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This paper draws attention to the relevance of factors in both the external and internal environment on organizational efforts to incorporate the disadvantaged into the workforce. Of particular importance to the success of such endeavors is an awareness of the differences which arise from institutional affiliation. Institutional differences exert a major influence on policies and procedures relating to manpower planning, e.g., recruitment, selection, and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the experimental measurement of a social hierarchy in Gallus Domesticus. The experiment is related to the identification and inferential measurement of social reflexes by the means of social discrimination. The first paper in this preliminary series of experiments narrates the general story of the method of attack on the time and space measurement of social phenomena. The article also presents a brief abstract of the findings of that paper. In the experiment, six young roosters were arranged in a hierarchy of dominance, the order being determined by the number of individuals in the group that each rooster is able to defeat in physical combat. This was followed by the application of the simple measurements of time and space. It was pointed out that this method of measurement and analysis was initiated as a result of reflecting on the discussion of conditions in the social sciences by other psychologists. Social discrimination in Gallus domesticus is identified as it is measured in the social discrimination cage. When the discriminations are plotted against mass, there is no indication that the discriminations are any more than chance.

From the 1890s to the present, writers have commented upon the instability of Negro family life. Most have observed that discrimination in the job and housing markets have made it difficult Jar black men to support their wives and children. As a result, desertion occurs commonly. Family stability has been of interest because of the belief that children who grow up apart from their parents will be adversely affected. Indeed, some investigations imply that being raised in a home which did not have both parents is linked to lower rates of achievement in school, higher rates of delinquency, and lower occupational status. While commentators have discussed family stability, there has been little consensus as to how this concept should be measured. Moreover, there are only a few demographic indicators available for operationalizing this concept, particularly if one desires to study long-term trends or to compare blacks and whites. The major portion of this paper examines Negro and white trends on a number of indicators related to a specific definition of family stability. This study concludes that (1) the majority of both blacks and whites are in the statuses indicative of family stability. Contrary to the images which are sometimes portrayed, most black families are husband-wife families, and the majority of black children live with both parents. (2) in every comparison, the Proportion of people in the status indicative of family stability is greater among whites than among blacks. (3) in recent years there have been changes in family status, although most of them have been small. Some changes suggest a trend toward greater stability while others indicate a trend in the opposite direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews sociological work dealing with American Blacks. In the past five decades three themes have largely dominated the work: (1) a description and documentation of Black disadvantage within American life; (2) an attack upon racist notions of Black biological inferiority; and (3) an interpretation of Black disadvantages as derived from White prejudice and discrimination. The work has been largely static and non-processual in character, derived largely from the structure-function model of society. The paper calls for the employment of multiple models and for emphasis upon a dynamic, processual model of social life. The concepts of network and field appear to offer much promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is hard to disagree with J. A. Jackson when he writes in a recently published volume of papers concerned with migration: "It is clear that it may still not be possible to provide a completely satisfactory sociological model of migration which can adequately embrace its various types and implications" (Jackson, 1969:10). Though a vast amount of empirical work has been produced on such topics as rural-urban migration, international migratory movements, and the process of assimilation of migrants, an adequate integrating theoretical perspective is still to be established. This paper attempts to use the action frame of reference to provide a conceptual framework which can help to remedy this deficiency. Students of action theory may find it interesting to examine the extent to which this frame of reference bears fruit in an important field in which it has not been previously systematically applied. Initially, the attempt is to provide a distinctively sociological definition and typology of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the consequences for immigrants in changing from their native land to a rather markedly new environment. The main focus will rest with the adult immigrants. One of the implications of this paper is that adults are continually undergoing the process of socialisation. Most of the identification studies assume that modelling after parents leads a child to resemble one or both parents. These studies usually look at a list of traits or characteristics of the parent and child to determine whether they are similar. If similar, the assumption is that the child used the parent as a model. The possibility exists that where there are similarities the parent and child have both been influenced by some outside source. Thus, the studies do not take into account the changes which occur in the adult. The immigrant does break away from the immigrant subculture in many respects and tends to become a part of the new culture. It seems evident that the theories of delinquency, which base the delinquency on the two-culture hypothesis, need re-examination. The data presented in this article indicate that possible impact of difference between the old and the new culture is diminished by the influences upon the adult in the new cultural system.

