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Papermaking apparently originated in China about two centuries before the Christian Era. Arabs learned the art in the eighth century and diffused it along North Africa, whence it spread into Spain in the twelfth century, into Italy in the thirteenth, and into France either near the beginning or near the middle of the fourteenth century. Around 1700 the French economy was in the middle of a protracted period of stagnation, and the paper industry was especially depressed. Several intendants stated at that time that papermaking had greatly declined over the past two decades, and the newly established Council of Trade learned from the survey it ordered in 1701 that the number of active mills was everywhere much smaller than formerly. Most of the evidence the author has sketched in this article reveals a direct correlation between the industry's expansion and the relaxation of direct governmental controls in France. After recovering from a long period of depression at the end of the seventeenth century, papermaking perhaps doubled its output between 1720 and 1789, with most of the growth coming after 1750.

Wright's model for the effects of random fluctuations in gene frequency in a population of fixed size is generalized to randomly fluctuating population size, and treated from the viewpoint of G. Malécot, using a martingale convergence theorem. The gene frequency approaches a limit, whose value depends on the actual realization, or history, of the process; that is, convergence is with probability one (or: almost surely) in statistical language. The limit does not necessarily represent a state of fixation of either allele; in particular, the limiting probability distribution is not necessarily trivial. For the special case of deterministically varying population size, a necessary and sufficient condition for such non-triviality is given.

The article discusses researches conducted by economists Paul A. David, Warren J. Scoville and Earl J. Hamilton. Researcher Stanley Engerman in his discussion on David's article suggests that his article represents the most thorough study in the debate concerning American economic growth between 1800 and 1840. It is based both on new time series not previously utilized and upon the resourceful application of available data to clarify certain key points. Another researcher Ross M. Robertson while discussing Scoville's article finds his article on the whole persuasive. Robertson certainly has no quarrel with his quantitative inferences, nor for that matter with his description of French governmental regulation in the eighteenth century. He was not altogether convinced of the direct correlation between the paper industry's expansion and the relaxation of direct governmental controls that Scoville alleges. Perhaps Scoville's more extended publications on this subject will elucidate this relationship.

The article focuses on the state of the press in Switzerland. It notes the changes taking place in the field of mass communication, which is evident in the emergence of mass communication studies on Swiss press problems in a development that concurred with the trend towards self-examination noticeable in press circles. It mentions that the first popular-type paper "Blick" published in 1959 garnered violent reactions in the German-language editorial offices. It says that the success of "Blick" have resulted to several consequences: general-information papers have started personalizing their information, simplified editorial language, and a revival of business sense in press circles. It explores the effect of the changes to the French-language and German language press in the country.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at a meeting of the Continental European Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Strasbourg, France from September 12-13, 1964, including "Electronic Instrumentation Recording Vibrations from the Temporomandibular Joint," "Pulp and Collagen Preservation in Egyptian Mummies," and "The Development of Human Dental Pulp on the Chorioallantois of Embryo Eggs."

The article throws light on the psychology of attitudes and gives insight into one aspect of newspaper behavior. An analysis of the rumors regarding communist leader Joseph Stalin's real or pretended illness in thirty newspapers in Paris, France revealed that the papers tended to publish rumors that arced with their political attitudes. Anti-communist papers published rumors stressing Stalin's illness and a crisis in Russia; communist papers ignored the subject or carried rumors denying the illness and crisis. Studies such as this might be used as a test for listing and grouping papers according to their political attitudes. Studies have been made repeatedly showing that the news content of newspapers is influenced by their editorial political attitudes. Less attention has been paid to the question of susceptibility to editorial manipulation. The collection of all rumor echoes in daily newspapers was undertaken during a period of four months. All news items, which had a particular character of vagueness, lack of authority regarding their source or outright improbability, were included regardless of whether or not rumor as a source was specifically mentioned.

Highlights the Third European Weed Research Council Symposium on New Herbicides held in 1969 in Paris, France. Papers on herbicides submitted at the symposium.

The article discusses loan evaluation in France with commentary on the paper "Financial and Statistical Analysis for Commercial Loan Evaluation: A French Experience" by Edward I. Altman, Michel Margaine, Michel Schlossur, and Pierre Vernimmen. A troubled sector of France is examined in this paper to aid in the development of a model which determines the credit worthiness of commercial loan applicants. Traditional financial statement analysis and statistical analysis are combined during the research.

