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This annex on Definitions, Units and Conventions provides background information on material used in the Working Group III contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6 WGIII). The material presented in this annex documents metrics and common datasets that are typically used across multiple chapters of the report. In a few instances there are no updates to what was adopted by WGIII during the production of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), in which case this annex refers to Annex II of AR5 (Krey et al. 2014).

Mitigation solutions are often evaluated in terms of costs and greenhouse gas reduction potentials, missing out on the consideration of direct effects on human well-being. Here, we systematically assess the mitigation potential of demand-side options categorized into avoid, shift and improve, and their human well-being links. We show that these options, bridging socio-behavioural, infrastructural and technological domains, can reduce counterfactual sectoral emissions by 40–80% in end-use sectors. Based on expert judgement and an extensive literature database, we evaluate 306 combinations of well-being outcomes and demand-side options, finding largely beneficial effects in improvement in well-being (79% positive, 18% neutral and 3% negative), even though we find low confidence on the social dimensions of well-being. Implementing such nuanced solutions is based axiomatically on an understanding of malleable rather than fixed preferences, and procedurally on changing infrastructures and choice architectures. Results demonstrate the high mitigation potential of demand-side mitigation options that are synergistic with well-being.

Food waste reduction at consumer end and balanced, sustainable healthy dietary choices featuring less meat and less processed food have clear climate change mitigation benefits. This paper synthesises the existing body of literature (2015 to 2022) following systematic evidence search and screening using Scopus database and Google Scholar to explore the link of these two demand side mitigation options with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Assessment shows that these mitigation options not only have synergies with energy saving (SDG 7) goal but are intricately linked with awareness and educational programmes (SDG 4 and SDG 12) along with technological solutions/innovation (SDG 9), much broader innovative policy designs (SDG 16) going beyond market incentives, and involvement of multiple social actors (SDG 17). In aggregate, synergies with the SDGs outweigh trade-offs. Trade-offs can be addressed through policy measures, strategic information sharing, creating partnerships among social actors. Specific interventions related to these two demand-side mitigation options are categorised using ' Avoid', 'Shift' and 'Improve' framework. This framework helps in categorising interventions/policy measures leading to various levels of emission reduction: incremental reduction through 'Shift' and 'Improve' interventions and absolute reduction through 'Avoid' interventions. A total of 92 interventions are identified. We summarised the social actors involved in implementing these interventions for each of the ' Avoid', 'Shift' and 'Improve' categories and outlined the scope for future research. • 92 interventions in reducing food waste and changing dietary choices are identified. • Interventions either help to 'Avoid' , 'Shift' or 'Improve' in emissions. • Interventions need to come from a wide variety of social actors to drive final behavioural change. • Food related demand side mitigation options advance SDGs but also have some trade-offs. • Food related demand side mitigation options have strong positive link with SDGs 4, 16 and 17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated a potential transition of India's power sector to 100% wind and solar energy sources. Applying a macro-energy IDEEA (Indian Zero Carbon Energy Pathways) model to 32 regions and 114 locations of potential installation of wind energy and 60 locations of solar energy, we evaluated a 100% renewable power system in India as a concept. We considered 153 scenarios with varying sets of generating and balancing technologies to evaluate each intermittent energy source separately and their complementarity. Our analysis confirms the potential technical feasibility and long-term reliability of a 100% renewable system for India, even with solar and wind energy only. Such a dual energy source system can potentially deliver fivefold the annual demand of 2019. The robust, reliable supply can be achieved in the long term, as verified by 41 years of weather data. The required expansion of energy storage and the grid will depend on the wind and solar energy structure and the types of generating technologies. Solar energy mostly requires intraday balancing that can be achieved through storage or demand-side flexibility. Wind energy is more seasonal and spatially scattered, and benefits from the long-distance grid expansion for balancing. The complementarity of the two resources on a spatial scale reduces requirements for energy storage. The demand-side flexibility is the key in developing low-cost supply with minimum curtailments. This can be potentially achieved with the proposed two-level electricity market where electricity prices reflect variability of the supply. A modelled experiment with price signals demonstrates how balancing capacity depends on the price levels of guaranteed and flexible types of loads, and therefore, can be defined by the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]