This paper considers the attitude of Roman Catholics in the United States of America towards family size and suggests that large family ideals are still being put forward by the Church in publications and periodicals. The second part of the paper considers the attitudes of American Roman Catholics towards family size and shows that though there are indications that Roman Catholics regard slightly larger families as ideal than do members of other religions, the difference is not now very great. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes patterns of immigration and absorption of immigrants. The process of immigration is a process of physical transition from one society to another involving considerable frustrations and giving rise to many social problem among immigrants. The research is conducted with assumptions that there are three main interdependent indices of adaptation and assimilation of immigrants within their new country : institutional integration, acculturation, and personal adjustment and integration of immigrants. The research paper examines some of these implicit assumptions in order to estimate their importance for a framework of comparative analysis, and suggests such a tentative framework. The paper then attempts to apply this framework to the analysis of concrete cases of migration and assimilation of immigrants. The types of pluralistic structures arising through the absorption of immigrants are determined by the immigrants' own motivations, by the demands made on them by the absorbing society, and by the possibilities open to them in that society.

This paper, though it deals with adult brain damaged patients, discusses a topic which is relative to the field of learning disabilities. Visual figure-ground discrimination, and aphasia-like problems are present in so many children who suffer with a learning handicap that this study and its findings, will be of interest to many researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relationship between emotional disturbance and discrimination. The idea that frustration, poor parent-child relationships, and extreme deprivation are behind prejudice and discrimination has led to studies of German dictator Adolf Hitler, the Nazis, and other racist groups. Research evidence stemming from studies of the authoritarian personality, rigidity, and other personality variables also lends support to this type of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the discriminatory behavior of a "normal group" in terms of their relationship to a cohesive, identifiable subculture, and the resultant restriction of their outgroup interactions. It is the author's belief that the insulation of subgroups in the pluralistic society provides a perhaps unwanted, but nevertheless powerful structure that fosters discriminatory behavior against outgroups. The degree of ethnic identification and integration was measured through responses to group membership and participation in ethnic customs and activities. It was assumed that the availability of opportunities for ethnic activities was evidence of a subculture structure.

The article discusses the chronological records of events regarding the source material on the conflict and politics occurred in Westminster. The assertions made by Mr. John Poulson to deprived the services of Mr. Reginald Maudling as a member of Conservative Shadow Cabinet. The government White Paper was published which proposed a devolved power-sharing of 78 member assembly for the protection of the individual against discrimination on political belief in Northern Ireland.

The article reports on Masculinity-Femininity scales. Masculinity-Femininity "scales," abbreviated MF, are found in several widely used psychological tests including the Strong Interest Blank and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the rationale for defining M F and to summarize the two statistical studies of it. There are two procedures possible in constructing an MF scale. One may either weight a given number of responses in such a way that they maximally discriminate the sexes, or one may search for entirely new responses which, when so weighted, will give some optimum discrimination. MF may be derived as the continuous variable which best represents the discrete variable, Male-Female. The mathematical problem of abstracting any test scale has a unique solution once the pool of discriminating responses has been chosen.

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This paper attempts to demonstrate certain sociological and cultural factors which have hitherto diverted the streams of European migration from tropical America to the temperate zones, namely, (1) folk misconceptions concerning the nutritive value of tropical foods and causal factors in diseases; (2) incompatibility of religions and political processes; (3) monopolistic land practices; (4) difficulty of communications; and (5) non-existence of the attractions embodied in the ‘agricultural? ladder.’ The conclusions suggest that only government-directed immigration of large-scale proportions and government-sponsored land development policies, such as are found in the Turén settlement, are feasible today. This is in contrast to the individualistic policies of the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this paper is to suggest that certain types of grouping are associated with radical and gradual types of assimilation and fusion. I will apply the distinction between the corporate and noncorporate group to the processes of ethnic regrouping. This distinction should serve to give a structural focus to studies of ethnic relations and thus will supplement the social psychological approaches. In the concluding section, in which the wider implications of corporateness are discussed, it will be seen that such a distinction will facilitate the comparison of ethnic groups with other types of groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies of prerecognition responses to tachistoscopically presented words have indicated that an individual is capable of discriminating among words or classes of words below the visual recognition thresholds of the specific words themselves. More recent theoretical and experimental papers have been concerned with offering alternative explanations for subception effects rather than with demonstrating their presence or absence. A. Binder points out that discrimination between classes of objects may occur at a lower threshold than the recognition of a specific object if the class characteristics have a lower threshold than those characteristics peculiar to a specific object. The number of appropriate verbal reports is usually limited-explicitly or implicitly-by a particular experimental design. Thus, a given report may represent an attempt to reconcile what was perceived with the type of response required by the experimental instructions. The results indicate that recognition of tachistoscopically presented words is not an all or none process, but that it proceeds along a gradient. Some characteristics of the words have lower thresholds than others and are recognized at shorter exposure times.

