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With a view to ascertaining the optimum number of stand-by systems, this paper derives the expected cost function for operating n independent systems for a time period of length t, with s spare systems available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of a static comparator which responds to asynchronous conditions in a power system, by measuring the mean angular velocity between the e.m.f.'s of the system generators. The comparator initiates reestablishment of synchronism by disconnecting a selected number of machines or by effecting out of step tripping of a selected link in the power system, only when the measured angular velocity exceeds the critical angular velocity of the electro transmission.
This paper describes the development of a static comparator which responds to asynchronous conditions in a power system by measuring the mean angular velocity between the e.m.f.'s of the system generators. The comparator makes use of logic gates with transistor circuits which have proved to be very reliable for use in the design of control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a few sampling techniques for the measurement of the severity of synchronizing swings in comparison with tho phase angle and power factor in a power system. The techniques are based on the principle of amplitude and phase anglo comparison. The measurement is done in a static circuitry by comparing tho system voltage with the voltage at the generating end (or current for phase angle measurement) and the output is fed to a slave device which takes tho required action.
A few sampling methods are described here. The output from any of these schemes described above can be fed directly to the sensitive polarized relay. The relay can be used for disconnection of some machines at stations 1 or 2 upon above schemes since, in recent years, transistors and their currents have proved to be very reliable for use in the design of control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the energy crisis. The term 'energy crisis' has served as a convenient layman's term for encompassing a wide variety of society's concerns with the energy situation. The author states that a coherent and long-range program to plan and manage the national and international energy systems is needed to address the crisis. Energy systems consist of a complex of interlocked activities, including fuel resources, the distribution of these fuels, the distribution of electricity generated from these fuels, and finally the many end uses of energy.

The application of the utility-maximization hypothesis to decision-making within private and political business firms appears to be very fruitful. Several testable propositions were deduced, and a critical review of the published evidence pertaining to the electric power industry generally supports the approach taken. The main findings pertaining to the electric power industry are as follows. The regulation of privately-owned firms seems to yield, among other things, a slightly lower structure of rates which is more favorable to the larger users, and to industrial users in particular, relative to other, more numerous user groups. There is also growing support for the Averch-Johnson overcapitalization hypothesis. The information regarding the consequences of government ownership is richer and more varied, particularly as a result of Peltzman's imaginative research. More specifically, the evidence suggests that municipal firms, relative to privately-owned regulated firms, in general will: charge lower prices; have greater capacity; spend more on plant construction; have higher operating costs; engage in less wealth-maximizing price discrimination, including fewer peak-related tariffs; relate price discrimination less closely to the demand and supply conditions applicable to each group of users; favor business relative to residential users; offer a smaller variety of output; change prices less frequently and in response to larger changes in economic determinants; adopt cost-reducing innovations less readily; maintain managers in office longer; exhibit greater variation in rates of return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the block schematic of the transistor frequency detectors. Impact of negative pulses on monostable multivibrator; Determination of the frequency of the input electrical quantity; Measurement of the average value of the voltage.