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This paper is based on the proposition that law can also provide a clue to normative arrangements at the micro level since societies often codify rules which are common to inter- personal relationships and are especially likely to embody rules thought to have positive moral value in their legal codes. In this paper the author tries to do three things. First, the author points to deficiencies in the exchange theory model of interpersonal interaction which have not been elaborated on by recent critics. Second, the author develops a theory of "norm-making" which suggests a mechanism by which parties can attach social guarantees to highly particularized modes of inter- action. Third, the article draws on American contract law to specify the conditions which must be fulfilled if attempts by parties to introduce particularized norms into their relationship are to be successful. Contractual agreements are one kind of agreement in which parties endeavor to create norms which will govern their future relationship. The process of creating such norms, while analogous to the more widespread norm-making which occurs in informal social relationships, is in many ways different from what occurs at the informal level.

Focuses on the usefulness of the concept of values in social explanation and the use of models in historical research. Contribution of sociologist Max Weber to the understanding of religious ideas; Analysis of the sociology of religion; Religions which were studied by Weber.

The article focuses on the contribution of Pareto and Mosca's conception in understanding modern sociology. It explores the assistance of the choice of illustrative material from political and contemporary political scene accounts for understanding the role of elite models in society. Further, it emphasizes that the introduction of the conception of elites leads to the period of reorientation of European thought and a crisis of bourgeois liberalism.

The article discusses the common good in the notion of individualism and social structure and the concept of common action. It examines the essential function of authority in expressing the requirements of the common good as well as the individualistic interpretation of sociability. Also given are discussions about the form and the matter of common good and the underlying problem relative to the unity of common action.

An essay is presented on the differences between the Australian and American varieties of liberal society. It offers insights on the relation of those differences in the American historiography. It also presents a test case for theories about the U.S. that can be used to analyze the nature of Australian society. Moreover, the relationship between the two countries in exercising democracy and social equality is explored.

The article discusses the antireligious policies of totalitarian systems which have risen since World War I. They are fundamentally religious movements which aim to reshape the nature of man and society. The decisive feature of the movement is the acceptance of a doctrine which justifies absolute domination.

The article focuses on the term "socialization of risks." It discusses the character and scope of the phenomenon and its social and economic rebounds. It also notes on the earliest stages of the phenomenon and their evolution throughout the centuries. It includes the analysis of the policies used in the present war economy and refers these to its variant in the past.

One of the basic issues related to changing policy and practices within the juvenile court is the legal basis of the juvenile court and the term juvenile delinquent. The rhetoric of the Juvenile Court Movement has emphasized the individualized, non-criminal handling of youths who commit delinquent acts. While procedures for handling youth in the juvenile court were decriminalized, alleged delinquent acts have remained, for the most part criminalized. A conception of delinquency as a potential labeling and social control process whereby those youths who threaten different exclusive political, economic and social interests in the adult-oriented society are controlled by and for that adult society has been minimally developed by sociology. In other words, a juvenile delinquent is a youth who has received a judicial label by the juvenile court due to behavior judged beyond a reasonable doubt to have occurred and to be in violation of the law or of the social order of the community to such an extent that direct control of the youth by the political state is required.

The disruption of penal administrations by their involuntary clients is a matter of record, as are activities of lay and professional groups seeking reform. It is tempting to draw a simple connection between these two sets of data as both the informal control patterns and raised expectations models do. Involuntary clientelism is defined as a salient social relationship between an administrative body and an actor who is the object of some social service which he does not want. By extension, the term also includes any administrative system in which this type of relationship prevails for most clients. The present exploratory study of major alternative hypotheses to explain the historic and recurrent disruptions of penal administration casts some question on the emphasis in administrative literature with regard to rioting on informal control patterns and the latent dysfunctions of reform. Given the present level of the political sociology of prison rioting, hypotheses rooted in these factors cannot he used validly as arguments against administrative reform.

Social research frequently encounters the task of evaluating change produced in non-randomly selected groups by events which are beyond the researcher's control. The social scientist must verify that there has in fact been a change, and that the indicated event is its cause. This article introduces, in the context of a problem in applied sociology and the sociology of law, a mode of analysis designed to deal with a common class of situations in which research must proceed without the benefit of experimental control. The general methodology expounded here is termed "quasi-experimental analysis." The specific mode of analysis is the "interrupted time-series design." Perhaps its fundamental credo is that lack of control and lack of randomization are damaging to inferences of cause and effect only to the extent that a systematic consideration of alternative explanations reveals some that are plausible. The 1955 crackdown on speeding in the state of Connecticut furnishes an apt example of the potentialities of such quasi-experimental analysis.

The article analyses the profession of practice of law. There is a need for a joint effort in sociology and law to illuminate urgent social and legal issues. But the respective practitioners often go theft separate ways. It is often felt that contemporary writing in the sociology of law betrays the existence of painfully unsophisticated notions about the day-to-day operations of courts, legislatures and law offices. Regardless of the merit of such criticism, scant attention-apart from explorations of the legal profession itself has been given to the sociological examination of legal institutions, or their supporting ideological assumptions. This article is based upon observations made by the writer during many years of legal practice in the criminal courts of a large metropolitan area. The overwhelming majority of convictions in criminal cases are not the product of a combative, trial-by-jury process at all, but instead merely involve the sentencing of the individual after a negotiated, bargained-for plea of guilty has been entered. The institutional setting of the court defines a role for the defense counsel in a criminal case radically different from the one traditionally depicted.

In this article the author provides an introduction to the September 1, 1973 issue of the journal Law and Society Review. The growing volume of "law and society" research is reflected in the increased number of submissions to the journal. The journal serves as a forum linking different research communities, some notions of balance and coverage, among disciplines, approaches and topics. This journal embodies some aspiration to convergence among disparate lines of inquiry, to the development of a coherent social scientific understanding of legal process. According to him the immediate problem of theoretical development may be less one of synthesis with the best traditional legal thinking than of achieving intellectual autonomy from the most pervasive and unexamined aspects of legal thought. The search for theoretical development ties in with other shifts in emphasis that seem appropriate. The author invites more variation from the standard major article form and more scope for controversy and exchange built into the format of the journal.