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The article presents a discussion on the different aspects of insect research. It cites the establishment of the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), a center of research in tropical insect biology, in Nairobi, Kenya which one main goal is the development of fundamental knowledge aimed in the structural analysis and synthesis of insect hormones, anti-hormones, and pheromones. It also cites the chemical and biological methods in insect control. It also cites the studies conducted for the genetical engineering of mosquitoes.

In most LDCs a substantial wage differential exists between urban and rural employment even after adjustment has been made for differences in living costs and labor quality. This causes a number of social and economic problems. First, labor-market equilibrium can be established only by the existence of a high urban unemployment rate, for many individuals will take their chances with unemployment in hopes of obtaining the high urban wage. Second, the distribution of income in the society is artificially distorted. Those individuals who are fortunate enough to obtain permanent urban employment enjoy an enormous advantage over those who are forced to remain in rural areas and an even greater advantage over those who come to the cities but fail to find work. This causes dissatisfaction with the existing social system, for there is a high probabilistic element in the determination of incomes. Third, job opportunities in the "modern" sector of the economy will be restricted by both large wage increases and a high wage level, and this will create downward pressure on wage levels in the rural sector, thus exacerbating the fundamental distortion in the distribution of income. At the same time, urban wage recipients often remit some of their income back to friends and relatives in rural areas, and this tends to mitigate the effects of a nonmarket wage structure on the distribution of income. To the extent that the utility of an individual who is employed in the urban sector depends on the consumption levels of other members of the "extended family" who live in rural areas as well as upon his own consumption level, we would expect that urban-rural remittances indeed would occur. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the quantitative magnitude and empirical determinants of these remittances for Kenya, using data on the average amount of money urban workers send to rural areas each month as well as the joint distribution of a number of their socioeconomic... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Executive Committee of the Tanganyika African National Union met at Arusha in January 1967 and later issued a Declaration of far-reaching policy consequences in Tanzania. This Arusha Declaration and the socialistic measures, which accompanied it, constituted a significant event in the ideological history of that country. But what concerns sociologists in this paper are "the Leadership Resolutions" which constituted Part Five of the Declaration. The theoretical ambition of this article is wider than a simple analysis of governmental policies in Kenya and Tanzania. Indeed, African experience is being used mainly as a source of empirical illustrations in support of broader theoretical concerns. What African countries generally raise are distinctive issues of social stratification in relation to problems of political succession and to political development at large. The sociologists must therefore firmly relate their concerns in this paper to some of the broader ideas, which have already emerged in the literature on development so far.

Specimens of Stenostomum, which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anatirostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the findings of research in Nigeria, Kenya, and Britain-with a side glance at the debate on the Negro family in America to suggest that people's conception of family relationships adapts really enough to economic circumstances and does not itself inhibit change. Whether the adaptation encourages individualistic achievement may depend more on how people perceive the opportunity structure, and the need for mutual protection, than the family traditions of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the relevance of input/output tables as a tool for economic analysis and planning in developing countries. It contends that this is so only to the extent that the input/output tables enable consistency of production accounts to be verified while providing a suitable basis for macro projections at the same time. As a by-product, such input/output tables, the paper adds, also provide a convenient framework for estimating the needs for extensions and improvements in basic statistics. All these requirements, it is stated, can be fulfilled by a relatively aggregated format of an input/output table—which some of the developing countries are in a position to compile. However, the paper states, it is feared that the case for input/output analysis is not based on these requirements. The main force of arguments is in fact based on the uses of input/output tables for more detailed sectoral analysis and projections. The current state of basic statistics on some key sectors, it is stated, is not sufficiently sound to yield an end-product which is reliable. In the case of sectors where this is so the input/output analysis is not relevant either because of concentration of production in a relatively few establishments or because of limited amount of inter-sectoral interaction. It is further felt that if such arguments were to be accepted by developing countries the result would be a distorted disposition of statistical resources. Immediate needs of the developing countries require concentration of effort in development of more reliable and relevant series on basic statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on population control in primitive groups. This paper is about four human groups which attempt to control fertility. The first are the "Pelly Bay" Eskimos who regularly kill off a proportion of their female babies. The next are the "Rendille," camel herders in the Kenya highlands. They postpone the age of marriage of women, send numbers of their women to be married to polygamists in the next tribe, kill off boys born on Wednesdays or boys born after the next eldest son is old enough to have been circumcised. The third are the "Tilkopia," inhabitants of a small Pacific island measuring three miles across, isolated by 700 miles of sea. They used to use abortion, contraception, infanticide and suicide migration to keep their population down. These are all groups who by their way of life would be counted as primitive peoples, within the usual range of an anthropologist's interest. The idea of an optimum human population is too complicated to be inferred from such evidence. An optimum density or size can be defined in relation to the demands upon a particular resource. An optimum size in relation to land, for example, would be such that an additional unit of population would not proportionately increase the yield of the land per head, and a subtracted unit of population would more than proportionately increase its yield per head.