The article examines social process in integrating colored people in Great Britain. The colored population which in Great Britain settle in a number of her ports is affected by two main social processes. On the one hand are forces separating colored from white and integrating them into large discrete groupings. On the other, is the process integrating them with whites and dissolving the bonds which hold them together as a distinct unit. Accommodation and assimilation are used in reference to the process of integration, but sociologists do not always agree on the precise definition of these terms. Accommodation as used in this paper will mean social relationships, consciously organized for the purpose of resolving conflict and establishing a working agreement to enable divergent personalities, groups and cultures to engage in activities while contriving to retain their own characteristic traits. The two groupings here concerned will be called, for convenience, Moslem and Negro. Each grouping, although composed of different national and linguistic sub-groups, is bound together by a number of social and cultural ties. But the sub-groups retain their distinctiveness by their continual admission of new immigrants.

Between 1838 and 1926 some 239,567 Indians landed in British Guiana as officially recruited immigrants for work on the coastal sugar plantations. Most of them remained in the colony upon the expiry of their period of indentured labour, and to-clay their descendants constitute approximately 50 percent of the total population. The purpose of this article is to supplement the existing accounts of Indian emigration to British Guiana and elsewhere by summarising information extracted from the archives of the Immigration Agent General's Office, Georgetown, British Guiana. In this department there is preserved a collection of volumes of embarkation records pertaining to all indentured immigrants arriving in the colony between 1865 and 1917. Each record consists of a single sheet of paper containing a description of the personal characteristics of the emigrant and a certificate of fitness signed by the examining surgeon. The records were compiled at the embarkation centre in Calcutta or Madras and were carried by the master the vessel conveying the emigrants to British Guiana.

The article presents the author's reply to sociologists Joseph Lopreato and Janet Saltzman Chafetz. The author says that their distinction between "explanation" and "prediction" becomes a little esoteric. The acculturation theory, which is new to Lopreato and Chafetz, was proposed by sociologist Peter Blau and has been used by others. In response to their claim that the author's paper addresses itself to "an almost incidental part" of their two articles, the author reminds them of the titles of those articles: "Upward Social Mobility and Political Orientation," and "The Political Orientation of Skidders: a Middle-Range Theory." Lopreato and Chafetz do regret their inconsistent classification of one Republican from one article to another, but they do not mention the inconsistent classification of the Christian Democrats. Regarding the occupational status scale, it is unfortunate that the detailed information on each individual's occupation was not recorded in the data set. Lopreato and Chafetz are correct in their supposition that cognitive dissonance theory involves the resolution of two inconsistent cognition: the cognitive dissonance theory of mobility effects reasons that an individual, having perceived his personal success or failure in society relative to his father, will develop a generalized attitude toward the political system consistent with his personal experience.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to the migration that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "Talent That Won't Stay Put," by Walter Adams. The author of "The Brain Drain" attempts to present the facts about the brain drain and to raise serious questions about the conventional interpretation of these facts, emphasizing once more that the brain drain is a fascinatingly intricate movement which warrants far more clear- headed attention than it has heretofore received. Another paper discussed is "Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations," by Yehuda Amir. Research regarding the effects of inter-group contact on ethnic relations is reviewed. The investigations discussed include both intra-and cross-cultural studies involving contact between various ethnic groups. The principles and generalizations emerging from these studies are categorized under the following topics: opportunities for contact, the principle of equal status, contact with high-status representatives of a minority group, cooperative and competitive factors, casual versus intimate contact, institutional support, personality factors, and direction and intensity of initial attitude.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to various countries of the world that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "International Migration and Social Mobility: An Australian Case Study," R.T. Appleyard. This case study emphasizes the differential expectations and short-run achievements of two ethnic groups in Australia's immigration program by reporting the findings of two major research projects on emigration from Europe to Australia: British assisted families in 1959 and Greek single workers in 1965. Both projects were longitudinal in type, interviews with sampled emigrants before the departure for Australia probed their approach to the emigration threshold, how long they stayed there, what finally decided them to step across it, their socio-economic background and their expectations and knowledge of Australia. Another paper discussed is "Factors Related to Immigrant Assimilation: Pre-Migration Traits," by Jerold Heiss. Using Italian immigrants in Australia, an attempt is made to test the hypotheses: Pre-migration traits are associated with later assimilation because they affect the subjects' early post-migration opportunities, motivation and reward for learning the new culture. The data indicate that a number of the pre-migration traits are related to assimilation, but the factors mentioned do not seem to be the intervening variables.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a discussion of competitive and pressure resources which minority groups can use to force occupational opportunities were tested with data from the professional basketball leagues. Specifically, researchers tested whether Afro-Americans had equal opportunity in professional basketball or whether only superior black performers were permitted to compete, and whether the discrimination of this form was negatively related to the number of Afro-Americans in the SMSAs in which professional teams were located.

