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This article presents the views on the paper presented by Allen V. Kneese which focuses on the management of common property resources pertaining to environmental pollution problems. According to the author the significance of the study is the optimism on the advice that is being taken seriously. The author presented that the recommendation of Kneese for the best strategy for managing water and air pollution abatement is contrast to the existing policy. The author has presented the distinguishable elements to a situation that might lead to non optimal results on the study presented by Kneese.

The article illustrates the scientific problem of the conservation of the heaths in Dorset, England. It presents three main causes of the heaths extensive anthropogenic changes, including the increased agricultural development, need for grown home timber and the scarcity of suitable sites for new plantations, and southward trend of the British human population. It describes the changes in area of heathland habitat and its fragmentation. It also forecast the fate of the existing flora and fauna in the light of observations made on the adaptations to changes in land use. Conservation and ecological implications of the work were also discussed.

A supranational government of the deep oceans is an urgent need of our times--exploitation of its resources, commercial pollution, and use for military ends must be controlled. This article describes proposals for such a governing body (particularly the Borgese Model and variations of it) and their legislative, executive and judicial aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the proposal of Homer Aschmann regarding the role of man in the burning of the natural vegetation in Southern California. Failure of the data to reveal the reason of man in burning the vegetation; Factors that contributed to the forest fires in the area; Hypothesis on the increase in the carrying capacity of the land by burning; Examination of the reasons of primitive people in burning.

This article discusses the results of pollen analysis of a number of sites scattered over the blanket peats of upland mid-Wales. The analysis provided information on the vegetational changes which have occurred over the past 5,000 years in the area. Certain conclusions can be reached regarding the nature and extent of human interference with the vegetation during particular historic and prehistoric periods. By consideration of the positions of certain archaeological artefacts in the peat profiles, tentative conclusions are drawn regarding the correlation of vegetational changes with certain cultures and episodes in the local history of the area.

The article presents a study which investigates the reaction of Cynosurus cristatus (C. cristatus), a type of grass, to its environment in North Wales. C. cristatus is a species of plant with wide tolerance to edaphic, climatic and biotic influences in ecology. It investigates the plant's forage production, morphological differences and its season of maturity. Findings reveal that the influence of man and use of the species for grazing appears to affect more to the plant's growth than the climatic or edaphic factors.

This article describes the belts of vegetation on six hillsides in Uganda and explores the influence of human settlements on the vegetation. The estimated population density in the Mengo district of Kampala is about 28 people per square kilometer. Uganda offers stretches of climax evergreen forest in some of its wetter areas at altitudes ranging from 700 meters to 1,500 meters. In addition, Kawanda's northern part features relict patches of closed forest in some of its hills. The clearing of forest land for cultivation is an example of vegetation transformation that man achieved in Uganda. Some trees are retained in such clearings to provide shade or shelter, or for their edible fruits. There are some tree species whose abundance can be attributed in part to planting by man.

The growing concern about danger to plant's biosphere is focusing attention on the problem of environmental quality and its measurement. This topic has deep political and ethical implications. On one hand, the existence of objective criteria for judging environmental quality can reinforce democratic participation in fields such as regional and urban planning, as decisions become transparent. On the other hand, there are some dangers involved, such as the possibility of deliberate manipulation of measurements to satisfy for particular interests, as is familiar from indices of living costs or the danger of oversimplification of problems. Possible developments of areas should be studied. Relevance-tree or critical-path analysis may then point to those aspects which have the greatest impact on the future quality of environment. Great attention should also be paid to research on perception and learning processes in environment, including socio-cultural differences, and on possible economic and legal action to establish self-regulating mechanisms. Throughout, the quality of possible future environments should occupy a central position, so that means may be found which will help us leave a healthy and enjoyable world for generations to come.

The purpose of this article is to convey some of the diversity of human perceptions of the environment, to draw on specific studies in an attempt to clarify how human beings in different social and cultural settings perceive the environment and react to it. For this purpose, the author has selected four research themes from the body of literature. They are the use of illusion to infer the reality of visual perception, the quest for the image of the city, the interplay of environmental attitudes and landscapes, and the adjustment to drought as environmental behaviour. These themes were selected for their comparative cultural context, subsuming most of the cross-cultural effort found in behavioural studies of the environment. In addition, each theme presents a different environmental focus, such as, person, city, landscape, natural resource and hazard. Each reflects a different scale of cognitive generalization, perception, image, attitude and behaviour. Taken together, they exemplify what is known about comparative human perception of the environment, varied research modes of knowing, and the promise and limitations of such knowledge for human-oriented environmental management. Methods of studies reported in this article can bridge the gap between the universal culture of the professional and the particularized perception of citizens.

If we consider man in nature and man as part of nature, he no more upsets than do ants and beavers. This is precisely the point of the present inquiry. According to the author this is our planet since we have forged an ever greater power to control and even to destroy it. In this article, author attempts to pose these questions by drawing a scale of man's impact, by applying to him ecological laws already derived from the study of animals and plants, and by listing processes of man's management of his planet, still hewing as closely as possible to ecological processes displayed by other living beings. Ethnic values are underlined in many of the examples offered by the author, as authentic ecological forces have not only power but direction. It can well be argued that a diversity of exploitive activities is more harmonious if not the most productive. Five major phases recognized in this article are primeval or submission, pastoral or domestication, settlement or cultivation, industrial or substitution, and climatic and cosmic or cosmic outburst. The author implies that what we may have learned of the ecology of man, as governed by largely inescapable environmental opportunities and as channeled through variously narrowing and expanding cultural processes, reveals a growing control over increasingly large units of the total environment.

In the article, the author focuses on the issue of environmental crisis. It talks about the problem of environmental degradation resulting from exploitation of environment and natural resources by mankind. It mentions that the maintenance of reasonable environment quality should be the goal of humankind. It states about six related environmental crises: Population Crisis, Crisis of Resources, Pollution Crisis, Crisis of Health (pollution's adverse affect on plants and animals), Armament Crisis and Information Crisis (crisis of intellectual poverty).

The article presents advice by the author related to the formulation of an adaptive strategy for preventing air pollution. According to Demitri Shimkin, adaptive strategy is a system of cognition and behavior which maximizes the well-being and minimizes the hazards to the survival of human populations. The basic concepts of this strategy are habitat and biological population. The author says that a search should be made for species of useful plants less susceptible to air pollutants. According to the author, these plants must be introduced into areas where the potential for air pollution is particularly high.

The article focuses on the challenges in the environmental education. The author contends that man is the victim of his own success wherein it is he who will destroy the environment where he lives. The author presents his views and insights regarding the future of science and its relations the community. Furthermore, man's knowledge of himself and his world is concentrated in the lives and the work of a tiny minority who find it difficult to share insight with a species whose survival may depend on growth of a common understanding of science.

The article focuses on environmental degradation resulting from the exploitation of environment by humankind and talks about the environmental policy. It mentions about air and water pollution, radioactive wastes, the proliferation of pesticides and chemicals and other environmental quality problems caused by mankind. It talks about the much-needed improvement of economic analysis methods by which environmental management decisions are made. It also talks about the public acceptance of knowledgeable and effective governmental participation in making management decisions which affect the quality of the environment.