This article provides information on the Workshop on Religious Research in Africa that was convened by David Barrett, director of the Unit of Research of the Church of the Province of East Africa in Nairobi, Kenya from December 28, 1967 to January 12, 1968. Work on the theme of the Workshop, the Life and Growth of the Church in East Africa, had begun eighteen months earlier and most of the papers prepared by the seventy participants had been distributed several weeks before they met at the University College, Nairobi. The morning sessions were guided by Bishop Stephen Neil, by Canon Houtart and by Professors Ranger and Tanner. The broad theme helped participants to pin down the topics of common interest. Ranger, who described his work as that of a political and social historian, assured them that the Christian conscience had penetrated East Africa deeper than one thought. The Workshop showed that there was as yet no agreement about such key concepts as that of the High God, that of ancestor worship, and still less about the meaning of the selected ritual expressions. Since most of the participants were also active missionaries from the Christian Churches, the discussion often turned to the formulation of problems for research workers.

In estimating Engel curves, it is common to use total expenditure in place of income as an explanatory variable. Researcher R. Summers has shown that least-squares estimators will then be inconsistent. More recently, researcher N. Liviatan has shown that using income as an instrumental variable will permit consistent and relatively efficient estimation of the expenditure elasticities. However, when the sample consists of households in a less-developed country that produce partly for subsistence, there are further sources of bias. Estimates may be asymptotically biased because of the spread between the buying and selling price of many food items in a partial subsistence economy; a household that is a net buyer of an item is confronted with a higher effective price than a household that is a net seller. Also, the arbitrary valuation of home-produced goods introduces possibly serious errors of observation with respect to both the regressand and regressor, resulting in the usual errors-in-variables bias. This paper discusses these sources of bias, presents a method for obtaining consistent estimates of the parameters in the Engel relationship and applies the method to a sample of 816 households in rural Kenya.

East African colonial officers were confronted with several alternatives in developing local political bureaucracies which could exercise external authority over their clientele and operate efficiently by bureaucratic standards. In tribal systems with articulated political roles (e.g., Uganda) attempts to adapt the traditional roles to modern usage frequently resulted in decreased bureaucratic efficiency. In acephalous societies similar policies led to similar results (Tanganyika), but attempts to graft on efficient roles resulted in decreased authority, as in Kenya. The maximization of one goal seemed to minimize the achievement of the other. Eventually role stress caused by increasing bureaucratic complexity endangered internal efficiency, and external authority was vitiated by the growth of modern competing political structures. It is suggested that the apparent incompatibility between the requisites of internal efficiency and external authority was due to overemphasis on one goal or the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the establishment of an advanced center of research in tropical insect biology such as the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) which was established in Nairobi, Kenya in 1970. The scientific goal of the center is to conduct research in insect physiology, endocrinology, genetics, biochemistry, organic chemistry, biophysics, ecology, and related disciplines. It also cites the major projects to be undertaken for the development of biological methods to control harmful insects.

