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Focuses on the link between the Paper War in New England and minister of Church of England George Whitefield in the eighteenth century. Antagonism shown by various publications against Whitefield; Characteristics of Whitefield's evangelism; Attitude of Whitefield towards the colonial ministry.

The author says that the typical country weekly of New England, in addition to its personal journalism, its boiler plate fillers, its articles on extraordinary or exciting local events, is a series of chatty confidences about the town's everyday living. Its few pages are packed with columns headed "Local Items" or "Personals" or "People We Know." The presence of these items has been the sine qua non of such journals since their inception in the mid-nineteenth century. They seem to possess some element which resists innovation. Yet, the country newspaper, consistent and detailed register though it may be, has been given very little consideration as a possible source for sociological research. Rural sociologists have, to be sure, made some use of the point of view of social control. A departure from this tradition, then, the investigator who would claim that logical source of the first importance. It is interesting to note that this estimate of the country weekly is not confined to those who have observed it from the theoretical standpoint with the idea of forming a general opinion.

Studies of U.S. communities suggest that status structure is reflected in the operation of local institutions. The article presents a recent investigation of leadership to test this generalization in its application to one specific institution, a high school of a New England town. The usual high school organization, with each ascending grade possessing increasing power and prestige, provides a clearly defined point of departure for a study of status relationships. The strategy of analysis in the study was two-fold. The first step was to devise a paper and pencil test that would reflect the grade and sex stratification observed in the community high school. The second step was to apply this instrument in an attempt to determine whether or not stratification in the community, based on class, ethnic group, and religion, is reflected in the school system. To carry out this plan, each student in the high school read a list of all other students in the school. The student respondent was instructed to check the names of those students who influenced him. The discussion in the article is confined to the dichotomy of influence and no influence and to the responses of the freshman and junior classes.

The article presents a comment on a previous article New England Power Economics, by Roy G. Poulsen that appeared in the August 1965 issue of the journal Land Economics. According to the author, this article describes prospective improvements in electricity supply and costs in New England and looks forward to the time, not too far in the future, when atomic energy for utility generating plants will be widely used in the Northeast, and New England at long last will have a power source no more costly to the region than to any other part of the nation and its competitive power cost disadvantage will come to an end. The Poulsen paper learns heavily, as of course it must, on statements by utilities and their executives about future plans for larger, more efficient conventional and nuclear regeneration. According to the author, the reason for the present high level of electric rates in New England lies not solely in fuel cost. The fixed costs of operation and maintenance, depreciation, taxes and rate of return as well as the magnitude of the unit investment per customer and per kilowatt must be examined in depth before one can be sure of the reasons for the present situation.

This article evaluates the available evidence on the association of various community characteristics and fluoridation outcome. This paper draws on four sets of unpublished data. In general, the relationship between the different variables examined and outcome on fluoridation has been quite weak. At best, something in the vicinity of 10 percent of the variance in fluoridation vote in New England is accounted for by any single variable. One might ask how much variance a combination of two or more such independent variables could "explain." Only the New England data are in a form which allows a relatively easy answer to this question. The highest multiple correlation using two variables combines percent of population over 65 years old and percent with income under $2000. The correlation of .38 with vote on fluoridation still accounts for less than 15 percent of the variance.

The purpose of this article is to show how a multivariate statistical technique can be readily adapted to quantitative geomorphology and hydrology in reconstructing a multiple regression model for estimating the magnitude of mean annual flood in New England. This article is embedded in hydrologic theory. To begin with, the laws of river systems are reviewed and the relations between floods and fluvial characteristics discussed. Principal components analysis is then applied to isolate the geomorphic and hydrologic dimensions of New England. The factors extracted by principal components analysis are then used as a basis for reformulating the previous multiple regression equation.

The article presents the proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society held in Worcester, Massachusetts on October 23, 1895. A list of presiding members is included. The results of society elections are given. Presentations given at the meeting include the papers "Literature of New England Witchcraft," by Justin Winsor, "Construction of New Communities and States in the Northwest," by Cushman K. Davis, and an address on the Battle of Bunker Hill by Charles Francis Adams.

The article presents an outline of the proceedings of the semi-annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society held at the House of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston, Massachusetts on April 16, 1930. A list of presiding members is included. The results of elections for society offices are described. The papers presented at the meeting are also listed, including "New England's Contributions to Virginia," "Thomas Jefferson at Home," and "Washington As a New England Man."

