Search

The legislative intent of the Webb-Pomerene Law of 1918 was to induce and encourage small firms to enter the international market. To accomplish this end, Congress granted to firm's immunity from the Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act at that time the three statutes concerned with anticompetitive business behavior. It was thought that small or medium-size firms acting independently would find the costs of entering foreign trade prohibitive but that acting in concert through cooperative arrangements such costs might be lowered. Also the firms were permitted to form Associations for export purposes whether or not they were confronted with buying or selling cartels in international markets. Left unstated by Congress were the techniques these Associations could employ in implementing the cooperative arrangements. These cooperative arrangements were intended to permit collusive action in export markets only.

This article discusses one of the metaphysical assumptions in science which seems to be its internationality. It is implicit in the discussions of the philosophy or sociology of science. In fact, the inherently international character of the scientific enterprise seems to be so much taken for granted that there is little research on it. Here, the author will briefly review the literature, and continue with a systematic analysis of four ways in which the internationality could be maintained. In this section, some new data from a recent survey of staff members at the University of Cologne will be presented. Historians of science normally do not mention the problem of the internationality of science explicitly. They stress the point, however, that science developed in medieval Europe cross-nationally within the boundaries of the common European culture. The institutionalization of the scientific role and the adoption of a scientific outlook was the result of an elaborate organization of science and the establishment of scientific journals and was of primary importance in the development of a culture of science.

The article focuses on expansion strategies and organizational development in companies in the U.S. and Europe. It mentions that prior to World War II, U.S. direct investments were treated as an outflow of funds that were managed similarly to portfolio investments, and that in most instances overseas affiliates behaved as if independent entities that produced differentiated products, applied different production techniques, and determined their own marketing strategies. It states that multinational concerns coordinate strategic, administrative, and operational decisions on a wide geographic scale. It suggests that the strategic expansion of European firms will grow from national to regional and finally multinational scales.

The article discusses international operations and corporate planning. The author looks at the attitudes of businessmen towards import substitution, exporting, and direct foreign investment. The article establishes the need for a wider perspective on the subjects by referring to the international business environment. The author suggests a conceptual corporate planning framework for international operations. The article examines this in light of research made into the management of selected firms in the agricultural, mechanical handling and textile machinery industries. The author suggests that a firm should consider its international operations as an integral part of its overall strategy, which should be cast in a corporate planning mould.

The article compares influentials in contemporary American and British sociology for a time span for 11 years, between 1958-68. Authors of the article have compared names of the men most cited in journals "American Sociological Review" and "British Journal of Sociology" for two time periods and have found that lists for the second time period contained a larger number of names in common than the list for the first period. This finding was interpreted as support for the thesis that sociology is becoming more international. A comparison of the two American lists revealed no essential differences in the national origin of the most important influentials for the two periods. A similar examination of the two British lists revealed that contemporary sociologists from the U.S. are becoming increasingly influential in British sociology. It was therefore suggested that the internationalization of sociology may, for the immediate future, be equivalent or almost equivalent to the Americanization of sociology.

The article discusses several aspects of the non-admitted insurance market abroad as of 1966. There has been a growing recognition of the importance of the non-admitted market abroad, not only for reinsurance purposes but also for direct placements under the excess and surplus lines laws of the various states. In stressing risk management and the principles of risk analysis, consideration must be given to world markets available to take care of gaps in coverage and high limits of exposure. Over the years large corporate insurance buyers have found in Lloyd's and other world markets a method of handling their most intricate insurance problems. They treasure the extremely broad coverage they have been granted and the inexpensive method of administration of insurance. Substantial deductibles and aggregates for accumulation of losses are used to effect savings for the buyer. Producers should understand that the non-admitted market offers valuable help to them for certain problems which cannot be solved in the domestic market. Such help in no way detracts from the quality and importance of the domestic market.

This article presents a basic guide to international advertising. People should not be misled by the often repeated credo that advertising to overseas markets is a complicated and totally different endeavor employing a high degree of hocus focus. If people will study the wants, needs and the ability to buy in each country and apply this knowledge to proved American advertising principles, they will have a vital mass communication force for mass production and mass consumption in the overseas markets. The need for increased market research becomes more apparent at this point. Whether the advertiser has only one product or several hundred, start by doing some plain elementary examining. Despite the promising start that has been made by international advertising agencies, and market surveys from the airlines, steamship lines, the banks and the government, the real job of gathering the specific information necessary to each business rests with the individual company. The size of the advertising budget should be governed by the task the advertising is expected to perform.