The article shares the author's thoughts concerning the development of three East African countries. The author notes that like most other developing countries, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have recently become independent in which they engaged in combatting the human problems. He said that the problem of the three East African countries are very basic that include, to be able to produce enough food in order to feed the populations, to be able to fight the diseases by using curative methods and to be able to open the eyes of the people to what is happening on around through the right type of education. The author points out that the problem of the three East African countries will become much more complex when their overall setting is taken into consideration.

Presents a study of the effects of attempts to stabilize the labor force in the modern urban sector of Kenya. Significance of a marked decline in labor turnover since the country's independence; Importance of changes in job turnover.

A new species of Stenostomum, viz. S. beryli sp. nov. is described from Kenya. It was recorded from a pool near Nairobi, in April and May. The new species resembles S. hemisphericum Nasonov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs on the World Council of Churches (WCC). The Fifth Assembly of the Council will be held in Nairobi, Kenya in 1975. The Central Committee of the World Council of Churches launches the Ecumenical Development Cooperative Society (EDCS) in 1974. The Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches pioneers the "Affirmation of Hope in Christ" study in 1975.

The article discusses the artisan skill gained by very considerable numbers of young people in Kenya, even though their years of schooling had been completely devoid of prevocational basis and practical work experience. Key issues discussed include the relationship between the school system and labor productivity, the emergence of some form of self-employment in Kenya during the 1960s, contradictions in the training of artisans and the issues' implications for government policies on education and labor.

The article focuses on the factors which led people in Kenya to produce agricultural commodities from 1920 to 1940. The detailed evidence to provide a case for the growth of African commodity production has been produced elsewhere. There is in fact no doubt that there was a great expansion in cash-crop production in the domestic market in Kenya during years when so many academics have dubbed Kenya's peasantry as subsistence producers. The most useful way of approaching the question of the response of peasants to prices would obviously be to compare their behavior in relation to changes in prices and wages over these twenty years. Unfortunately, there is a lack of data, because there was very little contemporary interest shown by the Europeans in the prices of African produce. For instance, cash wages and commodity prices published annually in the Blue Books are so regular as to throw serious doubt on their validity. The most useful index of African commodity prices would be of those prevailing at local markets, but no such material was ever obtained.

In the first phase of this replication among the Kenya Gusii of an earlier study carried out among the Kenya Logoli, it was found that during free time and herding time, Gusii boys between the ages of five and eight were farther from home on the average than age-matched Gusii girls. In the second phase of the replication, consisting of a set of tests, it was found that children who were farther from home on the average than their age-matched counter- parts were also more skillful at the spatial tasks of copying block patterns, copying geometric figures, and performance on mazes. An examination of cross-cultural, cross-sex, age-matched pairs of Gusii and Logoli children indicated that boys were farther from home than girls and that children who were farther from home were also more skillful at copying geometric figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the vegetation and climate in the uplands of south western Uganda during the later Pleistocene period. The study involves the identification of the plant remains to explain the origin and development of these swamps and lakes. The cores of these bodies of water underwent pollen analyses to provide details of the vegetation and climatic history. It was found out that the climatic and vegetation histories are correlated with the pollen diagrams of Kenya despite that the detailed comparisons with these and with the later Pleistocene chronology of the high latitudes is reserved for other events that needs extensive evidence.

The article discusses the termitaria and vegetation patterns on the Loita Plains of Kenya. It describes the Loita and contiguous plains areas of Kenya, along with details of their geology, soils, climate and general ecology. The plain areas are mainly open grassland which is subjected to burning and heavy grazing. Loika's vegetation pattern are shown to be associated with the regular distribution of low termite mounds. It also describes the vegetation patterns and underlying soils on the plains. It is suggested that the patterns develop on soil zones containing varying concentration of colloidal matter be washed from the termite mounts at their centre.

The author suggests several locations in South, Central and East Africa that he considers desirable for ecological surveys. The territories suggested for consideration include the Union of South Africa, Swaziland, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Southern and Northern Rhodesia, Nyassaland, Uganda, Tanganyika and Kenya. The objectives of the ecological surveys are outlined, including gaining information as to the nature, development and ecological interrelations of the more important biotic formations and the succession stages leading to these. The suggested procedure for the ecological survey is described.