In this paper an attempt is made to construct a macro-economic model of the New Zealand labour market, in which the parameters of male and female supply and demand functions are estimated from a simultaneous equation system. This represents something of a departure from the prolific literature on labour force behaviour (for example, [1], [2], [3], [6], [7], [8] and [11]) in that: (a) the structure of the model incorporates both supply and demand relationships; (b) these relationships refer to macro-economic concepts; the model is estimated using Theil's two-stage least squares estimation procedure [10, pp. 225-232] applicable to simultaneous equation systems. It should be noted that while these features are common in models of other markets, they are novel in a cross-section labour market context at this level of detail. Many previous studies have employed ordinary least-squares multiple regression techniques to examine labour-force behaviour and have used either time-series or cross-section data. It is essential to this approach that all the regressors be exogenous or independent variables. If any regressors are endogenous, the estimates of the parameters in the model will be neither consistent nor unbiased, and the problem of identification cannot be ignored. Another practice has been to investigate the behaviour of a section of the labour force and to hypothesise that such variables as overall unemployment and wage rates, which are clearly endogenous to the labour market as a whole, are independent oF, or uninfluenced by, the section under consideration. This hypothesis is obviously fallacious in the classic Girshick and Haaveimo sense [5], i.e. in the sense of the inter-dependence of the components and the whole. This work allows for the endogeneity of such variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the development of industrial structure in southern New England. Information on the manufacturing growth of New England; Details on the manufacturing industries of New England; Reason for the superior national economic performance of Connecticut.

This article investigates the influence of labor movement in equalizing wage rates for comfortable jobs in New England. Economic analysis of the influence of labor movement in equalizing wage rates for comparable jobs has been based on a common-sense interpretation of how the labor market might be expected to operate. Labor market investigations, both in England and in the U.S., have been focused largely on the transfer of unemployed workers to other regions and the experience of workers after the layoff. This article is based on a study of a New England labor market during the prewar years of 1937, 1938 and 1939, and a re-examination of the same market in 1942. Attention was focused on the amount of movement between firms and the effect of movement or lack of movement on equalization of wage rates for comparable jobs. Two adjacent, medium-sized Massachusetts cities were chosen for this study. They contained a considerable number of different industries, and were the trading centers of a substantial fanning area. The method followed in this investigation was to call on all the manufacturing concerns in the community which had more than fifty employees. Permission was requested at the interview to visit the plant and have the principal operations explained.

From the point of view of the methods of exchange, there were three main stages of economic development the prehistorical or early medieval stage of natural economy, where goods were exchanged against other goods; the later medieval stage of cash money economy, where goods were bought for ready money; and the modern stage of credit economy, where commercial exchange was based on credit. If credit has played its important role for so long, then surely the history of book-keeping should supply further evidence on the point. Credit without written reckoning is almost impossible; the first and most fundamental reason for keeping accounts is to aid in remembering what one has trusted to their debtors. Early bookkeeping records fall into two groups, namely, the accounts themselves, and textbooks on accounting. A bad monetary system was still no unusual thing-even England did not put her coinage onto a moderately sound basis until 1696. But the plight of the New England colonies was exceptional. Nominally, their money consisted of pounds, shillings, and pence, each of these units being (in Massachusetts) worth about three-quarters of its British namesake.

The article presents an outline of the proceedings of the semi-annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society held at the Club of Odd Volumes in Boston, Massachusetts on April 17, 1946. A list of presiding members is included. The results of elections for society offices are described. The papers presented at the meeting are also listed, including "The New England Town: A Way of Life," by Carl Bridenbaugh and responding remarks by selected society members.

Responds to a commentary on the Draper Automatic Loom in New England during the early 1900s. Estimated production costs in cotton textile manufacturing; Capital costs in replacing machinery with Draper variety.

This article presents news related to industrial and labor relations. Critic Elton Mayo, who has been identified with the Hawthorne Experiment, has died. The Third Annual Conference on the Teaching of Labor Economics was held from September 12 to 14, 1949 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The Northeastern University and the Committee on Teaching of the Industrial Relations Research Association will sponsor a Regional Conference on the Teaching of Labor Subjects in New England.

