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The National Education Policy promotes moving from the conventional content-heavy and memorization learning practice towards holistic learning/integrated learning. It imparts a creative and multidisciplinary curriculum that focuses equally on curriculum and assessment. All educational establishments assess students using written examinations, quizzes, seminars, term paper writing, and course projects. A semester typically includes 4-5 courses, and students must earn credits for these courses by scoring a good Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). As course projects offer depth knowledge/holistic learning/lifelong learning of a course for the student, many courses include course projects as one of the activities in the course. If all the courses are intended to include course projects as a mandatory pedagogy, it will be difficult for students to acquire in-depth knowledge and required skills while also dealing with stress. So we are proposing an integrated learning framework by applying the theory and practices of two core courses- Software Engineering and Web Technologies to develop a web application. This integrated learning focuses on developing software development and software testing skills in computer science for undergraduate students pursuing a bachelor of engineering degree. This framework alleviated the pressure on students during placement and created job opportunities in software development. The framework consists of three important phases- The first phase includes the identification of the problem as a need for customers, writing requirements and analyzing the same. Students apply modular design principles and break down the codebase into distinct modules. This technique enhances code organization, reusability, and maintainability. The second phase focused on developing the front end by harnessing the power of Angular, a leading web framework, to craft a sleek and interactive user interface. The backend is built using Node.js, which serves as the foundation, enabling the software system to cater to highperformance server environments. These modules communicated seamlessly through well-defined APIs, facilitating the integration of various components within the application, ultimately delivering a seamless and responsive user experience. An industry expert conducted a workshop on Angular This paper was submitted for review on Sept 10, 2023. It was accepted on Nov, 15, 2023. Corresponding author: Padmashree Desai, Department, K.L.E. Technological University, Karnataka India. Address: Hubblii-580031 (e-mail: padmashri@kletech.ac.in). Copyright © YYYY JEET. and React to get hands-on experience. The third phase focused on software testing using appropriate testing tools such as Selenium, Jmeter, TestComplete and Appium to test the web application. A software testing workshop was conducted for students by industry experts to expose the students to designing test cases, test plans, and testing strategies. The hands-on experience on testing tools was provided during the workshop. Faculty reviews are conducted on each phase, and rubrics-based assessment is done on each phase. Approximately sixty teams created web-based applications for real-world scenarios. Positive aspects of the framework in feedback indicated that more than 87% of the students agreed that they could apply Software engineering principles and practices such as requirements management. modular design and testing in web applications. Also, more than 85% of students acquire skills from code-to-web design mastery by developing web applications in Angular Node.js and backend implementation. This framework helped to improve teamwork, presentation and communication skills. Confidence in software development improved to a greater extent. The design and implementation of the framework met the stated outcome of the courses. The student's academic performance improved by 10% compared to the previous year when students were not involved in the integrated project development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of systematic investigations on the gamma dose rates in air, natural radioactivity in soil and the dependence of radioactivity on the mineralogy of soils in the environs of the Belagavi, Karnataka, India. The gamma dose rates were measured using a portable survey metre and the activity in soils were measured using NaI(Tl) based gamma ray spectrometer and the mineral composition was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. The activity of 40K varies from 72.52 to 324.76 Bq kg−1 with an average of 153.17 Bq kg−1. The 226Ra activity varies from 16.53 to 70.53 Bq kg−1 with an average value of 23.88 Bq kg−1 and the activity of 232Th varies from 10.95 to 59.07 Bq kg−1 with an average value of 25.75 Bq kg−1. Elevated levels of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soils were observed in some part of Belagavi, which was traced to the mineralogy of the region. The higher activity of natural radionuclides poses radiological implications to the population of the region. The activity utilisation index was found to be is above the normal levels in some locations. The pattern of distribution of radionuclides in the region was studied using SPSS statistical software. The soil with clay minerals Haematite, Calcite, Kalonite, Albite and Feldspar showed higher radionuclide content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) was used as a super food from ancient times. In recent days with increase in the health awareness throughout the world, it demands for healthy food, using chia seeds in daily diet may prevent many diseases (diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular). Chia was domesticated almost 4,500 years ago in Mesoamerica and it was used as food and medicine. Chia seed is composed of high dietary fibre (18-30%), ash (4-5%), protein (15-25%), fats (30-33%), lipids (31-35%), carbohydrates (26-41%), minerals, vitamins and a high amount of antioxidants. It is having higher concentration of PUFAs (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids) of omega-3 (58-64% of the total lipids) and omega-6 essential fatty acids. Notably, chia seeds are free of gluten. It may be added to other foods as topping materials. Nutritional composition and health benefits of chia