Discusses concerns on the lack of provisions for further education of students after attending primary schools in Kenya. Effects of the lack of further education on the economy; Problems in finding employment opportunities.

Focuses on a study on the employment and income-generating effects of various kinds of agrarian reform carried out in Kenya in 1970. Discussion on the Government's Development Plan for 1970-74; Aims of the agricultural policies.

The article highlights that Kenya shares demographic characteristics common in much of the underdeveloped world today. The report which follows is the first of those dealing with the results of the survey. It will be restricted to the responses of those women who reported themselves to be married or ever-married and in the child-bearing years. Attention was limited to the largest tribes; no attempt was made to include nomadic groups. To have included the latter would have seriously increased the costs and difficulties of field work and the complexity of analysis without a corresponding gain in significance. The goal in selecting locally resident enumerators was to take advantage of the existing social structure in the sample areas. At the outset, there appeared to be two potentially important sources of non-sampling bias which would have to be balanced off. The sample included 744 married or ever-married women in the childbearing years. In this report, their responses will be treated as a single population.

Investigates the private rates of return to higher levels of education in Kenya. Features of the Kenyan education system; Social feasibility of the projected loan programs.

Assesses the program of land tenure reform launched in Kenya in 1954 by the British colonial officials. Characteristics of agricultural patterns in the country; Inefficiencies in the implementation of the program; Factors that influence the effectiveness of the land reform program.

The article discusses the history and evolution of bilingualism in education in Kenya. Apparently, the Kiunguja dialect of Swahili is used extensively, usually as a contact language between members of different language groups. But at the same time, usage of the English language has also increased and has become the primary language of Central Government, of the law, of banking and of industry and commerce. With the use of the vernacular languages and Swahili and English provided evidence on the stability of the bilingual situation in Kenya.

Dermatitis on the anterior aspect of the lower leg (" ocreiform ") is a common condition among Africans in Kenya with distinctive clinical and histopathological features. The relationship between this dermatitis and other chronic eczematous infected conditions of the extremities, notably " dermatitis cruris pustulosa et atrophicans " described in Nigeria is discussed. The predisposing factor in Africans for dermatitis in this localization appears to be an atrophy with similar distinctive features, which was found to be present in a majority of all Kenyans over the age of 5 and is often overtreated by vigorous cosmetic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a preliminary survey of the possible contamination of Lake Nakuru in Kenya with some metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Description of Lake Nakuru; Residue of metals in the tissues of birds and fish in Lake Nakuru; results of pathological examinations of birds from Lake Nakuru.

Discusses the effect of controlled burning and grazing management on the control of tarchonanthus/Acacia thicket in Kenya. Increase in the growth of grass after controlled burning; Check on the increase in woody plant population with the inclusion of grazing by goats; Reduction of the vigour of the thicket species through controlled burning.

Discusses the effects of controlled burning on secondary thicket in upland Acacia woodland in Kenya. Components of the thickets which had invaded the woodland; Dominant species prevalent in the thickets; General effects of fire and slashing.

Focuses on the ecological effects of controlling the dominant shrub, Disperma sp. near D. eremophilum based on studies conducted in northern Kenya. Significance of shrub-dominance in dwarf shrub grassland; Suggestions made for the field-scale control of Disperma; Need for developing a chemical treatment for effective control of Disperma.

The authors hypothesize that familiarity with the oral tradition of a non-literate society will vary inversely with the speaker's acculturation so Western norms. Their investigation of this hypothesis leads to an unexpected finding, which suggests that the Somali cultural heritage serves different functions for different social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents estimates of expenditure elasticities for 26 groups of goods and services in Nairobi, Kenya. Effect of an increase in per capita income on the composition of final demand; Deflation by household size; Sum of the household size and expenditure elasticities.