The article presents a section of abstracts related to marketing, specifically focused on statistics in marketing, including "First Quarter Dollar Volume Likely to Expand by 15-20%;" "New England's Economic Prospects," by Charles D. Hyson and Alfred C. Neal; and "The Negro Market Today."

The article offers information on meetings of the American Association of Textile Chemist and Colorist's Northern New England Section to be held in Augusta, Georgia, during September to October 1971.

Provides information on the economic history of New England. Details of labor force; Discussion on wages and work compensation; Economic growth status of the country.

Focuses on public speaking in New England colleges. Increased interest in spoken English; Speech courses offered.

The article presents a comment on a previous article by Edwin Fleischmann in response to author's article New England Power Economics that appeared in the August 1965 issue of the journal Land Economics. According to the author, Fleischmann expresses concern about the use of Federal Power Commission (FPC) data to substantiate the argument that New England power costs are higher than in other parts of the country. He quotes the FPC qualification that this presentation of typical electric bills does not include a critical evaluation of many factors, which operate to produce differences in the level of bills. According to the author, it was atomic electric plants as expressed in the Land Economics article that New England electric rates would most significantly bring down his belief. The six new atomic plants under construction or planned for New England by 1972 show utility acceptance of the atomic promise. Furthermore, the growth of the nuclear capacity will have important indirect effects.

The article presents a study on the methods which help graduating college students find a job after graduation in New England. The general objective of the study is to enable students to consider all of the industries of the region, to focus upon a limited number which adhere to the criteria established, and then to select a workable number of companies which meet the established requirements as a preliminary step in the position selection process. It has noted that the students require the expenditure of considerable individual effort, some analytical digging into a wide range of resources, and the establishment of a logical and consistent set of criteria governing the type of company and type of community being sought after.

This article presents a study on psychological studies of motion pictures. Tests of observation and memory for events have usually been restricted to stage activities, as in the conventional experiment on testimony; the screened episode, however, offers certain advantages over the older technique. The film makes possible an accurate control of tempo, an almost unlimited range of event sequences, and a precise repetition or an experimental variation of either conditions or content. It also presents advantages in the motivation of subjects and in the appeal to relatively unselected samples. In the course of an investigation conducted by the writers in rural New England, reports on the content of three motion pictures were obtained from 746 subjects, including 353 adolescents and 393 adults. Of these records, 92 were obtained after a delay period of one week; the remainder was the result of an immediate test following the presentation of the picture. The tests were given in eight villages in Vermont, New England, selected, by a number of criteria, as representative of rural communities in that state.

Discusses key issues relevant to social contact between the English and Indians in New England during the early 1600s. Patterns of contact and narratives on the issue in the 17th century; Analysis of key issues of interest; Implications on ethnohistory.

The article provides knowledge about Sphagnum bogs of the New England Plateau located in South Wales. The article discusses the environmental factors which influence bog formation and includes a geographical overview of the bog communities. It is supplemented with information regarding geology and soils, physiography, physiographic-pedologic factors, water supply, microclimate, moss development, soil-vegetation, and restriction of drainage. A description of bog types is also contained in the article.

This article focuses on the population, area and density of comparable metropolitan districts and standard metropolitan areas in the U.S. For most of the U.S., the standard metropolitan area is delineated by adding to the county containing the central city, county units characterized positive indices of urbanization and of economic and social integration with the central city county. The metropolitan district was delineated by adding to the territory of the central city, the territories of adjacent and contiguous minor civil divisions with population densities of 150 per square mile or more. However, an interesting variation on the national picture is presented by New England, where standard metropolitan areas were delimited by adding to central cities, minor civil divisions selected by criteria combining social-economic integration and population density. New England, alone of the nine geographic divisions the metropolitan district population exceeds the standard metropolitan area population. Ten of the twelve metropolitan districts in New England, or which comparable standard metropolitan areas were defined were larger than corresponding standard metropolitan areas and the other two, Portland, Maine, and Manchester, New Hampshire were identical in size.

