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A pipeline is critical in conveying water, oil, gas, petrochemicals, and slurry. As the pipeline ages and corrodes, it becomes susceptible to deterioration, resulting in wastage and hazardous damages depending on the material it transports. To mitigate these risks, implementing a suitable monitoring system becomes essential, enabling the early identification of damage and minimizing waste and the potential for hazardous incidents. The pipeline monitoring system can be exterior, visual/biological, and computational. This paper surveys state-of-the-art approaches and also performs experimental analyses with a few methods in signal/data-driven approaches within computational methods. More precisely, signal processing-based leak localization methods, artificial intelligence-based leak detection methods, and combined approaches are given. This paper implements five signal processing-based methods and 17 artificial intelligence-based methods. This implementation helps to compare and understand the significance of appropriate noise removal and feature extraction. The data for this analysis is collected using acousto-optic sensors from an experimental setup. After implementation, the highest observed leak localization accuracy is 99.14% with the wavelet packet adaptive independent component analysis-based generalized cross correlation, and the highest leak detection accuracy is 98.32% with the one-dimensional convolutional neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pipeline is the most efficient way to transport water from one place to another. Due to aging, corrosion, and external factors, the pipeline is prone to damage, which causes leaks. Many machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods are available to address this issue. This paper does an experimental study on available methods in ML and DL for leak detection for the collected data using an acousto-optic sensor. The experimental setup comprises of an acousto-optic sensor made of an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL), galvanized iron pipeline, a tank, a pump, and a data acquisition unit. The dimensions of the galvanized pipeline looped with the water tank are a length of 40 m, an inner diameter of 89 mm, and an outer diameter of 90 mm. The diameter of the simulated leak aperture is 5 mm. The methods analyzed in this study are k-means, k-medoids, Naive Bayes (NB), support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), categorical boosting (CatBoost), random forest (RF), XGBoost, AdaBoost, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN). ML algorithms need a feature extraction technique because the data collected from the experiment is too large and contains redundant information. Feature extraction reduces the data size by extracting essential information. This paper extracts ten features from raw data. Among the ML algorithms, AdaBoost gives the highest prediction accuracy of 98.02%. This paper also implements eight models of 1DCNN, and Model 1 shows the best prediction accuracy of 98.16%, which is the highest compared with all the other classifiers in ML and DL for one-dimensional time series acousto-optic sensor data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]