This paper presents an overview of national reports on Catholic migration. South Africa would seem to offer great possibilities for large scale immigration. There has been little recruiting overseas on the part of the South African government or other public authorities and the results seem to have been not too encouraging for either side. Some progress has been made in the care for the spiritual needs of Catholic German immigrations who have settled in Johannesburg and Pretoria area by the appointment of two German speaking priests with the assistance of the German hierarchy in terms of the Encyclica Exsul Familia. The information on newly arriving families to Argentina's parishes, which is sent by the central board, has created very important work in the parishes. Some of the parish priests not only visit the immigrants and keep in touch with them but have started to organize them. Migration Sunday is observed in every Catholic church through out Australia. During the past six years Australia has received migrants to the number of about 800,000. Of these great numbers are Catholics. The assimilation of migrants into the Australian way of life is necessarily slow and had to be cautiously approached. Emigration from Ireland to Great Britain presents many problems for attention. The Irish boy or girl grows up, however, in an atmosphere in which there is rarely need to engage in controversy in defence of religious beliefs and is, in a sense, unprepared for the non-Catholic environment to be encountered in the country of immigration.

The article presents response of the author on comments made by Kenneth P. Hadden on the article "Migration Attractiveness of Southern Metropolitan Areas" that was published in the September 1969 issue of the periodical "Social Science Quarterly." Hadden's criticism of great width, breadth, depth and scope does raise several salient questions. His exposition to the title of my effort to examine the net migration rates of Southern Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas' (SMSA) is crucial rather than semantical or trivial. Some, noting the paper's claim that it sought one possible route to explanation of the factors associated with the patterns of net migration might think it obvious migration attractiveness was operationalized by self-definition in terms of its measure. Hadden has evidently penetrated behind this veneer to the study's philosophical and theoretical underpinnings and recognized that the actual objective must have been to study migration attractiveness sui generis rather than to assess the importance of various characteristics of SMSA units on the size, rate, and direction of the net migration patterns of these areas between 1950 and 1960. I stipulate to what Hadden styles an atheoretical orientation in failing to make the theoretical rationale explicit.

This article focuses on causes of crime of native born individuals of European immigrants. This higher crime rate of the native born of foreign stock has been generally attributed to the fact that the cultural guides of their parents' social heritage have been swept from them in their strange new turbulent environment and those of the new cultural milieu have not yet been instilled in them. The purpose of this paper is to analyze somewhat critically this general thesis. To do so, certain widely accepted remarks concerning urban and rural crime rates are presented as a basis for discussion. Many criminologists have observed the marked disparity in crime rates between urban and rural districts. The European immigrant, landing on American shores, was forced to find cheap lodgings as he was usually penniless. Anti-social behavior first becomes evident in the delinquencies of predatory boy gangs. Boys naturally tend to play with other boys. Behavior patterns organized in the former were carried over into and accentuated by the latter. Sons, both of native and foreign born stocks, made this promotion from juvenile delinquent to adult offender with equal facility.

