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The article discusses the study on the use of students of model in their explanations of electrostatic phenomena. It is concentrated on the area of the particle nature of matter to include phenomena associated with electrostatics. It intends to explore children's understanding of common electrical phenomena and to verify the degree to which children did use models or analogies in their explanations. It was concluded that the study confirmed the idea that elementary school children can and do use models or physical analogies in their explanations of physical phenomena and suggests that the modeling was probably due to instruction and that the effectiveness of various types of models might be suitable topic for further study.

The article uses the ON and OFF states in electrical circuitry to illustrate the interconnection of controllers in an administrative system. The authoritative roles of two types--controllers in series and controllers in parallel--are defined by an electrical system's four gates. The AND gate, OR gate,and AND/OR gate, which represent controllers in series, controllers in parallel, and conjoint controllers, show how linkages between controllers affect output. The NOT gate represents management by exception where a controller is in a state of passivity until action is needed. The logic of circuit theory, sequential and time-independent gates, and hierarchical control in decision making are mentioned.

The author presents his views about the uses and abuses of analogy. He feels that an analogy is a likeness in certain respects between two things which are otherwise different. The use of analogies is not only widespread but in fact intrinsic and essential to mental operations. He introduces two other disciplines in which there is a wish to benefit by analogies with other spheres of work, namely, social anthropology and linguistics. In conclusion, there is, a real distinction between, on the one hand, the experimental way of apprehending the world and its contents, and on the other hand the contrasted ways: the immediate, the intuitive and for some, the religious.

Analogical reasoning in 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old children was investigated using 2 forms of verbal analogies: quasi analogs which present the reasoning problem in sentence form (a bird uses air; a fish uses …); and true analogies which present the problem in the form of a proportion (bird is to air as fish is to …). 9-year-old subjects obtained a mean percentage correct of 50 on the true analogies indicating that, contrary to other reports, 9-year-olds can engage in analogical reasoning to some degree. Additionally, there was an order X condition interaction which suggested that quasi analogies provided information which improved performance on true analogs. Because of this it was suggested that quasi analogies might be used to develop analogical reasoning skills in children who are deficient in this ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is a modified and newly standardized version of the Wechsler-Bellevue Form I. According to its author the new version was developed in order to correct some of the deficiencies noted in the original test. Despite many similarities between the two scales there are major differences both in the content of the items of the sub-tests as well as differences in the weighted score allowed for identical performance. Two groups were compared for their performance on the Wechsler-Bellevue Form I and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Significant differences were found between the two groups on the Arithmetic, Digit Span, Digit Symbol, Picture Completion and Block Design sub-tests as well as in Performance and Full Scale IQ's.

A general method for matching specifications in mechanized retrieval systems is presented. It is based on the principle that, with the initiation of the matching operation, to each characteristic or descriptor a unique code consisting of a power of two in binary notation is assigned. These codes may, if so desired, be interpreted as implicit weight coefficients of the descriptors. They are used in matching operations between sets of characteristics. The matching process produces during its progress criteria as to the relations between involved sets, i.e., a numerical criterion of relevance of the answer to the query, which may be utilized to control the course of the operation. In a second step, new secondary codes are derived mechanically from those assigned initially. The function of the secondary codes is to transform the original statement into the second canonical form, consisting of the disjunction of mutually exclusive basic conjunctions or propositions. These secondary codes are employed to generate by logical multiplication, addition, and negation unique code representations for arbitrary compound statements or propositions, which representations in their turn are employed for matching the statements. The process generates criteria in analogy to those obtained in the first step of matching sets of characteristics which now permit the control of the matching operations between arbitrary propositions. It should be mentioned that no significance is assigned a priori to the codes. Their relative significance is restricted entirely to the matching operation actually in progress, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the relation among illness, therapy and the modern urban American family. The analogy of physician, and parents in part is simple and obvious. These are the stronger and more adequate persons on whom the child and the sick person, respectively, are made to rely; they are the ones to whom he must turn to have those of his needs fulfilled which he is incapable of meeting through his own resources. As people shall maintain, these analogies must not be pressed too far. But they do constitute a convenient jumping off place for the analysis. The primary psychodynamically relevant reasons researchers find in the special character of the American urban family, which is extremely vulnerable to certain types of strain. Mechanisms have developed which relieve the family of the additional stresses which would be imposed upon it by making the care of the sick one of its principal functions. At the same time, most cases of illness with psychological components are probably more effectively cared for in the special circumstances of the society by professionalized agencies than they would be in families.

The article studies the pictorial analogies, fictions and elementary algebra in the treatment of the nature-nurture problem in colleges and universities in the U.S. The nature-nurture problem can be approached by means of any analogy which assumes that both H and E exert their effects separately. A word association technique is used to provoke a possible highly emotional reaction on the part of each suspect. A list is used which contains neutral words interspersed with provocative words such as: beer, hammer, tinkle, smash, glass, break and others.