are presented here to create awareness. In recent years, India is one of the major producers and exporters of chia. Karnataka alone occupies more than 50 per cent of area of our country. Research on chia is gaining momentum for increasing productivity, but crop improvement research is lacking because of limited germplasm in this crop. Chia seeds are among the majorly exported commodities as the production of the commodity is limited to a few geographies. However, the COVID pandemic has increased the health consciousness among consumers, which has opened an opportunity for super foods, including chia seeds. This factor is anticipated to propel the market during the 2020-26. The Global Chia Seeds Market is projected to grow at a significant rate of 8.86 per cent from 2019 to 2024 to reach a market value of USD 450 million by the end of 2024. Information contained in this review can be useful for health conscious people who want to be healthy through natural foods. This paper describes the huge nutritional and therapeutic potential of chia seed to make it the part of an average diet for better health and longevity. Present scenario in the country and future market potential in the country are also reviewed. Successful cultivation of chia crop in India will improve economic condition, living standards and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a systematic investigation of the natural radioactivity in rock samples of Davanagere locality, Karnataka, India. The radioactivity in rocks was measured using the NaI(TI) gamma-ray spectrometer. An effort was made to identify the minerals present in rock samples by FTIR spectroscopy. The activity of 232Th, 226Ra and 40K radionuclides in rocks vary from 27.96 ± 1.00 to 103.85 ± 1.90, 50.89 ± 1.98 to 135.28 ± 3.15 and 512.46 ± 4.86 to 974.31 ± 7.05 Bq kg−1with a mean value of 59.79 ± 1.45, 85.79 ± 2.54 and 787.03 ± 6.19 Bq kg−1, respectively. Radiological hazard parameters such as radium equivalent activity, external and internal hazard indices absorbed dose rate, ELCR for indoor exposure and annual effective doses for different body organs were estimated. The activity of natural radionuclides were found to be high compared to the national and world average values. However, the hazard indices were found to be within the recommended limits. The Quartz, Calcite and Kaolinite extinction coefficients in rocks ranged from 87.37 to 121.73, 31.43 to 119.14, and 33.10 to 63.97, respectively. The radionuclide activity concentration was found to depend on the kaolinite and calcite minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the concentration of uranium in 67 groundwater samples of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India, estimated using an LED fluorimeter. The age-dependent ingestion dose to the population of the district is also studied. The concentration of uranium in groundwater varied from 0.20 to 57.50 μg L−1 with an average of 4.40 μg L−1. The annual ingestion dose due to uranium varies from 0.18 to 142.68 μSv y−1, with an average of 7.11 μSv y−1. The ingestion dose received by the population in the study area is less than the recommended level of 100 μSv y−1 by the World Health Organization (2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girls' education has for many decades been central to the global development agenda, due to its positive impact on girls' health and wellbeing. In this paper, the authors revisit boys' attitudes, behaviours and norms related to girls' education, following the Samata intervention to prevent girls' school dropouts in Northern-Karnataka, South India. Data were collected from 20 boys in intervention villages before and after the intervention, and analysis was undertaken using a thematic-framework approach. Findings suggest that while boys did hold some attitudes and beliefs that supported girls' education and delayed-marriage, these remained within the framework of gender-inequitable norms concerning girls' marriageability, respectability/family-honour. Participants criticised peers who sought to jeopardise girls' respectability by teasing and community gossip about girls-boys' communication in public. Boys who rejected prevailing norms of masculinity were subjected to gossip, ridicule and violence by the community. Boys' attitudes and beliefs supported girls' education but were conditional on the maintenance of gendered hierarchies at household and interpersonal levels. Social norms concerning girls' honour, respectability and the role of boys as protectors/aggressors appeared to influence boys' response to girls' school dropouts. Future interventions aiming to address girls' education and marriage must invest time and resources to ensure that intervention components targeting boys are relevant, appropriate and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper, using unit level data available in the 69th and the 76th NSSO rounds, examines access to bare necessities of life and the incidence of poverty among slum households in selected states of India. The results show that while around three-fifths of the slum households in India and in selected states with the exception of Karnataka are monetarily non poor, they are poor in terms of their deprivation score in access to bare necessities of life. The results also show that among five different dimensions of bare necessities of life, access of these households to water, sanitation and housing is particularly low. The insights from the experiences of poverty and deprivation among the slum dwellers call for targeted interventions to ensure inclusive development and hence enhance their overall well-being and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the agriculture is main profession for more than sixty percent of the population. The stakeholders of agriculture in India, facing plenty of problems that leads the people of the country to shift their profession and lets them migrate towards urban area. So, need of implementing technology in agriculture is must in future days because as population is increasing in exponential form as the result huge requirement of food and agricultural product. The data analytics will play a significant role in agricultural dataset for implementing prediction and recommendation system in the sector. Yield is one of the factors to be considered in the