In this paper three orientations were distinguished: monism, interactionism, and pluralism, but the last was held by only a few of the subjects. Interactionism, which advocates that immigrants and host group should tolerate each other and should gradually converge as a result of interaction, was more often preferred to monism, which advocates complete assimilation as quickly as possible. Monism among Australians was higher for males than for females and was associated with unfriendly attitudes towards immigrants. Among immigrants, monism was associated with being more highly assimilated and with being intolerant of ambiguity. The evidence suggests that monism is more likely to be a result of assimilation than a cause of it. A study was also made of the mutual perceptions of' the orientation of Australians, of British, and of non-British immigrants. These perceptions and misperceptions reflect the attitudes of the subjects towards these groups, per ceived interactionism being a sign of a favourable attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the analysis of ethnic relations the concept of "impact" is proposed instead of assimilation or acculturation in that it carries with it a connotation of collision and forced intanglement. The "impact" of Italians and American Catholicism is discussed with a consideration of the adjustive responses of the Italian migrants. It is hypothesized that out of a negative aspect of the impact comes a positive Italian influence on American Catholicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a pilot study conducted in a settlement in South East England, as part of a research project on the sociological aspects of expanded settlements. The purpose of the article is to look at the process of assimilation of newcomers into expanded settlements and to discuss the meaning of assimilation in small-scale societies. The author discusses the role of conflict in producing a cohesive structure or in enabling the newcomers to identify with a part, at least, of the expanded settlement. The rapid expansion of settlements surrounding London since the Second World War has provided an opportunity for those interested in rapid social change to examine novel aspects of small-scale societies. Various writers have pointed out the need for an adequate conceptual framework with which to understand the distinctive social situation in order to relate the data available for villages in more remote areas. The author points out that giving the new residents of settlement opportunities to fight external authorities may originally engender the feelings of community.

The article reports on the conflicting forces in African American progress. Coming from Africa some two hundred and fifty years ago, in a condition of almost stark nakedness--both from a physical and a cultural standpoint--the African American has achieved truly remarkable results in the assimilation of the white man's civilization. Endowed with an elasticity of temperament and a light-heartedness that cannot be crushed, the black man in the U.S., in the face of untold oppression and prejudice, has gained, through the institution of slavery, the greatest language in the world and the most satisfying religion in existence. Recent developments in African American life, however, reveal tendencies to use this imitativeness in a way that some African American and probably many whites believe does not make for the betterment and progress of the race, namely, the attempt to obliterate the physical characteristics of the African American. That there is some substantial opposition, however, to the practice of obliterating racial characteristics is plainly evident in the African American press in certain quarters.

This article offers recommendations for the study of minority groups. Relatively little is gained by their classification according to external characteristics into ethnic, culture, language, racial, religious, etc., groups. A better understanding of individual social systems and sub-systems of this type can probably be reached by classifying them according to true sociological categories such as relative closure. In this respect it should be found that one and the same group will at different stages of its development conform with different sociological types. Furthermore, in some cases religious, ethnic or racial groups can be legitimately grouped together, while in others the fact that several minorities are being classified as, let us say, ethnic groups does not indicate that they belong to the same sociological category. The possibility should be kept in mind that at times populations which are conventionally considered as social groups of the type discussed in this paper do not at sill represent real functioning social systems, but that reference is actually being made to status categories within a given social system. It is not permissible to treat groups of immigrants as if they were simply fractions of the peoples from which they are derived since they may be, and often are, the result of secondary group formations due to conditions prevailing in the new social environment rather than in the old country.

The purpose of this paper is a comparison of the concepts of assimilation as defined by several American sociologists in the last two decades with the actual process of assimilation. This analysis will involve the discussion of three main points regarding assimilation: (1) differences in definitions of the concept; (2) differences in definitions of kindred concepts, and the consequent effects on the definition of assimilation; (3) differences between the definitions of the concept and the actual process of assimilation. Two decades ago sociologist Sarah E. Simons considered assimilation that process of adjustment and accommodation which occurs between the members of different races, if their contact is prolonged and if the necessary psychic conditions are present. The result is group homogeneity to a greater or less degree. According to sociologists Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess, assimilation is one of the four major categories of social behavior, the others being conflict, competition, and accommodation.

