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Presents the papers delivered at the 'Symposium on Anthropology and Indian Claims Litigation at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association held in Detroit, Michigan in December 1954. Objectives of the program; Qualifications of the authors; Significance of Indian claims litigation to the discipline of anthropology.

The article lists the new science books which includes "Anthropology and Human Nature," by Ashley Montagu, "The Rat: A Study in Behavior," by S. A. Barnett, and "The Design of Electric Circuits in the Behavioral Sciences," by Tom N. Cornsweet.

This article serves as a reply to comments made by E.G. Dunning and E.I. Hopper on the author's paper on social stratification in industrial society. Dunning and Hopper state that his paper 'explicitly sets out to explore' the problem of convergence. This, the author is afraid, is to claim too much for it. The author also wants to correct the statement made on the notion of one-way convergence. He wants also to explain that he does not think that American work on the subject of convergence as monolithic. He also explains that claim made that he regards national culture, political ideology and political organization as 'fixed and unalterable constraints on the effects of economic organization and technology'. Dunning and Hopper apparently fail to realise that the argument of Leach's to which they refer can equally be directed against the making of comparisons of a superficial kind. Certainly the existence of `generalised structural patterns' may be masked by differences in their specific manifestations in particular cases; but at the same time it is also implied by Leach's analogy that apparent similarities in social structures may be deceptive and may conceal underlying differences which it is the task of sociological analysis to expose.

In this first of a series of four papers on the effects of acculturation on personality and attitudes, students in four Uganda secondary schools, chosen to represent four levels of acculturation, were tested on sentence completion, thematic apperception and figure-drawing tests, in regard to their political awareness and attitudes toward authority figures, especially chiefs and Euro-peans. These 211 Ss in the Buganda province of Uganda were then compared with 144 Ss in the North Nyanza province of Kenya who were assumed to be less acculturated. The findings support the hypothesis that the more acculturated more frequently than the less acculturated feel hostile toward authority figures. The findings suggested further that the more acculturated more frequently than the less acculturated tended to perceive authority figures as punitive, but were mixed in their opinions about authority. In comparison with the less acculturated Kenya sample, the Uganda sample were more aware politically, more actively discontent with the political status quo and more nationalistic in their identification. Non-monotonic relationships with degree of acculturation were found in regard to readiness to identify with the European and covert tendency to view the European as dominant The significance of these findings will be discussed in the fourth paper of this series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This, the second of four papers on the effects of acculturation on personality and attitudes, tested the hypotheses that the more acculturated, in comparison with the less acculturated, are more frustrated, hence more hostile, and have more effective modes of handling frustration and consequent aggression. Two criteria of degree of acculturation were used: (a) four Uganda schools represented four levels of acculturation; (b) the 211 Uganda Ss were assumed to be more acculturated than the 144 Kenya Ss. The frustration-aggression variables were assessed by means of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test and sentence completion and thematic apperception tests. The findings supported the hypotheses. The more acculturated were more aggressive than the less acculturated. They were more frequently frustrated by authority, by the aggression of others, and by their own failure or inability, and, less frequently than the less acculturated feared aggression or viewed it and rebellion against authority to be wrong. The more acculturated were more frequently intropunitive and need-persistent than the less acculturated, and less frequently obstacle-dominant (especially extrapunitive obstacle-dominant) and impunitive. The significance of these findings will be discussed in the fourth paper of this series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents books about ethnography and anthropology. Titles of books; Names of authors; 'A Classified Bibliography of the Periodical Literature of the Trans-Mississippi West (1811-1957),' by Oscar Osburn Winther; 'The British Meet the Seminoles: Negotiations Between British Authorities in East Florida and the Indians, 1763-1768,' by James W. Covington.

The article presents a literature review that discusses the importance of American Indian linguistics. It also presents a summary of the state of description and comparative work for each linguistics family. It presents a classification of American Indian linguistics as well as the role of various language families and the interrelationships among postulated families. Though space limitations have dictated a narrowly linguistic concern in this literature and the ethnographic semantics are omitted, possible wider relationships of the families and classifications were still discussed.