agriculture that determines the wellness and prosperity of the farmer. In this paper deals with prediction system to predict yield of areca nut product in Puttur taluk, Dakshin Kannda District, Karnataka state in India. The time series data analytics model known as Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is used for yield prediction system. The research is mainly focused on forecasting of areca nut production for next four or five years in Puttur taluk. It compares various ARIMA models with performance criteria and selects best model for prediction purpose. The diagnostic check is carried out to test the system performance After the prediction, then the actual values and predicted values are compared and presented in the form graphical representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments across the developing world are adopting digital technologies to improve the performance of public sector supply chains. However, empirical evidence regarding the impact of these technologies on performance is mixed. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of using biometric authentication (BA) devices on the performance of India's food security program. The program aims to deliver subsidized food grains to nearly 160 million low-income households through approximately 500,000 fair price shops (FPSs). Nearly half of those grains do not reach the beneficiaries and are diverted to the open market for private benefit. We estimate the impact of installing BA devices on reducing diversion in more than 3,300 FPSs in the Indian state of Karnataka between 2013 and 2015 using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that BA devices reduce up to 4% of the current diversion at the last mile. We argue that this relatively low impact is due to the presence of a workaround mechanism which results in imperfect monitoring and validate the decrease in diversion mechanism by estimating the differential impact of BA devices. We complement the empirical analysis with a simulation exercise to estimate the additional value that can be unlocked by using the BA devices. We find that the value of better replenishment planning using sales and inventory information captured by BA devices can be significant. The value of better planning can be as high as six times the value of reduction in diversion, depending on the preintervention levels of demand from genuine beneficiaries and diversion at the FPSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are fungi that play significant roles in ecosystems, food, and medicine. However, distinguishing toxic mushrooms from non-toxic ones is challenging, as their visual characteristics can be misleading. Deep learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, offers a promising approach to detecting and classifying mushrooms based on their toxicity. By training deep neural networks on datasets of labelled mushroom images, it becomes possible to create models capable of accurately differentiating between toxic and non-toxic mushrooms. Mushrooms are fungi that play significant roles in ecosystems, food, and medicine. However, manually distinguishing toxic mushrooms from non-toxic ones is a challenging and time-consuming task. This research work is to help the local farmers and exporters to identify the difference between the toxic and the edible mushroom which will eventually boost production and will directly have an impact on the economic growth in India. This paper compared different deep learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Resnet50, YOLO V5 and Alexnet, which have been found to be the most useful in classifying the mushrooms effectively as toxic and non-toxic respectively. The patterns in the images of the mushrooms have been predicted through the above classifiers. The validation techniques show SVM to be the most effective with an accuracy of 83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compensation serves as a post-conflict management tool for human-wildlife conflicts. In the Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) region, Karnataka, India, around 57.4% and 95% of the farmers received compensation for crop loss and cattle kill respectively. Compensation claims incurred transportation and paper costs of 60-70% and 30-40% respectively, and it took 7.6-12.3 months on average to receive compensation. Crop loss applications had the lion's share of the total applications, while the compensation paid share was relatively less in the total compensation paid. Inadequacy of compensation was a major constraint. Separate advance fund provisions for crop loss, livestock depredation, property damage and human-related losses in proportion to annual cases can prevent the delay and inadequacy of compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landraces are important genetic resources that have a significant role in maintaining the long-term sustainability of traditional agro-ecosystems, food, nutrition, and livelihood security. In an effort to document landraces in the on-farm conservation context, Central Western Ghat region in India was surveyed. A total of 671 landraces belonging to 60 crops were recorded from 24 sites. The custodian farmers were found to conserve a variety of crops including vegetables, cereals and pulses, perennial fruits, spices, tuber and plantation crops. The survey indicated a difference in the prevalence of landraces across the sites. A significant difference with respect to the Shannon-diversity index, Gini-Simpson index, evenness, species richness, and abundance was observed among the different survey sites. Computation of a prevalence index indicated the need for immediate intervention in the form of collecting and ex situ conservation of landraces of some crops as a back-up to on-farm conservation. The study also identified the critical determinants of on-farm conservation, including (i) suitability to regional conditions, (ii) relevance in regional cuisine and local medicinal practices, (iii) cultural and traditional significance, and (iv) economic advantage. The information documented in this study is expected to promote the collection and conservation of landraces ex situ. The National Genebank housed at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi conserves around 550 accessions of landraces collected from the Central Western Ghats region surveyed in this report. Information collected from custodian farmers on specific uses will be helpful to enhance the utilization of these accessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent advancements in dental materials have led to the development of various restorative cements. The amalgamation of various biomimetic cements becomes necessary to improve the physico-chemical properties of the existing cements. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Plus and Chitosan are two such materials which are combined and chosen to check their effects on dental stem cell adhesion and proliferation. Aim: To compare and evaluate the cell adhesion and proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells on MTA Plus, MTA Plus-Chitosan Conjugate, and Chitosan by directly culturing the cells on the materials. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at the Central Research Laboratory in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, S.D.M College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India over a period of 1.5 years from the month of June 2020 to December 2021. The samples were divided into four groups: Group A-MTA Plus mixed with the proprietary gel (9 specimens), Group B-MTA Plus mixed with 2% Chitosan gel (9 specimens), Group C-2% Chitosan Gel (9 specimens), and Group D-Control Group (Growth Medium). Non carious extracted permanent human premolars for orthodontic purposes were collected and sectioned for the extraction of pulp tissue. The tissue was placed in a basic medium Dulbecco modified essential medium-High Glucose (DMEM-HG). Dental Pulp Stem Cells were subjected to differentiation using differentiation media (Hi-Media) containing Dexamethasone. Cell proliferation and viability were checked using trypan blue, and cell adhesion was checked using crystal violet under an inverted light microscope. To evaluate if there were any changes in the proliferation of viable cells at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours among different materials, the Wilcoxon's Signed-rank Test was used. Statistical significance was set at p=0.05. Results: The cells were able to adhere to the biomaterial and showed a spindle-shaped morphology, which was observed under the inverted light microscope. ALP activity was measured using a photometer after cell differentiation. MTA Plus-Chitosan conjugate showed a 94% increase in cell proliferation after 48 hours (n=86/91). MTA Plus showed a 91% increase in cell proliferation after 48 hours (n=109/120). Conclusion: Chitosan can be used as a vehicle with MTA since their conjugate showed greater proliferation activity after stem cell culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic and a serious risk for the younger generation. A sedentary lifestyle, urbanisation, and poor dietary choices are cornerstones of diabetes. Early detection of risk factors and prevention of their progression can go a long way in delaying the onset of the disease and reducing the economic burden due to its secondary complications. Aim: To assess anthropometric variables of T2DM among the population in Belagavi, North Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a study population of 4,473 individuals in 10 wards of urban Belagavi district from September 2021 to September 2023 by house-to-house visits. The 10 wards were selected using a random allocation method by computer-generated random sequence. The study population was divided into three groups: the diabetic group, children of the diabetic group, and a healthy non diabetic group (Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3) with population sizes of 649, 855, and 2,969, respectively. Anthropometric parameters were recorded by trained nurses using measuring tapes, stadiometers, and weighing scales. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 24.0 software. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the data between the three groups. The Pearson's correlation test was used to find the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were no significant differences found in anthropometric parameters among the three groups (p>0.05). However, when comparing anthropometric parameters between different generations, a statistically significant difference was observed in Neck Circumference (NC) and WHR. Further, association between BMI and WHR among the three groups revealed that WHR is a better indicator of obesity compared to BMI, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.03. WHR detected 424 (90.4%), 463 (91.32%), and 1,220 (87%) obese cases in Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3, respectively, compared to BMI, which detected 371 (58.51%), 440 (52.25%), and 1,202 (41.91%) obese cases in Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3, respectively. Conclusion: The NC and WHR are better indicators of anthropometric measurements. Anthropometry could be a non invasive, cost-effective predictive tool for the future risk of developing DM. The present study determined there is an impending need to conduct regular screening programs for early identification of anthropometrics other than BMI, WHR, and NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The seeds of jackfruit are often overlooked and discarded globally, leading to the underutilization of this valuable resource. This study explored the potential of utilizing underutilized jackfruit seeds as an alternative source of human subsistence by investigating the availability of jackfruit, the utilization and underutilization of seeds at the household level, and the types of subsistence activities in the community. Methods: We used a case study of Byse village in Karnataka, India, to understand this topic. A mixed research approach was used. First, a descriptive research design was employed to collect and describe the data, while a correlation design was used to examine the relationships among variables related to jackfruit seed utilization. Second, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to explore global trends in jackfruit seed utilization. Results and Discussion: The findings indicated that agriculture, particularly arecanut farming followed by paddy rice cultivation, was the primary means of subsistence in the community. While human consumption of jackfruit seeds is statistically