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The article presents the author's reply to comments made by M. Manis on his paper "Own Attitude As an Anchor in Equal-Appearing Intervals." It suggests that the bilateral displacements specified by the assimilation-contrast model imply a nonlinear regression of item values on the control scale values for each group of judges. The judgmental data of each of the groups in the experiment are contained in the data of the control group, producing an element of spuriousness in the linear correlations of table 1. It argues that most of the literature in what may be called social judgment refers to influences on reference scale origin.

The article presents information on various research papers related to migration of ethnic groups, published in an earlier issue of the journal "International Migration Review". "Religious Problems of Migrants," by H.G. Aerts is concerned with the problems brought about by the fact that, as a consequence of the large-scale migration, a great many religious traditions are now represented in Australia. "Professional on the Move," by R. W. Fisher is a report on emigration of skilled, trained workers from developing countries. "China's Minority Nationalities in the Cultural Revolution" reconsiders the question of nationalities within the cultural revolution. It examines divergent opinions within the government regarding immediate and total assimilation. "Immigration and Factionalism: An Analysis of Factions in Rural Israeli Communities of Immigrants," by Moshe Shokeid presents some findings of a research project in Israel which tried to reconstruct and analyze the history and conditions under which factions first emerged and then disappeared in two newly created communities of immigrants in the course of ten years.

The differing experiences of the hard-core black and the white manager and how these differences relate to integrating the hard-core black into the organization forms the basis for this article. The article is based upon findings of industry research covering: the supervisor's conflicting demands, the lack of higher management involvement, the hard-core black's unrealized dreams, and the potential of black power and confrontation tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various research papers published in the earlier issue of the journal " International Migration Review." Some of the research papers are, "The Jews in Russia," by Edy Kauman. The article shows that the discrimination Jews suffer in the Soviet Union today is more subtle but not less real than the Tzars' persecutions or Stalin's manifest anti-Semitism, and is an integral part of Russia's opposition to the state of Israel. "Economic Aspects in the Urbanization Process," by E. Ruzaxina; "Equality of Nationalities in the USSR: The Case of Central Asia," by A.Sheehy; "Alien Criminal Defendent: An Examination of Immigration Law Principles for Criminal Practice," by D.B. Wexier.