A systematic theory of the nature of suburban social structure within an organizational frame of reference is subjected to an empirical test. Major hypotheses derived from the general theory were supported by the analysis. A methodological contribution was achieved by combining analysis of census data with analysis of sample survey data. A chain of relationships between social structure and politics has been demonstrated through interposition of organizational theory between the regularities of mass data at the census tract level and of individual data at the sample survey level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sociology in and of China. In the general history of social sciences it is assumed that the marriage between sociology and anthropology comes late, having been preceded by a long courtship. China does not fit this pattern. Almost as soon as social sciences were established there anthropology and sociology were intertwined, to be disentangled in a strange way when Communists arrived. To avoid a tedious recitation of evidence just one witness is called upon, a scholar whose later career in the U.S. makes his testimony underline the Chinese paradox. Writing in China in 1944 Francis L.K. Hsu has said in this paper that the word sociology is used synonymously with the term social anthropology. It is customary to date the beginning of sociology in China by the publication of Yen Fu's translation of two chapters of "The Study of Sociology" in 1898. Later a few original works were produced in Chinese and courses of instruction were introduced in universities, it was not until about the 1920s that sociological investigations of any great weight began to be made.

The article presents information on literature on sociology published in various periodicals. The French periodical "La Science Sociale" for July is the record of L'EcoIe des Roches for 1910-11, with illustrations. The French periodical "La Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale" for July is a special number, giving a full account of the Fourth International Philosophy Conference, held at Bologna in April last. Over 350 members were present. Among these England, America and even Germany were under-represented but the French delegates did full justice to the gatherings and played a notably brilliant part in the proceedings. The paper "Le razze umane e il sentimento di superiorit&sgrave; etnica" by E. Morselli, is suggested by the Questionnaire of the Universal Races Congress held in London. The author admits that Anthropology is today in a state of decadence which he qualifies as "premature" and that its autonomy is threatened. He hopes that the Congress may remedy this but the event has hardly justified him.

Extreme emphasis on style as a deference entitlement appears historically as a central feature of distinctive aesthetic cultural patterns The dimensions of social aestheticism are developed and illustrated in the present paper as part of a case study of the Regency milieu of Beau Brummell the main figure of the dandy movement. To account for this pattern, and to suggest the conditions under which style enter into deference processes the relationship between style and social structure is treated in terms of a theory of structural crystallization and decrystallization. Arguing that emphases on style are symptoms of the malintegration of culture and social structure, styles are examined as products of a market which generates demand for new models of social behavior. Decrystallization or structural loss in networks it seen to produce disjunction or lack of fit between prevailing cultural models and the actual structure of networks, producing this market for new model Special attention it directed to the phenomena of celebrity and social decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper will be an analysis of Dutch social structure, particularly in one of its key dimensions: the overall importance of religious institutions and ideologies. It will be argued that, in contradistinction to developments in most other comparable industrial societies, religious institutions and ideologies occupy a central place in the social structure of the Netherlands. Dutch social structure, is best characterized in terms of vertical columnization or vertical pluralism called verzuiling--which does not have a direct English equivalent. Pluralistic societies elsewhere are usually characterized by linguistic, racial and political lines of division in addition to those of religious ideology. Religious distinctions result in a division of institutions and activities into Catholic, Protestant and humanistic/neutral columns of social organization. Perhaps, however, the most striking evidence of non-differentiation of religious influence can be seen in the field of labor relations and politics.

The article presents information on the Fifth Annual Baguio Religious Acculturation Conference, held in December 1961 in Philippines. The purpose of the conference was to implement the suggestions for program content received at the close of the 1960 conference. The evaluation of the 1960 conference had indicated unanimous approval of the social science emphasis in those meetings. But there was also agreement on the desirability of having more papers by missionaries on actual field problems regarding local religion. In his paper on Philippine values, professor Jaime Bulatao presented the benefit of his training as a practicing clinical psychologist. Another paper was presented by James N. Anderson, who is an anthropologist and has been in the Philippines as a Ford Foundation Fellow, studying land tenancy and social structure in a barrio of Pangasinan. The author feels indebted to the Asia Foundation for a modest but crucial grant for travel assistance for some of the conference participants. He also extends his gratitude to the journal "Philippine Sociological Review," for offering the pages of the journal to publish the conference proceedings.

The article focuses on various news items related to sociology. The fullness of Alfred Kroeber's, a sociologist life was manifest in many ways. He played a major role in developing American anthropology from the rather random endeavors of amateurs and self-trained men to a coherent, scientific and academic discipline. His contributions to knowledge included extensive ethnographic investigations in California and the Great Plains, archaeological studies in Mexico and Peru, linguistic research, especially in California theory of communications in the animal world generally, and historical syntheses which often had world scope. The Seventh Indian Sociological Conference will be held in December 1961, under the auspices of the Department of Social Anthropology, Karnataka University, Dharwar, India. Vice-Chancellor D.C. Pavate of Karnataka University has been nominated by the Union Government of India, as a member of the University Grants Commission. L.K. Mahapatra has been appointed lecturer in the Department of Social Anthropology and will take up his appointment in July 1961.