The article presents discussion by various sociologists during the fourth working session of the First World Congress for Rural Sociology held in Dijon, France. Sociologist Antonio M. Arce from Costa Rica briefly commented on Pakistani sociologist A.M. Khan's paper entitled "Impact of changes in agriculture on political life in Asia". These comments refer to three different aspects of the paper and are expected to stimulate discussions from the audience. The paper tries to analyse the dynamic relationship between agricultural development efforts and political ferment in Asia and how this interdependence relates to the residues of Western colonialism and the emergence of Russian and Chinese communism. Another sociologist R. Bičanič from Yugoslavia discussed about the interference of politics in sociology. He also discussed the point dealing with the revival of rural sociology in socialist countries, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The rural exodus linked with accelerated industrialization has become so intense that agriculture is threatened with a depleted labour force, and this leads to a policy of income parity with industrial workers for agricultural producers also which may have wider political implications.

During and after the first World War, France, like many other belligerents, failed to meet her current budgetary expenditure from the revenues arising from taxation. The result of the inflation created many problems for the business man. Depending upon the attitude one holds with reference to the quantity theory of money, inflation either created these problems through its effect in bringing about a very rapid increase in prices, or these problems, created by other economic processes, than by action on prices, finally resulted in a marked increase in prices. French accounting theoreticians had the advantage of the earlier German experience and some of the new accounting methods proposed were but adaptations of German inflation accounting theory and practice. The elaboration of these methods by both French and German accounting theorist constitutes a definite contribution to general accounting theory. An understanding of the principles involved may help in settling some of the controverted questions of principle which attract the attention of accountants.

Presents an overview of the International Study Meeting on Selective Weed Control in Sugar Beet Crops in Paris, France on March 9 to 10, 1967. Information on commercial and state-sponsored organizations that participated in the meeting; Factors which influence the efficiency of herbicides; Overview of discussion papers presented during the meeting.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

This article reports on the Fourth International Colloquium on the ecology and biology of weeds held in the University of Provence in Marseille, France from September 18 to 20, 1973. There were 95 participants, representing 15 different nationalities. The first two days were devoted to the formal presentation of papers and the third to a botanical and ecological excursion to the Camargue. One of these papers is by Becker and Guyot which gave details of a survey of the viable weed seeds occurring in soil under different cropping systems in southern areas of France. There were two papers about tropical weeds, one on the weed flora of coffee and cocoa plantations and the other on the biology and incidence of Eupatorium africanum in West Africa. The papers on individual species included one on Sinapis chieranthus which occurs sporadically as a weed in southern areas of Sologne. The botanical excursion in September 20 was conducted by Professor Deleuil of the Botany Department in the University. Many of the interesting plants to be found in that region were seen and some of man's drastic recent developments too, such as building up of industry and digging of drainage channels, which are beginning to have ecological effects upon the area. The flamingos, the wild white horses and the black cattle used in the bull fights were all seen in the protected natural areas.

The article offers news briefs related to the study of French history. The XIth International Congress of the Historical Sciences was held in Stockholm, Sweden from August 21-28, 1960. In the sessions of the International Commission for the History of State Assemblies two papers dealing with the history of France were presented. In 1960 a considerable number of Americans active in the field of French history were in Paris, France. The 1961 Conference of Society for French Historical Studies is planned to be held in Princeton.

This article compares the efficiency of the coal-fired steam-generated electricity in Great Britain, the U.S. and France in 1970. The authors selected this industry for close examination because it had experienced rapid technological progress, its output is homogeneous and the data available are comparatively good. They found that the average level and rate of growth of fuel productivity in Great Britain industry were less than in France and in the U.S. The authors were careful to state, however, that technological backwardness was not the only interpretation of this result. They were aware that partial productivity measures could be very misleading because the contribution of other inputs, particularly capital, is ignored. Furthermore, this paper shows that the percentage increase in output in Great Britain from 1949-63 was higher than that in France and in the U.S., while the percentage increase in capital, measured by generating capacity, was much lower than in France or the US. This difference could be interpreted as implying that the productivity of capital in Great Britain industry was rising relatively to that in France and in the U.S. and thus that the industry in Great Britain was technologically forward. However, there are other interpretations, because capital productivity is also a partial measure of productivity. Thus, this paper suggests that there is a need a measure of productivity which reflects the simultaneous influence of all inputs and output and a production function provides such a measure. This article also estimates production functions for this industry.