Social and familial correlates of self-esteem (SE), in relation to tribal acculturation, were Investigated in 72 American Indian reservation children who had shown highly significant negative SE relative to Anglo norms. Ss were 34 Miccosukee and 38 Seminole children and their mothers (N = 32), all of the same ethnolinguistic group. Results indicated that although the tribes did not differ in socialization practices, both mothers and children in the less acculturated, more socially intact tribe (Miccosukee) had significantly higher SE than more acculturated (Seminole) counter-parts. Across tribes, (a) girls were significantly higher in SE and perceived parental love than boys, and (b) daughters' SE was positively correlated with maternal SE, and sons' SE with perceived love. Findings were discussed in terms of the interaction of familial and sociocultural variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From time immemorial Jewish tribal exclusiveness among dominant societal groups has resulted in various forms of conflict determined by the social situation. The critical force involved has been the group's peculiar resistance to social assimilation. Different social systems react differently to the persistence of this trait. The caste system of India, for example, would hardly notice it. But capitalist culture, which originated in the European medieval city, has constantly resisted it; that culture is basically assimilationist. American Negroes, in their opposition to racism, have relied mainly on the ideology of assimilation, These two divergent tendencies have come into collision recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was prompted by concern as to the validity of current procedures for identifying the perceptually deficient child, for providing him training in perceptual skills and for understanding the concept of perceptual deficiency. Seventy children (41 boys, 29 girls) of kindergarten age from the lower socioeconomic classes were studied. Thirty-five children were administered the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test and were then required to perform a discrimination task using these same forms. For the other 35 subjects, these tasks were performed in reverse order. Results showed that performance on one task was not related to performance on the other. It was possible for a child to discriminate forms well and still obtain a score on the Bender which indicated "perceptual" difficulties and vice versa. It would be highly questionable to subject a child, labeled as having perceptual problems, to remedial tasks requiring visual discrimination in the service of perceptual training if, in fact, he can perform this kind of task quite well. The authors discuss both the validity and the educational usefulness of perceptual deficit as a global concept and suggest that labeling of this kind may impede our understanding of the child's problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient information has accumulated to indicate that there is frequently a positive relationship between functional mental retardation and linguistic conflicts where speakers use standard English and auditors use nonstandard English. in order to negate the effects of this relationship, phonological, grammatical, and lexical interferences must be reduced between subculturally different teachers or clinicians and children. Ear training methodologies are suggested that provide for auditory contrastive analysis or bidialectal teaching. The inappropriateness of conventional auditory discrimination testing and training programs is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male and female college students either performed (engaged in trial-and-error behavior, with knowledge of results following each response) or observed another student's performance in a discrimination learning situation, under either social (performer and observer together in one booth) or isolate (performer and observer in separate, yoked booths) conditions. Female college students showed reliably less learning over trials tinder the social condition than under the isolate condition, also less than male students working under either social or isolate conditions. These results were independent of whether the students were performing or observing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was used to compare native with nonnative students at the University of Alaska. Mean scale scores of natives were more deviant than scores of nonnative Alaskans, which were in turn more deviant than scores of United States college groups tested elsewhere. Subgroups of natives were ranked from the most to the least deviant group based on mean scale scores and a profile analysis technique: males, Aleuts > Eskimos > Indians; females, Aleuts > Indians > Eskimos. It is suggested that the differences among groups may reflect the degree of acculturation into United States society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on Negro discrimination in the United States. It is claimed that the failure on the part of the average American to "recognize" the deviation between societal values in the U.S. and practices is the primary basis for Negro discrimination. Author Gunnar Myrdal's concept "recognition" implies that, in practice, a rational man cannot logically hold two sets of values, one for the white man and other for the Negro. It appears that his rational approach may be based on his early training as an economist. If carried to its logical conclusion, it may lead to automation, itself denying the distinctiveness of the individual through stereotyping, thereby eliminating the rational man for lack of a yardstick. Another indication that Myrdal has been influenced by economics is the hedonistic psychology which is in perfect accord with the rational man. Finally, "recognition" may be positive or negative with varying positions between these two extremes and a position taken by a group is determined by individual attitudes or social mores, both interacting to change one means to alter the other.