Here is increasing awareness among sociologists and anthropologists of the need for comparative studies of urban societies. The connection between urbanization and the development of voluntary associations a special case in point. It has long been accepted as axiomatic that the growth of cities in the United States and the voluntary associations which are such an outstanding feature of American social structure are directly related phenomena. But the development of formally organized voluntary associations another urban cultural areas remains largely inexplored. Within this context, the small pilot study reported in this paper has significance in spite of the limited scope of the research. A major purpose of this project was experimental to test the feasibility of house-to-house interviewing of a Latin American urban population as a step in the planning of further research in the area. Lack of sufficient background data complicates sampling procedure in Mexico and the fieldwork had to be fitted into a nine-weeks schedule. For this reason a proportional sample of the general population was not attempted.

The article explores the validity of the array of strategies and contributing variables useful in demographic studies for anthropology. This literature review discusses the reasons for the increased interest in the development of anthropology, the relation between demography and cultural anthropology, the developments in descriptive demography, the effects of demography on living human populations, and the details of reconstruction of prehistoric and ethnohistoric populations. The authors to this review conclude that the descriptive demographic studies are still worthwhile, and that if the broad array of contributing factors is understood and controlled for, studies of the relationship between particular independent factors and demographic variables can be profitably explored.

The article presents a review of studies in the physical anthropology of the modern man which concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. This literature review aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exists, and to pick out any trend in investigation that may be detectable. To limit the range of the study, several topics including behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states have been excluded.

The article focuses on basic difficulty in historical sociology. The newly reawakened interest in the sociological study of historical events makes it worthwhile to raise again the question whether such a study is scientifically feasible at all. Obviously, all data anybody can deal with are historical data, events of the past. Science is a form of ratiocination dealing with past events and so all science is historical. Those who are interested in historical sociology are generally not interested in this kind of work, which falls into the province of general sociology. The historical sociologist tends to look at history not in the sense of the totality of all past events, but in the sense of recorded history. In other words, he tends to look exclusively, or at least primarily, to the works of the historians as his source of information about unique sequences of past events, which he tries to use as raw materials for the development of generalizations about interhuman behavior. It is the intention of this paper to show that the writings of the historians can be used for sociological purposes only with the greatest caution.

The article presents a paper about the Whorfian Hypothesis, which was presented at the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching held February 24, 1961 in Chicago, Illinois. According to Benjamin Lee Whorf, a person's native tongue which is part of his culture largely shapes his picture of the universe and in manifold ways affects his behavior. The article suggests that the prevalence of animistic, anthromorphic, and teleological explanations can be traced to language.

Within the limits set by structural arrangements and by institutions, individuals choose their course of action. Anthropologists have always been interested in the outcome of these choices either because they reflect ongoing change or because they elucidate interrelations between institutions. In order for decision-making analysis to be more than anecdotal, however, it needs to be guided by a set of assumptions concerning reasoning and cognitive processes, and the conditions germane to them. Economists, sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and mathematicians have already outlined many useful assumptions. Part of our task in this paper is to contribute to a systematization of those assumptions that are most relevant to anthropological interests. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of decision analysis for social anthropology, examine the theoretical and methodological implications of "rationality," and present a sequence of hypothetical steps that we regard as requisites for an adequate decision-making analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the status and role in anthropology. The paper also examines the contributions of anthropologists to see if, in a scientific milieu, they have done as well in their conceptualizations of social relationships. We may begin our discussion with Linton. His was one of the first systematic attempts to define status and role in The Study of Man. He defines status as, a position in a particular pattern, an abstraction from social reality. The patterns he refers to are patterns of reciprocal behavior. In addition to these kinds of statuses, Linton adds another set of status distinctions: active and latent. This useful distinction points out that even though a person may hold several statuses, generally he has to act in the role of only one status at a time while the other statuses are latent. This preliminary survey of definitions of the concepts of status and role gives some idea of the agreement that exists among anthropologists. However, it also suggests that they lack precision and operational value. But anthropologists have used these concepts often with great facility. An examination of the concepts in relation to the study of social structure, personality, and culture change may give them more precision. In summary, then, there is no lack in anthropological literature, of the dual concepts of status and role. It appears that Linton's role concept is used rarely today and has given way to aspects of the role concept, such as expectations, orientations, valuations, etc.