The article discusses a farm family in the New York State. A classic picture of the early farm family in New York State has been worded by litterateur James Mickel Williams. The figure in his portrait is an English puritan family reaching New York via New England, gradually reshaped by the conditions of pioneering, but with basic patterns enduring throughout the period of subsistence farming and continuing even into the recent periods of commercial agriculture and contemporary metropolitan dominance. The pioneer American family was large, biologically vital, and of strong social texture. It was "the beginning and the end of rural social organization." Family groups were geographically isolated, economically self-sufficient and socially sell-contained. Parents were often "the school, the church, in extreme cases, the state. Fathers were austerely dominant. Wives were obedient, faithful, subordinate in person and in law. Strict obedience was required of children. Actually the subjection of wife and children to the father exemplified their common submission to natural processes, never completely understood, always uncertain. The common and paramount interest of family members in the outcome of the farm enterprise necessitated agreement on all matters.

In 1930 there were 353,665 members of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in New England. This was 11.16 per cent of the native white people of native parentage in New England in 1930. The average percentage for the nine geographic divisions of the U.S. was 4.47 per cent. The rate for New England was thus +6.69 percent above the average. This is called the rate-deviation for New England in 1930, and is the variable designated by cp in the regression equations, being the amount that the Congregational-Presbyterian church membership rate in each division deviates from the average of the nine divisions. At any given date the sum of these deviations is ideally zero, and actually is very close to zero. The variable designated by the symbol f in the equations is the deviation of the rate, which the non-native white people of native parentage constituted of the total population of each division at each period from the average rate for the nine geographic divisions of the U.S.

The type of tax with which this article deals is confined almost wholly to New England. It may almost be called a New England device. The New England plan of taxing savings, on the whole, takes the form of low-rate, state-collected, percentage franchise taxes on the deposits, collected through the institutions themselves, with exemption of such sums from additional state or local charges. This generalization does not hold throughout. Some of the states impose taxes also upon accumulations and reserves. All institutions which receive savings in every state are not taxed, either by state or local charges. Savings not taxed at all in some states are those in building and loan associations and credit unions. Of course, postal savings are exempt in all states. However, with the exception of building and loan associations in Maine and national banks in Massachusetts, all deposits which are state-taxed are subject to the savings bank rate. A feature common to almost all these taxes is the permitting of deductions. More are allowed in some states than in others.

Attention has several times been called to the functions of the itinerant New England tin peddler as an agency in the opening of inland trade routes for New England manufactures, as of March 1926. Even more ubiquitous, almost as picturesque, and of considerably greater significance in the development of most New England manufacturing industries, was the village general store, whose importance in this connection seems to have remained all but unnoticed. Any study of village life in the northern states during the closing decades of the eighteenth century and the opening years of the nineteenth will reveal in this common village institution a focal point for several lines of economic activity related to the growth and development of manufacture. In eighteenth century New England, in every village community the local general store was the chief source of supply for these few goods from outside. The storekeeper served as a distributing agent for country-made products which many villagers were glad to buy, and for village-made manufactures which the country farmers needed. The storekeeper's brief ascendancy represents the beginning of industrial control by mercantile rather than craft skill, the entry of profits as against wages, and the beginning of the decline in economic and social status of the hand worker in industry.

Studies the population regions of New England according to the character of their growth. Peaks of population; Revival of population; Analytical methods in the study of population change.

Delves into human occupance of area in farming and agriculture in New England, found in the northeastern part of the U.S. Identification of the examples of the principle of human occupance; Description of the migrant life of a few of the Indians; Analogy between sequent occupance in chorology and plant succession in botany.

Delves into the Blackstone Valley in southern New England. Physical characteristics of the area in terms of climate and forest area; Discussion of the development of landscapes in the area in terms of agriculture; Analysis of the landscape formation in the area.

The article presents the geographical treatment of the boundaries of New England. All lines used as state boundaries may be grouped in two great classes: topographic and mathematical. The early charters of the New England district made no explicit mention of the character of the limiting line where the colonies bordered the ocean. The shore boundary has a further great advantage over all others in that it is a physical and ethnic, as well as a political boundary. The position of a river boundary may be determined by any part of a river, such as the middle a bank, the deepest channel, etc.