A number of studies have been carried out in different countries for the right of women to participate in the life of their community and to assemble information on the problems of minority groups in the larger national community. This article helps to focus on the attention of social scientists on problems they can tackle in common and may prepare the way for joint research. Two reports were presented on the attempts to compare survey findings from some countries. The first was an analysis of data on strategies of influence in different countries and the other was the comparison of data on active participants in France. U.S. Recruiter Mattei Dogan's paper focuses on salient features of party systems in France and Italy. A study was reported on the importance of mass media for the less committed voters in the Federal Republic of Germany. The results of a series of studies of leisure use in Finland and an analysis of differences in community participation was summarized. A detailed study on the growth of home-centeredness in Britain was reported. An extensive research program was launched in 1960 to throw light on the political processes in the Federal Republic.

The article discusses the studies related to personal psychology in France. It mentions that several periodicals in France featured issues related to applied psychology which prove that French psychologists were also concern on developing studies and criterion that would define the intelligence and behavior of French people. It states that French psychologists use several methods in their experimental tests including pencil and paper tests, vocabulary tests and accentuation tests. It says that French also have problems in grammatical rules, which is correlated with knowledge.

The article presents information on features of Bank of France policy. One of the purposes in forming the Bank of France in 1800 was to make credit generally available at low rates of interest. The Bank admitted that it rationed credit in periods of tight money but it insisted that despite accusations to the contrary, that it administered rationing impartially. The rate of 5 per cent, established in the fall of 1814, was continued until June 1, 1819, for one-month paper and until February 1, 1820, for longer paper. Periodically the suggestion was made in the Bank parlors that the discount rate be changed, but the Bank officials developed a theory to justify a stable rate. After many months of discussions on whether to reduce the Bank rate, a rise in the market rate settled the issue and according to Bank officials demonstrated the wisdom of long deliberations. It was suggested that a reduction of the Bank rate would attract more and better bills and would be advantageous to the stockholders as well as to the public.

This article discusses the educational sociology of sociologist Émile Durkheim. It is the purpose of this paper to outline some ideas of Durkheim on education and to show how they are closely linked with his sociological thought. It can be no more than an introduction to a subject upon which the writer is preparing a more substantial work. None of the educational writings of Durkheim has yet been published in England. In fact most of them were only published posthumously in France. Some notes on the most important of them are given at the end of this paper. The majority of them were prepared in the form of lectures and are listed in order of the dates on which the course was first given and not according to the date of publication which is separately recorded. There are many lectures still existing in manuscript form. It was thought best to give quotations in the following pages in English and the translations are those of the writer except where otherwise noted as coming from existing translations. Moreover, this paper will conclude with a brief outline of four major functions of educational sociology which are based on practical principles in line with Durkheim's methodology. These functions are the determination of the present social facts of education and their sociological function, determination of the relation of education to social and cultural change, comparative sociology of education and the study of the school itself as a social group and in relation to other social groups.

On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

On the basis of interviews with French civil servants the article investigates the controversial question of whether the extensive administrative rule making in the Fourth Republic has limited pressure group influence or whether the direct impact of the groups has impinged on administrative autonomy. It is found that the group-bureaucracy relationship differs from agency to agency, but also that certain administrative patterns quite generally increase the access of organized interests to authoritative decision making. The search for developing standards by which to determine "the public interest" has been affected by the postwar civil service reforms and by the progressive amalgamation of the public and the private sector of the economy. The paper concludes with an examination of the corporatist and technocratic implications of certain new concepts of administrative responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the First World Congress for Rural Sociology, which took place in August 1964 at Dijon. The number of papers, submitted to this Congress, was far greater than that received for the Third Congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology in 1962 at St. Wolfgang. Therefore it is impossible to publish, the complete written material. Full texts are included of main papers and papers of prepared discussants only. Of the regional papers the summaries are given. The discussions are reported in the languages used by the participants during the meetings. Some of the regional papers will appear in full text in later issues of this Journal, others will be submitted to other journals in the field. Of the regional papers the summaries are given. The discussions are reported in the languages used by the participants during the meetings.

This article reports on a Symposium on Herbicides and the Soil. The symposium which was organized by the European Weed Research Council in association with Le Comité Français de Lutte Contre les Mauvaises Herbes was held in Versailles, France from December 10 to 11, 1973. The program comprised the following sessions: Physical properties of the soil. Adsorption and leaching techniques. Herbicides and plant diseases. Biodegradation of herbicides and other factors affecting persistence. Use of simulation models in herbicide research. Group discussions on: herbicides, chemical weed control and soil properties; adsorption and leaching techniques; biodegration of herbicides and plant diseases; use of computation models. The session on physical soil properties comprises of four papers dealing with the relationships between one or more soil properties, the sorption of herbicides and factors affecting adsorptive capacity on soil-colloids. Emphasis is given to interaction between soil components and the way in which aggregated soil-constituents largely determine the accessibility of the herbicide. The papers presented at the symposium provide a considerable body of fundamental knowledge contributing to a better understanding of the complex problem of herbicide-soil behavior.