significant, it has a detrimental effect on seed utilization in the community (r = -0.295, p = 0.008). The study also revealed that consuming jackfruit seeds in a semidry form had a positive and significant influence (r = 0.345, p = 0.002) compared to eating them in a fresh form. Consequently, more focus could be placed on encouraging the consumption of semidry jackfruit seeds as a preferred option among residents. Despite the abundance of jackfruits, their seeds are rarely used, with a mean utilization score of 1.77. Since jackfruit seeds are limited in their application and are readily available, they could be utilized as an alternative source for sustainable human subsistence. sustainable human subsistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study has a bifold objectives, firstly to determine the concentration of iron (Fe) in the soil and pond water within the vicinity of a historical gold mine region located in the Kolar Gold fields (KGF), Karnataka, India. Secondly, the study seeks to investigate the process of bioaccumulation of the heavy metal, iron in the muscles of Zebrafish inhabiting the same area. Methods: To achieve the objectives, the study employed Thermo Scientific's Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP-AES using Iteva software to evaluate and statistically analyze the distribution of iron in the soil, pond water and muscles samples. Four soil sample sites (A, B, C and D) were selected based on their proximity to residential area. Soil samples were examined from January to December, 2022, while pond water samples were analyzed between April and October, 2022 following a southwest monsoon rain. Result: During the study, the analysis of soil samples taken from the four mine landfills revealed elevated levels of heavy metals, with the highest mean concentration of 41915.17 mg/kg found in Site A. In the pond water, sample site B exhibited an exceedingly high Fe concentration during October with 5.56 mg/L followed by sample site D, A and C with 4.89, 3.89 and 3.54 mg/L, respectively against 0.98 mg/L in the control site. The concentration of Fe in the muscles was exceedingly high in the sample site B with 10457 mg/Kg on day 30 of October to that of 8219 mg/Kg on day 30 of April month, which is far above the threshold value of 100 mg/kg as per the regulatory bodies (WHO 1993). The outcome of this experiment will facilitate the assessment of surface soil contamination levels and the likelihood of contaminants entering the aquatic environment, resulting in the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the aquatic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Informed consent is an essential component in research involving human participants. However, the informed consent obtained may be incomplete and not fulfill the essential criteria of Informed Consent Forms (ICFs). Although the guidelines for developing ICFs have been clearly spelled out by various research bodies, these guidelines are not followed completely. Aim: To analyse the ICFs submitted to the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of a Medical Institute in Southern India. Materials and Methods: The present study was a crosssectional observational study analysing ICFs submitted to the IEC of McGann District Teaching Hospital, Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Shivamogga, Karnataka, India, for the period 2014 to January 2023. All research projects containing ICFs during the study period were included in the study. Of the research projects submitted, only 70 had ICFs, and these were subjected to analysis as per Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines criteria. The criteria for ICFs were: statement of research, purpose/methods of the study, duration/frequency of the study, benefits to participants/community, foreseeable risks, discomfort/inconvenience, confidentiality, payment/reimbursement for participation. In addition to these, ICFs were also analysed for additional elements as per ICMR criteria for tissue and blood samples. The results were then subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and presented as mean and percentages. Results: Many of the required essential elements were present in nearly 50% of ICFs submitted to the IEC, which include information on the basic purpose/methods of the study 70 (100%), identity of the principal investigator/research team 57 (81.42%), freedom to participate/withdraw from the study 55 (78.57%), confidentiality of records 54 (77.14%), and foreseeable risks, discomfort, and inconvenience to participants 35 (50%). Other essential elements like benefits were present to participants/community 28 (40%), payment/reimbursement for participation 28 (40%), duration and frequency 12 (17.14%), statement of research 9 (12.85%), treatment/compensation for injury 4 (5.71%). Regarding additional elements of ICFs for biological samples, ICFs adhered to the ICMR requirements except none of the submitted forms had any information on the period of storage of biological samples. Conclusion: The ICF is an essential requirement for conducting research. Ensuring adherence of ICF to guidelines is important from a research perspective. The present study concludes that the majority of the essential elements were present in ICFs with a few exceptions like study as research and information on the storage of biological samples, which was nil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oomycetes fungi, known as water molds are a group of numerous hundred microorganisms that comprise certain of the most disturbing phytopathogens. They can cause damping-off, seedling blights, foliar blights, downy mildew and root rots. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is an economically and nutritionally important species grown worldwide. Late blight and damping off are two major diseases, which are caused by oomycetes. The present study collected infected samples of tomatoes from four geographic locations in Karnataka, India and identified the pathogens through morphological and molecular methods. Ten different fungal species were identified through microscopic study, with dominance of Pythium and Phytophthora species at all locations. Molecular characterization through ITS sequences and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of two oomycetes Pythium aphanidermatum and Phytophthora infestans. ITS sequences of these two fungi were deposited at NCBI with accession numbers OR677915 and OR677916, respectively. Experimental inoculation of Pythium aphanidermatum (20ml Inoculum/litre) in soil having 20-day-old tomato plants resulted in the 100% yellowing, wilting, collapse, and death of plants within 7 days of inoculation. Inoculation of Phytophthora infestans (20ml Inoculum/litre) was sprayed on fruiting tomato plants resulting in black/brown lesions followed by up to 80% wilting of leaves and fruits within 7 days of spray. This research contributes to our understanding of fungal diseases affecting tomato crops in Karnataka, India and provides a foundation for future studies aimed at developing sustainable disease management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing evidence of the need for treatment engagement between Persons with Severe Mental Illnesses (PwSMIs) and Mental Health Professionals (MHPs). This therapeutic process involves collaborative work between patients and MHPs, which improves the condition. Community nurses are uniquely positioned to facilitate this process as they act as the focal point of interaction between patients and the health system. Methods: This qualitative study explored the community nurses' experiences in treatment engagement with PwSMI through eight group interviews of 35 community nurses from District Mental Health Programs (DMHPs) across Karnataka (South India) from February 2020 to March 2020. The audio recordings of the interviews were transcribed and coded to arrive at themes and subthemes. Results: The major themes identified were factors influencing treatment engagement, strategies to tackle treatment nonengagement, and challenges in dealing with nonengagement. The reasons for nonengagement were lack of insight and lack of knowledge of sociocultural, logistic, and treatment-related factors. The DMHP teams contacted patients through phone calls, home visits, and liaisons with health workers and intervened with them through education and depot injections. The major challenges were difficulty conducting home visits, distances, the unavailability of medications, and the need for adequate infrastructure and human resources. Conclusion: Community nurses address a few factors of nonengagement, such as insight, sociocultural factors, and treatment-related factors. Addressing the systemic challenges and adequate training of nurses in intervening in the dropped-out PwSMIs would help to reduce the treatment gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasive presence of microplastics within river ecosystems has a profound and often underestimated detrimental impact. These minuscule yet persistent particles have infiltrated diverse biological habitats, making their detrimental effects on aquatic life increasingly concerning worldwide. The ability of microplastics to accumulate within aquatic organisms further exacerbates this concern. Consequently, the monitoring of microplastic pollution in surface water environments has emerged as a crucial endeavour, offering invaluable insights into the extent of this ecological threat. This study delved into the contamination levels of microplastics within two bivalve species, Perna viridis and Villorita cyprinoides, along the Chandragiri River in Kerala and Karnataka, South-West India, spanning eight distinct locations. The investigation yielded a significant discovery, with a total of 667 microplastic particles extracted from 288 individuals. On average, each individual bivalve harboured approximately 2.31 ± 0.93 microplastic items. Notably, these microplastic particles exhibited a wide range of morphological characteristics, underscoring their diverse origins and pathways into the ecosystem. Furthermore, five polymer types of microplastics were unequivocally confirmed through FTIR-ATR analysis, shedding light on the types of plastics that pose a threat to the riverine ecosystem. The findings of this study contribute to a growing body of evidence highlighting the global threat of microplastic pollution, urging international collaboration and innovative solutions to prevent further contamination and remediate existing microplastic burdens in aquatic environments. Highlights: • Microplastic contamination is a major concern in river ecosystems. • Microplastic in two bivalve species were characterized at Chandragiri River India. • The microplastics had diverse shapes and were composed of five different polymers. • This study emphasizes the need to tackle river microplastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is an essential component of safe motherhood programs. This study aims to systematically identify and synthesize available evidence on birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant and recently delivered women in India. Methods: The study followed PRISMA guidelines and used databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest. Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI] Tool was used for critical appraisal of studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis [CMA] tool and R studio software. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using visual inspection of the forest plot, Cochran's Q test, and the I2 statistic results. Funnel plot and Egger's tests were applied to explore the possibility of the publication bias in the studies [PROSPERO: CRD42023396109]. Result: Thirty-five cross-sectional studies reported knowledge on one or more components of birth preparedness [BP], whilst knowledge on complication readiness [CR] or danger signs was reported in 34 included studies. Utilizing the random effect model, the pooled result showed that only about half of the women [49%; 95% CI: 44%, 53%] were aware on BPCR components. This result ranged between 15% [95% CI: 12%, 19%] to 79% [95% CI: 72%, 84%] in Maharashtra and Karnataka respectively [I2 = 94%, p = < 0.01]. High heterogeneity [> 90%] is observed across all components [p < 0.01]. The result of subgroup analysis indicated no significant difference in the proportion on BPCR among pregnant women [50%; 95% CI: 45%, 55%] and recently delivered women [54%; 95% CI: 46%, 62%]. However, the southern region of India indicates relatively better [56%; 95% CI: 45%, 67%] prevalence. Conclusion: Our study highlights