Unattached single individuals often cluster in urban rooming houses known as single-room-occupancy buildings. This paper describes a protect Initiated to observe the social structure of one such building and attempt to intervene In the lives of its tenants by means of a recreation-rehabilitation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses different approaches to the measurement of social differentiation of the Czechoslovak socialist society. At Evian, at the Sixth World Congress of Sociology, the sociological public was acquainted with the project of an empirical macro-investigation which was carried out by the end of 1967 in Czechoslovakia. The entire investigation is the result of the efforts of a 20-member collective of workers from both the Czech countries and Slovakia. The report presented here must be viewed as an information on the basic results of this collective work, in which the author of this paper took part. The author calls attention to the fact that some theoretical postulates and interpretations of the empirical data obtained by this macro-investigation are now subject to theoretical discussions in Czechoslovakia and will undoubtedly be submitted to further critical analysis. The conclusions presented so far may, therefore, be conceived as an introductory opening of a broad problem area from the Marxist positions, rather than as some final word of Marxist sociology in the research of the social structure of the socialist societies.

Focuses on the nursing in other cultures. Incorporation of courses into existing curricula of nursing; Importance of pre-cultural conditioning for self-preparation of professionals to nurse in other cultures; Continuity of nursing education.

The article presents information on the papers related to social structure and life. In the paper "Influence of Environments on Religious Life; Introduction to the Investigation" there are factual articles on the state of the Church in Lithuania and Chile. This particular series illustrates one type of investigation which the editors are attempting to stimulate. This would be a contribution to religious psychology and sociology and, in fact, to all the sciences attempting to solve the mystery of man. In addition of inestimable value it will furnish material to the sciences, whose object it is to lead men to God, sciences of the nature of the pastoral theology. Three classifications of external observance are proposed, occasional, for "seasonal believers" who contact the Church for baptism, first Holy Communion, marriage and burial, periodical, for the faithful who attend Sunday Mass and perform their Easter duty and continual, for the devout who receive Communion frequently, assist at minor offices of the Church.

This article discusses the book "Festskrift tillegnad Edvard Westermarck," released in honor of the 50th birthday of professor Edward Westermack. It is a handsome volume, containing papers by his old teacher, Th. Rein, his famous colleague, Yrio Hirn, and many other scholars, mostly his pupils at the University of Helsingfors. Rein's paper is a pragmatist introduction. Another paper describes the house-building of the New Guinea natives. A yet another paper deals with duels in early Nordic times; Hirn writes on Kites, a subject as important in anthropology as is top-spinning in dynamics. Perhaps the most striking essay is that of B. Malinowski, on the Economic Aspect of the Intichiuma Ceremonies of the Central Australians. He possesses the eminently practical spirit and sane outlook of the thinker in whose honor he presents his study. England's social students may be allowed to express in England's sociological organ their admiration for and confidence in Edward Westermarck.

The article presents a list of research papers on economic theory. Some of the papers are "Group fallacy in relation to culture," by F.H. Allport, "Permanence of the American democracy," by J.H. Boyd, "The significance of psychology for the study of politics," by C.E. Merriam, "Competitive illusion as cause of business cycles," by T.W. Mitchell, "Institutional background of economics," by R.K. Mukerjee, "Real demand and market price," by C.O. Hardy, "The case for industrial dualism," by E.A. Ross, "Leggendo un nuovo di politica commerciale," by G. Prato, "Anthropology and psychology," by C.G. Seligman, "Some contributions to the history of sociology," by A.W. Small, "Psychology in economic theory," by A.J. Snow, "Distribution among the factors of production," by C. Warburton. "Some fallacies in the interpretation of social cost," by F.H. Knight, is a criticism of the theory of excessive investment in increasing cost industries under competition and objections to the law of comparative cost as a basis for free trade.

The section presents a review of the paper, Changing Emphases in Social Structure, by George Peter Murdock, published in the Winter 1955 issue of the Journal of Anthropology. The paper emphasizes the change from the static to the dynamic in the study of social structure by anthropologists. The author points out that the classificatory task has been accomplished. This is shown in the finite number of delineated types of social structure agreed to by students of the field. These students are moving out of the static and descriptive part of their work, and show a common concern with dynamics or progress. Every man lives in a society, and every society has a culture, and every culture has a history. In studying this history, we can discern three progresses among those associated with culture change. These are: cultural innovation, cultural borrowing, and readjustive integration. Applying these concepts to social structure, we note that a study involves two continua: time, and the life history of the individual. Several examples are described. One deals with the union of the historical and the functionalistic approaches by several workers, beginning with Fred Eggan. Murdock remarks that our society has a upper-middle-class orientation, even though at any given time members of this class constitute a minority of the total population.