The article offers information on several meetings related to management sciences. An International Symposium on Long Range Planning for Management will be held in Paris, France, September 20-24, 1965. The Third Annual Conference of the Computer Personnel Research Group will be held in Saint Louis, Missouri on June 17-18, 1695. The first International Conference on Programming and Control will be held in Colorado, April 15-16, 1965.

The article presents information on the proceedings of the International Scientific Commission on the Family's second international seminar that was held in Rennes, France during April 10-13, 1969. The central theme was "The Images and Counter-Images of Young Families." Participants who presented their papers during the seminar included: Clio Presvelou, John Mogey and Bernard Farber.

Focuses on the topics discussed during the Second Symposium on New Herbicides held in the Maison de la Chimie in Paris, France, on November 30 and December 1, 1965. Properties of the phenylureides of benzoic acid; Killer of germinating grass weeds; Developments in the dinitrophenol group of herbicides.

Focuses on the Dreyfus affair in France and the foreign press. Trial and acquittal of Major Charles Walsin Esterhazy on charges that he was the real traitor in the affair; Emile Zola's trial for criminal libel; Role of the English paper 'Daily News.'

Discusses conflicts over rural political participation in the context of the French Revolution. Attitudes toward rural political participation, particularly of those of the 'Feuille villageoise,' a newspaper written especially for the villagers; Issues raised by the paper.

The article focuses on the negotiations of the Franco-Belgium military accord of 1920. The military relations of France and Belgium were of utmost importance because their joint power could be used as a defense against Germany. When the Franco-Belgium military accord was signed on October 27, 1920, it brought with it a storm of protests from anti-militarist Socialists like Flemings and others. With the increasing intensity of the protests, the accord was cancelled and it was decided that a policy which is solely and exclusively Belgian was required to govern the military affairs in Belgium.

This article presents information on public rules for private accounting in France in 1673 and 1807. As per the rules of Ordinance of 1673 some designated classes of `business men were required to "keep books." Public regulation, "on paper" at least, extended to the making of rules as to the books to be kept, forms to be observed in the making of entries, authentication by a public official as a means to the prevention of the crudest kind of falsifications, the making of periodic inventories, and the preservation of correspondence. The rules for authentication of the books of exchange dealers and bankers pear a little more strict than those for the authentication of the books of tradesmen and merchants. However as per the accounting rules of commercial code 1807 every business man was required to have a journal which presents day by day his accounts receivable and payable, the operations of his business, acceptances and endorsements of commercial paper, and in general everything which he receives and pays, under whatever head it may be.

The article presents several miscellaneous information related to political economy. The sixth volume of book "Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science" will include a collection of papers on the history of cooperation in the U.S. A report on bimetallic legislation in Europe has been submitted to the U.S. State Department by the U.S. Senate. A finance report from the U.S. Secretary of Treasury informs about the use of surplus in the purchase of government bonds. The French government has released the measures by which it has effected conversion of the French Franc.

The article reports on the research functions of the Atomic Development Authority(ADA). The papers presented by Australia, Britain, U.S., Canada, Poland and France suggest that research concerned with bombs or radioactive poisons should be confined to the laboratories of the ADA. Sir Charles Darwin proposes the construction of two laboratories in North America, two in Western Europe, one in the southern hemisphere, and one in the U.S.S.R. Each laboratory should have a staff of 100 scientists with $10,000 salary.

This paper presents some empirical evidence, for Belgium, the Netherlands and France, on the so-called 'administrative inflation' hypothesis. The hypothesis might be defined as saying that price increases are higher in more concentrated industries, given positive changes in demand and costs. Empirically speaking, it implies that, for a cross-section of industries, wholesale-price changes are a positive function of concentration ratios, for given increases in demand and unit costs. Although any relevant evidence would be an interesting contribution to the present discussion about the Common Market's antitrust policy, the hypothesis has never been confronted-to my knowledge-with data from European Economic Community (E.E.C.) countries. The evidence presented in this paper is limited to the 1958-65 period, because of the difficulty in collecting comparable data form earlier years. As we were more familiar with Belgian data, Belgium was selected as a test case to detetmine the most appropriate empirical specification of the hypothesis. A few changes in Weiss's approach proved to be beneficial and are discussed in section it together with the data and results obtained for Belgium. In section III, results for the Netherlands are compared with the Belgian evidence on the basis of an analysis of covariance. Section IV introduces France while the last section draws some conclusions as to the validity of the hypothesis in a European framework.