in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, network throughput, and network overhead. The traditional referenced layered strict architecture is not capable of dealing with MANET characteristics. Along with this, the most important apprehension in the intent of MANETs is the battery-power consumption, which relies on non-renewable sources of energy. Even though improvements in battery design have not yet reached that great a level, the majority of the routing protocols have not emphasized energy consumption at all. Such a challenging aspect has gained remarkable attention from the researchers, which inspired us to accomplish an extensive literature survey on power-aware optimization approaches in MANETs. This survey comprehensively covers power-aware state-of-the-art schemes for each suggested group, major findings, crucial structures, advantages, and design challenges. In this survey, we assess the suggested power-aware policies in the past in every aspect so that, in the future, other researchers can find new potential research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]