Periodically for more than a hundred years business interests have campaigned to transform this old New England town into a city. Displaying contempt for the venerable town-meeting form of government, leaden have utilized propaganda techniques in an endeavor to succeed. Although frustrated, they have achieved "big government" through adoption of the manager system and other important policy decisions. Conflict continues, even though the alternatives for obtaining the political goal have remained the same during the past century. The local newspaper has supported the movement, but its techniques have varied widely over the century. Unorganized majorities have opposed each attempt to obtain a city charter. Now, however, a more determined minority, mostly nonnative, plans a new attempt. Behind the public hierarchy is a social elite whose zeal for reform resembles a crusade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents several news related to population. A description of community and neighborhood groupings in Knott County, Kentucky, reveals the fact that the population of the county has grown from 5,438 in 1890 to 15,230 in 1930. For this population the number of organization is as follows: 68 elementary schools and five consolidated high schools; 36 church groups, only 13 of which have their own meeting places, 42 post offices, only 29 of which receive mail daily except Sunday. The first in a series of studies of suburbanization in Connecticut depicts the social adjustment necessitated by the movement of population to urban peripheries in New England. The social structure of the City of Windsor as determined by cultural and spatial relationships, is related to the dynamic forces brought into being by the suburbanization process. Schedules were obtained from 1,816 households, about 90 percent of the total population. About one-half of the householder works, as do about 40 percent of all other gainfully employed persons.

The article presents a study which focuses on the analysis of the distortions in the perception concerning the management in a textile mill in New England. It says that a questionnaire was filled out by 15 supervisors who are representing a cross-section of the group in terms of organizational level and department. Results show that an isolated bits of information is offered by the management questionnaire rather than a total picture of attitude. Moreover, a well-rounded picture of supervisory attitudes were not obtained due to dependent on the device.

Discusses prevailing accounts of New England's response to the Draper Company's automatic shuttle-changing loom in the late 1800s. Diffusion of the Draper loom; Estimates on the profitability of adopting the Draper loom; Factors affecting the adoption of the loom.

The article discusses about towns of New England and the beginning of the American capitalist democracy there. A general view has been that New England colonies were the cradle of modern American society and its significance has long been affirmed by such writers as Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce. However, this early evaluation was incomplete for it was made only in terms of the origin and development of local self-government and democracy. This general view still prevails to this day. Actually the town was the starting point of modern American society not only in the political and administrative sense but in an economic sense as well. It is capitalism, of course, which is the economic foundation of modern society; therefore when discussing the economic significance of the town, the main question is how it relates to the origin and early development of American capitalism. The author propose to explore this point, limiting his citations as far as possible to well-known works from which somewhat neglected points will be taken up and systematized. The author discusses general and basic form of land settlement, town grant in New England. The result of the town grant was a system of small land holdings. Finally the author suggests that free land ownership in New England has been basis of the American Capitalism.

The article focuses on the relationship between the philosophy of the U.S. philosopher Charles S. Peirce and the New England culture. That Peirce's writings constitute one of the finest products of New England culture, is a fact which has suffered some obscurity but is now becoming more widely understood. Peirce was too original, too forceful and too outspoken for the purposes of a shrinking culture. That same New England life, which had made the scholar possible through its emphasis upon learning, put a prohibition upon philosophical genius by discouraging untoward ways and ignoring spectacular invention. Since he died at the outbreak of the first world war, he could not know how swiftly the logic of events moves through contradictions when these are multiplied by the complex interrelations of a highly industrialized society. But he could see the end of New England culture and the temporary triumph of another, and between the collapse of both he sought to save something of a truth which would be of value to his fellows, perhaps at a later date and in a different place.

The article examines the teaching of chemistry in some normal schools in New England during the 19th century. It discusses the uniqueness of 19th-century normal schools in New England because they specialized in the preparation of common school teachers. The article attempts to trace the growth of chemical facilities at these normal schools. It discusses key issues in chemical education, such as the course of study, the textbooks, and faculty competence. The article details the rapid expansion of chemistry in the New England normal schools from 1839 to the middle seventies.

The article analyzes the assertions of native decadence in New England. The assertion that the native population was dying out were usually based upon examination of the birth rates of certain confined elements of the population of New England, such as the population of Boston, the population represented in genealogical records, or the selected population attending the colleges and universities of New England. It is reported that since early in the twentieth century numerous studies have been made of the fertility of college graduates in the colleges and universities of New England. These studies show a gradual decline in the number of children per married college graduate and indicate that the college graduates were not replacing themselves. The studies, however, do not disclose the relative magnitude of the fertility rates of native and foreign-born women in New England for an extended period of time; nor do they indicate whether the native population of given states or of New England was replacing itself after 1850.