the low prevalence of BPCR in India and the factors associated with it. Scaling up cost-effective interventions like BPCR that have a positive overall effect is necessary. Authors strongly suggests that birth preparedness and complication readiness should be given utmost importance to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Consideration should be given to fortifying existing resources, such as frontline workers and primary healthcare, as a strategic approach to augmenting the effectiveness of awareness initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Self-directed Learning (SDL) has been suggested as a principle of adult learning to promote lifelong learning abilities among students. Though SDL is not a new concept, there is a lack of uniform implementation across the institutions in India. The Competency-based Medical Education (CBME) proposed by the National Medical Commission in 2019 has emphasised SDL for medical students. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an online, case-based SDL activity in Biochemistry for the first-year MBBS students. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted at Father Muller Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India from May to July 2021. A purposive sampling technique was used, and 138 first-year MBBS students were enrolled for the research. The topic of lipid metabolism was chosen for SDL. Parallel to the online didactic lectures, a casebased, team-based, online SDL was implemented. Students were provided with case scenarios and were instructed to discuss the case scenarios and find answers to the accompanying questions in allotted groups for 15 days. A three-hour session was held for the presentation of the SDL, followed by a posttest and reflections of students. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The significance of the difference in pretest and post-test scores was assessed by paired t-test, and the level of significance was set at a p-value <0.05. Qualitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics, and thematic analysis of reflections was conducted. Results: The average post-test score of the participants was significantly higher by 99.3% compared to the pretest score (p-value <0.001). On average, 108 out of 138 (78.2%) agreed (agree/strongly agree) that SDL helped them to achieve the learning objectives,115 (83.3%) agreed that SDL helped them to develop as lifelong learners, 115 (83.3%) agreed that SDL helped them to develop as a health professional, and 83 (60.1%) agreed that enjoyed learning in online mode. The inclination of 110 (79.7%) students to have more SDL sessions in the future shows a behavioural change in favour of SDL. Time constraints and internet connectivity were the main challenges. Conclusion: SDL was effective and was received positively by the majority of the students. It is the need of the hour to develop lifelong learning and critical thinking among medical students and to make learning interesting with the use of case scenarios. Future research should assess the intermediate and long-term outcomes of case-based SDL on learning, behavioural changes, and its impact on patient care and the health of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients who have had a stroke often experience issues with static balance while sitting and standing. Additionally, they may encounter problems with dynamic balance, particularly when transitioning between sitting and standing positions, leading to reduced postural stability in both static and dynamic standing. This also contributes to weakness in the affected lower limb and decreased engagement in Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the impact of sit-to-stand training on balance, muscle strength, and ADL in stroke patients. Aim: To assess the impact of sit-to-stand training on balance, muscle strength, and ADL in patients who have had a stroke. Materials and Methods: This trial was an experimental, parallel, and assessor-blinded allocation with a computer-generated randomisation sequence. Sixty-six stroke patients (33 in each group) were enrolled from the inpatient Department of Medicine and the neurosurgery ward of Justice KS Hegde Charitable Hospital in Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India based on specific selection criteria. The trial was conducted from March 2022 to March 2023. Inclusion criteria included patients who had experienced a stroke involving the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) and Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), encompassing both ischaemic and haemorrhagic types of stroke, aged between 35-60 years, and including both male and female stroke patients who were able to effectively communicate and comprehend instructions. Other criteria included a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score greater than or equal to 23, the ability to independently have a transition from a supine position to a seated position, and a minimum score on the trunk impairment scale. In the experimental group, participants received sit-to-stand training for 45 minutes over five days, while the control group received conventional physical therapy, including tandem walking, single leg stance, double leg stance, early mobilisation, position and balance training exercises for 45 minutes over five days. The primary outcomes used for balance assessment were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and for ADL, the Barthel Index (BI) Scale was used, with muscle strength being measured using a push and pull dynamometer. The independent sample t-test was used to compare between groups, and within-group comparisons were conducted using the paired t-test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Significant differences (p-value=0.044) were observed in BBS score and muscle strength between the groups during both the pretest (Day-1) and post-test (Week-1). The BI exhibited a significant difference (p-value=0.016) during the post-test (Week-1) only. Additionally, a significant difference (p-value<0.001) was found in muscle strength, specifically in the Hip Extensors (HE) between the groups. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed a statistically significant difference in muscle strength of the HE. However, no significant difference was observed in BI and BBS between the groups. No side-effects or harms were reported, indicating that the approach is safe and feasible for stroke patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) estimates are often unavailable at fine spatial resolutions due to the lack of dense climatic networks. The present study was taken up to develop a methodology for obtaining a gridded Penman-Monteith (PM) ET0 dataset for Karnataka State, India, through spatial interpolation of estimates obtained at climate stations. Three interpolation techniques, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging, and Point-Based Sentinel Hospitals Area Distance (P-BSHADE), were employed to derive PM ET0 estimates. Considering the historical climate records of 67 stations located in Karnataka State for the period of 2006–2016, the interpolation methodologies were evaluated using a cross-validation procedure. Results showed that the performance of IDW was better with significant error reduction at validation sites. Subsequently, the IDW algorithm was used to derive daily PM ET0 values at 0.25° × 0.25° grids over the Karnataka State, India. Finally, the comparative analysis of developed PM ET0 gridded data product against three global ET0 products indicated the developed gridded ET0 to be most accurate across different agroclimatic zones. Web links of the developed product have been created in an effort to share the data on ET0, which is a critical input in a variety of studies in earth sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species of Rubroscirus (Acari: Cunaxidae) were collected from the Eastern dry zone of Karnataka, India. Females and males of Rubroscirus sinensisFan, 1992, collected from five different species of plants, are recorded for the first time from India and redescribed. The female of Rubroscirus karnatakaensissp. nov. collected on three species of plants is described. This brings the total number of Rubroscirus species from India to three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 'voices' of Muslim girls reported in a purposive sample of media, this research presents Muslim girls' responses to the impossible choice between right to education and vs. religion, following the hijab ban in the colleges in Karnataka, India. Their narratives do not fit conventional understandings of 'being' political or 'doing' politics. Instead, they are situated in a continuum of new-forms of political protest and agency emerging among young Muslim women in India following nation-wide Muslim women-led protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (2020). Muslim girls' voices in this research suggest their attempts to regenerate democracy by offering an alternative political vision of India to the authoritarian vision currently in power. This paper suggests that to understand Muslim girls' political agency in authoritarian and Hindu majoritarian India there is a need to recalibrate our understanding of politics and political agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of cyberspace is acknowledged by almost everyone as a given in daily life. Due to its widespread use, size, and reach, cyberspace has evolved into a vital aspect of our world, changing practically everyone’s reality in the developed world and, to a greater extent, that of the developing world. The present Case Study presents the initial findings from a quantitative survey designed to ascertain the level of awareness and excitement among educators at Kristu Jayanti College regarding cybersecurity education. It is imperative that educational institutions teach children about cybersecurity in order to help them use technology safely. Institutions have been working to help instructors learn about cyber safety, and there has been a noticeable increase in interest lately in comprehending the ideas of cybersecurity. 50 instructors from Kristu Jayanti College in Karnataka, India participated in an online survey that was used in this study to determine their degree of knowledge regarding cybersecurity. From the results of the survey, it can be concluded that creating cybersecurity awareness among teachers, especially including various terminologies in cybersecurity and newly implemented cybersecurity laws has great importance. The findings also imply that only a few faculty members could not recognize the significance of cybersecurity and understand the importance of information security principles to apply them in real-world situations as part of their jobs. However, this weakness may be remedied by creating extensive awareness-raising and training programs, in addition to adopting crucial safety protocols across the institution to ensure the security of faculty members. There could be negative effects on IT systems, how they are used, and user privacy in the future if these education and training programs are not adopted. Several important recommendations are put out to address this problem in light of the limitations that were found in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fish biodiversity, a significant part of the aquatic ecosystem, has been studied widely in India. However, the distribution and diversity of fish species have not been well-researched at the state and/or regional levels. Karnataka is bestowed with 8% of the country's water resources, which are under extreme pressure because of unregulated population growth, biological invasion, and developmental requirements. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, India has been introducing alien species to its water bodies. Currently, 13.6% of the fish diversity in India is exotic and has been established voluntarily or involuntarily for various purposes. The establishment of invasive alien fishes negatively influences native fish communities around the globe. In general, most publications present the latest status of ichthyofauna in several regions of Karnataka; however, there is no up-to-date documentation on strategic environmental developments and unforeseen challenges, such as invasive alien species (IAS). This study reconstructs existing knowledge while analytically reviewing challenges, potential management techniques, advancements, and the impacts of climate change and disseminates the data necessary for the comprehension of the biological invasion of IAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]