This is a study of the physiography of the Republic of Kenya. It shows that the country has a diversified landscape which so far, has not been given a serious geographical analysis. The existing physiographic maps are reviewed and found to be far too generalized to be of much practical value. a detailed physiographic map is presented based primarily on landform genesis. From the map, one can appreciate the various landscape types in Kenya as well as the forces that have produced them. Fourteen major physiographic regions are suggested, each being further sub-divided into a number of sub-regions. The final map looks complicated, but the author shows that this careful, detailed scrutiny is necessary for the deeper understanding of the physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents studies related to hypothetical testing of female like symptoms in the males to indicate the presence of cross-sex identity. Hypothesis testing was based on Spearman's rho calculated for symptomatology scores and the measures. Eleven males from among the Nilotic-speaking Luo of western Kenya were interviewed. All reported one or more symptoms. For measures expected to yield female-like responses: symptomatology was unassociated with reported level of child care; symptomatology was associated with feminine role choice . For measures expected to elicit protest masculinity: symptomatology was associated with drinking, but not with fighting, wife beating, or bravery ; symptomatology was associated with semantic differential description of self as strong. Twenty-six males and their wives from among the Bantu-speaking Gusii of western Kenya were interviewed. 21 males experienced symptoms according to the reports of either the husband or the wife, or both. Only two sex-identity measures were administered. For role choice, expected to yield female-like responses, preference for the mother role was unassociated with level of symptomatology. These studies bring to seven the number of societies for which male symptomatology has been shown to be related to one or more measures of sex identity.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to document accurately the pattern of lymphoreticular disease in Kenya. 1918 abnormal lymph node biopsies, seen over four years, were reviewed and classified according to their pathology: 853 tuberculymphomas. The pathological features, plus age, sex and tribal distribution of each group are discussed in detail. Where there is deviation from the known or established patterns, and where feasible an explanation has been offered. A possible immunological defect is preponderance of the bad prognostic histological types of Hodgkin's disease. The role of malaria in primary lymphoreticular neoplasia has been considered.

Since 1958, the tuberculin dilutions used in WHO-assisted tuberculosis programmes have been stabilized with the detergent Tween 80, in order to prevent adsorption of tuberculin to the inner surface of the container. However, the reactions to tuberculin with Tween 80 tend to be somewhat softer than those to ordinary tuberculin, for a given size; and, moreover, the curves for the frequency distribution, by size, of the reactions to tuberculin with Tween 80 tend to have a somewhat different shape from those of the reactions to ordinary tuberculin, intermediate-sized reactions (5-10 mm) being less frequent in a given population when Tween tuberculin is used.Further comparisons of tuberculin with and without Tween 80, especially in high doses, are reported in this paper, and it is concluded that Tween 80 has, in addition to its stabilizing effect in vitro, an effect in vivo that may be described as depressive, reducing the size of small reactions in particular. This in vivo effect appears to have no causal connexion with the specificity of the tuberculin or with the origin of the allergy in the population tested.

Increased levels of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) may be related to a wide range of antigenic stimuli provided by a variety of infections to which people are repeatedly exposed. Most, if not all, of the natural antibodies against bacterial and cellular antigens have been found to belong to the IgM class. It is known that IgM levels in the blood increase in trypanosomiasis but it is not possible to demonstrate trypanosomes in all persons who show raised IgM levels in serological surveys in an endemic sleeping sickness area. Although survey data are limited, this paper discusses the usefulness of IgM tests as an aid to the detection of Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections.

The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFT) has been used on a number of occasions to determine the level of trypanosomal antibodies in herds of cattle. In the study reported here, comparisons were made between IFTs applied to diluted cattle sera and to dried whole blood on filter paper, and between these studies and the results of a parasitological survey. The results showed that sera diluted 1: 160 gave IFT responses similar to those obtained from dried blood spots. However, neither test could be used for the diagnosis of individual trypanosome infections, although the IFT was clearly of value in indicating whether or not a herd of cattle had a history of exposure to infection.