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Currently, building energy consumption prediction models are usually based on a large amount of historical operational data in high demands of building operating hours and monitoring systems. However, many buildings may lack operational data due to relatively limited monitoring systems, causing the failure to use data-driven methods to characterize the energy profile. In this context, transfer learning is a promising method to establish the knowledge transfer between many high-quality building operation datasets and a small amount of target building data, and to help predict energy consumption in the target building. This paper studies the possibility of employing transfer learning to achieve both short and long-term building energy consumption prediction. Firstly, a similarity analysis method, based on variable modal decomposition and dynamic time warping, is proposed for identifying the source buildings with the most similar energy features to the target building. Then, transfer learning for long-term prediction air-conditioning energy consumption is developed with weather parameters generated by the Morphing method as inputs. For the short-term single-step prediction, the proposed model CV-RMSE improves 81.3% (AEC) and 77.4% (EEC), respectively, compared to the prediction model that does not implement the transfer learning strategy and directly uses the target BEC data. As for the short-term multi-step prediction, the proposed model CV-RMSE improves 62.0% (AEC) and 65.5% (EEC), respectively. For the long-term prediction, the average CV-RMSE for the whole year is 6.62% and 11.15% for the proposed and directly target domain-based model, respectively. The proposed method explores the practicality of transfer learning in building energy forecasting, contributing to the use of existing building operation data for energy management at different timespan. • A similarity analysis method for building energy consumption data based on VMD-DTW is proposed. • The Seq2Seq-Transformer model is applied to short-term multi-step prediction of building energy consumption. • Transfer learning idea is first introduced to the long-term building energy consumption prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]