Criteria and procedures employed in designing a TAT series for an African people, the Swazi, originally nonliterate but now in process of assimilating Western culture, have been presented. Major aims were (a) to make this material available to others faced with the task of designing TA T series for use with special groups, and (b) to provoke a wider discussion of problems of TAT design than has hitherto appeared in the literature. In this connection it was submitted that the basic principles involved were applicable whether the intended subjects were literate or nonliterate, Western or non-Western in culture. (The only limiting condition would be that the subjects must have learned to interpret a fairly flexible style of graphic representation.) Two somewhat special features of the research project for which the pictures were designed Lad to be allowed for: (a) the culture of the subjects was in process of rapid and radical modification through contact with Western culture and (b) the actual subjects themselves were divided into two groups, one maximally and one minimally acculturated. Allowance for these factors in the designing if the series incidentally renders it applicable to many other African groups in Southern Africa, particularly when the setting of the investigation is urban. A review of published TAT series and the literature relating to the designing of these was held to reveal two general approaches to problems of design, one primarily concerned with the elicitation of highly spontaneous fantasy and the other with canvassing specific areas of personality. The latter approach was adopted in the present case. Thirteen criteria formulated to govern the designing of the series were presented and discussed, together with a brief outline of the procedures by which the pictures were tested and the final series selected. It was suggested that: a promising line for future development in picture design would be to use a systematic theoretical frame of reference to define the areas of personality to be investigated and to design pictures to tap these as precisely as possible. In this connection it was felt that experimentation with the calculated use of symbolism, as originally recommended by Murray, might have much to contribute. In conclusion, it may be well to raise the question of whether a TAT series such as the one described here actually results in producing a greater quantity, superior quality, or more selective range of fantasy than a series inure casually designed. Clearly, what is needed is rigorous experimentation with carefully controlled groups of subjects, using TAT series designed on sharply contrasted and highly explicit principles. It is submitted that this is a promising and important field of investigation-one, even, in which problems such as those of interpretation, hitherto tackled elsewhere, might well be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal investigators of acculturation have been anthropologists. They study the old society as it presumably existed before contact with an outside or new society; the conditions of the contact; and the effects of the contact. Psychological theory and techniques can be of assistance in connection with the third phase. The assistance can be most efficiently rendered by concentrating upon the problem of explaining why some people in a society learn and others reject new modes of behavior. A pilot study conducted in three African societies (The Ganda in Uganda, the Luo in Kenya, and the Zulus in South Africa) has been summarized in order to demonstrate some of the fruitful hypotheses which can be formulated and some of the difficulties which are encountered when an effort is made to determine whether there are very general psychological predispositions associated with contact. The contact variables used in this report are education and leadership. Samples of adult males from each society were drawn as carefully as conditions permitted. Through an interpreter each informant was given a two-hour schedule which consisted of direct and projective questions and a small battery of tests. The results are presented in terms of trends. The education variable is more discriminating than the leadership one. Eight of the nine hypotheses tend to be verified in one or more of the societies. The principal reasons for failing to obtain more dramatic results are offered in order to suggest how future psychological research in the area of acculturation can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasoning processes of an individual may often be modified by under- lying viewpoints which may or may not agree with the opinions he expresses overtly. These distortions of reasoning may be used as an index of the underlying opinions of respondents. The evidence for the validity of this procedure has been set forth in preceding articles published elsewhere; this study is an attempt to apply the method to determine how a particular group of students feel about certain Japanese characteristics. The four issues studied were assimilability of the Japanese into American society, eye inferiority of the Japanese, trustworthiness of the Japanese, and Japanese cruelty. Our study seems to warrant the following conclusions: 1. Our respondents show but a slight tendency to reject the statement that the Japanese are not assimilable into American society and, at the same time, manifest no confusion of thinking on this issue. 2. Our respondents overtly express a disbelief that the eyes of the Japanese are inferior to those of other races and show that they are not emotionally prejudiced about this issue. 3. The students who took this test show considerable distortion in their thinking about the untrustworthiness of the Japanese. Whereas in a control syllogism, where the issues were altogether unemotional, they showed considerable preference for a statement which was equivalent to the proposition that "None of the Japanese are trustworthy"; in a syllogism which openly expressed this opinion they tended to reject it in favor of the more tempered opinion that "Some of the Japanese are not trustworthy." 4. Our students tend to avoid a direct judgment about the cruelty of the Japanese. In a control syllogism they favored a conclusion which would be equivalent to saying that "80 per cent of the Japanese are cruel"; whereas in the syllogism which dealt directly with the issue of Japanese cruelty they swung toward the conclusion that "No logical conclusion can be drawn from the given statements." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative study of the assimilation, IQ, and age of groups of Indian girls divided on the basis of two-thirds majority attendance at public or other type of Indian school. The two groups of girls were equated on the basis of degree of Indian blood. The results of this study reveal several interesting information. It was found that there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of assimilation score. The scale shows a reliable differentiation between the quarter degree Indian group and the full blood Indian group, the quarter degree showing a much higher degree of assimilation than the full blood Indian group. Also, there is a significant difference between the upper and lower groups in intelligence in assimilation score. The more intelligent girls seem to be correspondingly more assimilated. When degree of blood and age are worked out partially there seems to be some relationship between degree of intelligence and degree of assimilation. This relationship does not necessarily indicate causal relationship however.

The article examines the influence of sudden oppression on a racial minority. In the article, the author focuses the discussion around the German Jewry group. While other groups have grown up as racial minorities and are thus more or less adjusted to their situation, this group has been more or less integrated and assimilated, and has later become the object of sudden oppression. German Jewry can be regarded as a single group since 1933 in so far as its members were subjected to similar experiences after the onset of discrimination. The members of this group were mostly recruited from families, which had been assimilated for at least two or three generations. Their attitude toward the other Jewish groups was uninterested or neutral. They often exaggerated or overemphasized their patriotism and loyalty to Germany, both traits probably indicating a certain remainder of insecurity concerning their position and a desire to stress the fact of their assimilation. The first principal effect of the beginning of discrimination of the group was economic oppression.