The article examines whether the New England Transcendentalists' philosophical premises generated the pattern of their discourse. A promising approach to this problem is through the identification of strategies. Four strategies emerge from a careful reading of transcendentalist discourse: revelation, transcendence, salvation, and omission. Each strategy appears to have originated from an outlook their philosophical beliefs produced. The strategy of revelation was the process of displaying supposedly impregnable statements and offering them; in the form of epigrams or maxims. It was seduction by form. The strategy needed no conventional support because it was justified by the beauty and repeatability of the phrases. The most impressive strategy of the Transcendentalists was the strategy of transcendence, which depended on definition rather than on form, and which was particularly useful in declaring the merit of abstractions. The speaker began by defining two ideas, one which he wished to praise and a second which he used ultimately to magnify the merit of the first. The strategy of salvation was essentially a problem-solution sequence. The strategy was not easily recognized because the language employed in the discourse was highly emotional and the traditional types of supporting material were absent The discourse lacked apparent logical order; it was too loose, and therefore the obvious was obscured. A fourth strategy the Transcendentalists used to further their argumentative position was the strategy of omission. The entire early nineteenth century was odious to this generation of Transcendentalists. This strategy was possible because the Transcendentalists refused to allow thought of threatening doctrines to enter their minds, giving them a natural rhetorical advantage and an unfortunate disadvantage.

This article focuses on a survey entitled "Building Goodwill for Industry in the New England Community" conducted by The New England Council,' a comprehensive community organization. A questionnaire embodying 16 questions with many subdivisions was sent to 2,500 leading New England manufacturers by the Council's Industrial Committee and a group of cooperating specialists. Replies were received from 263 concerns or about 10.5 percent of the total group. The council wanted to find out whether New England manufacturers were giving adequate consideration to the community phase of public relations work, what activities were being conducted, where the emphasis was laid, and what variations in procedure were followed by the different concerns. Forty per cent of the 263 concerns felt that their communities understood the contributions of their companies to local economic growth and progress. Ninety-two per cent of the manufacturers felt that their communities were friendly to the companies and 96 per cent felt that the companies were friendly to their communities.

A substantial increase in the population growth rate of northern New England is revealed by the 1970 Federal Census. Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine have experienced relatively low population growth rates since the mid-1800s, or even undergone population losses. Population increases have been greatest in the Burlington, Vermont, area, in southern New Hampshire, and in south coastal Maine. Extensive construction of limited access highways, a surge in second home ownership, an increase in recreational facilities, and the establishment of new plants and offices in northern New England are related to current growth patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the cold summer in New England in 1816. Effects of the summer on food supplies; Effects of varying solar radiation and volcanic eruptions on the occurrence of cold summer; Incidence of crop failures.

Presents information on the New England execution sermon, 1639-1800. Political impact of the colonial New England sermon; Importance of authors of execution sermons; Delivery of execution discourse; Publication of execution sermons; Similarities in the organization of execution sermons.

Focuses in rhetorical invention the New England colonies. Basic principles of the rhetorical invention; Overview of the Puritan system of the rhetorical invention; Significance of understanding and conviction.

The article presents a study of the bookkeeping habits of a sample of every tenth enterpriser in a New England city of 150,000. It was found that only within certain groups did the customary records correspond with the minimum requirements of this standard of adequacy. The great majority of manufacturers and wholesalers were both possessed of records adapted to their needs. Contractors, though in lesser degree, were also apt to be equipped with suitable records while retailers, who comprised the great majority of enterprisers in the city, were predominately inadequate in their accounting equipment. Within all types of business, there has appeared the same tendency. And, inversely, the adequacy of records was comparatively low in the smaller businesses of all types. Unsystematized records or no records were frequent in businesses of $5,000 or less per year, at which point single entry systems expanded rapidly and a few double entry systems appeared. At $40,000 to $50,000 income a year double entry systems became and remained in the majority of types of records. A considerable variety was found, however, between different types of business.

Focuses on the position of people in New York in American Linguistics and speech. Characteristic features of eastern New England speech; Pronunciation by the people in New York city; Difference in speech standards in New York and in New England.

Focuses on the financial organization called The Fund at Boston in New England, established in September 1681 to furnish credits similar to bank credits. Publications providing description of the organization; Mortgages given to the organization; Credit received by grantors through mortgages from The Fund.