The article presents analysis that must be seen as a case study of persistence and change of some of the theories and practices of social anthropologists. They clearly mark the cross roads to a new orientation that focuses on people, instead of on institutions and groups; on how individuals try to construct a social reality, instead of on how they are molded by society; on dynamic configurations, instead of on static forms, on the essential unity of individual and society, instead of on their polarity. Anthropologists, in contrast to sociologists, have indicated relatively little interest in examining their profession and its theoretical assumptions as objects of research. The article attempts to indicate why the Radcliffe-Brownian orientation given by sociologist A.R. Radcliffe-Brown still persists and to explain why there has been a change in orientation for many. Except in the United States, the concern of anthropologists with their own discipline as an object of study began only in the late 1960s. In contrast, by the late 1930s American sociologists had established the sociology of science as a separate academic discipline. Anthropologists have essentially been concerned with questions of what makes social order possible and how it is maintained. The framework that author have used, provides insights into how the paradigms in discipline generated, become dominant and, ultimately, are replaced. Since the formulation of scientific theory is in part a social process, author may also have gained insights into the way this process is speeded up or slowed down.

This paper reports on a participant observation study carried out at Stateville Penitentiary, a maximum security prison, during the summer of 1972. The social organization of the prison has been a topic of frequent sociological attention. Efforts have been made to explain "inmate culture" and the often referred to "inmate code." Contrary to the traditional structural-functional explanation for inmate organization which focuses upon situational variables, this analysis supports the Irwin-Cressey (1964) position that much of what has been termed inmate culture is actually imported from outside the prison. The most significant reality behind Stateville's walls is the existence of four lower class Chicago street gangs which have brought into the prison their street activities, hierarchies, rivalries, and ideologies. The purpose here is to describe the social organization which has emerged as a result of this phenomenon and to relate this development to the traditional literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the past ten years the vocabulary of political sociology has been augmented by the addition of the word 'populism'. Its general acceptance has yet to be achieved; but in the past five years its use has spread enormously. The purpose of the paper is to provide a brief 'biography' of the concept of 'populism', examining the changing way in which the word has come to be used in its lifetime. It is argued that the confusion which has attended the growth in its use is not merely a semantic problem, arising from the inability of various writers to define their terms, but an important indicator of the nature of the phenomenon. The major difficulty is seen as lying in the lack of an acceptable general theoretical framework within which to handle the political development of peasant societies. The notion of such societies as 'part-societies', widespread in current anthropology, is examined as a possible starting point for such a general framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on some of the research papers related to anthropology, psychology and legal-medicine. "The Practicability of the Binet Scale and the Questing of the Borderline Case," is a bulletin under the authorship of Samuel C. Kohs, a psychologist. The bulletin is dedicated to the Philanthropy Department of the Chicago Woman's Club, through whose inspiration and effort the Psychopathia Department was inaugurated and the special training of the sub-normal in the House of Correction made possible. The statistics upon which this contribution is based are these obtained from the examination of 335 consecutive cases whose chronological ages fell between 17 and 21. The mental ages of one group overlap those of the other. The author describes cases which illustrate the insuperable difficulty one meets ion attempting to make a diagnosis of feeble-mindedness from a reaction to the Binet-Simon test alone, and he outlines a series of supplementary tests which may be utilized in obtaining a more complete and accurate clinical picture.

The article focuses on acculturation in East Africa. It was hypothesized that in a changing society the need to exchange the goals and values of the old culture for new goals and values that could as yet be only imperfectly attained results in heightened frustration and consequently also in heightened aggression. The methods used to assess personality and attitudes were chiefly projective methods designed for or adapted to group administration, a specially constructed sentence completion test, five cards of an appropriate version of the Thematic Apperception Test, a figure-drawing test and the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test. An Einstellung Test of the water-jar type was used as an index of flexibility-rigidity and a factual questionnaire was also given. It was assumed that frustration is heightened in changing societies because of difficulties encountered both in hewing to old lines and in pursuing new objectives, but this sample as a whole did not seem to be experiencing a high degree of frustration.