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Ever since Beijing has launched its grand transcontinental Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), President Xi's key foreign economic plan has ignited interest of policymakers and academia alike. This paper explores that under the BRI framework, China has invested billions of dollars in infrastructurebuilding in diverse regions across the globe, including South Asia where Beijing has expanded its footprints by implementing projects in various sectors. India, being wary of Chinese ambitions and intentions, has declined to join the venture as it has reservations over Xi's 'project of the century'. In response, India has come up with various initiatives to counter the growing role of Beijing in South Asia and beyond. Key Indian initiatives are examined aimed at rivalling China. For enhancing regional integration and connectivity, India, in partnership with Japan, has launched Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC). International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is another such venture to dwarf the Chinese BRI. In collaboration with the Group of 20 (G20), New Delhi unveiled another connectivity initiative -- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as an alternative to the BRI. The paper concludes that although India is eager to compete with China, it does not have enough resources to match China's regarding investing and implementing mega infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between conflict trajectories and years of schooling in India for girls and boys. It adopts propensity score matching methods on panel data from the India Human Development Survey (2004/05-2011/12) merged with conflict data from the South Asia Terrorism Portal. Conflict is measured according to the dynamic trajectory of Naxal violence-related fatalities at the district level, distinguishing areas of chronic conflict with those experiencing dynamism in conflict intensity over time. ATT estimates indicate that conflict is associated with a reduction in years of schooling for both genders, though relatively high for girls (by a quarter of a year for girls and by 0.16 of a year for boys), driven by large reductions in school accumulation for girls living in areas of chronic conflict. Results are consistent when adopting different methods, alternative measures of conflict fatalities, and accounting for other conflicts and selective migration. Examining transmission mechanisms suggest that household spending on girls' education may be de-prioritised amidst conflict, while conflict may also weaken or destroy school infrastructure. Results suggest that policy responses should prioritise girls' education in areas of chronic conflict, not only in 'fragile states' but in countries where conflict remains a subnational concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to assess and evaluate the condition of existing bridges adequately and accurately is a critical aspect of bridge maintenance and management, which involves condition assessments. Multiple hazards can affect existing bridges, making them vulnerable or risky, and any decision support concerning their management requires special attention. A rational and systematic framework for making practical decisions about the hazards present in a region and the appropriate level of risk is presented in this paper. An analytical hierarchy process (AHP) framework is proposed to rank hazards in hierarchical order based on a region's characteristics and a suitable analysis range, which provides the degree of risk that could jeopardise bridges. The proposed method can assist decision makers in selecting appropriate strategies for improving existing bridges. As a result, bridge inspection costs can be significantly reduced, maintenance and repair funds can be more effectively allocated and the safety, mobility, longevity and reliability of highway transportation assets can be improved. The approach was used in a case study of existing reinforced concrete (RC) bridges in the Barak Valley region in Assam, India. Such an approach is novel to the Indian subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes control is poor globally and leads to burdensome microvascular and macrovascular complications. We aimed to assess post hoc between-group differences in sustained risk factor control and macrovascular and microvascular endpoints at 6.5 years in the Center for cArdiovascular Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) randomized trial. Methods and findings: This parallel group individual randomized clinical trial was performed at 10 outpatient diabetes clinics in India and Pakistan from January 2011 through September 2019. A total of 1,146 patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c ≥8% and systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or LDL-cholesterol ≥130 mg/dl) were randomized to a multicomponent quality improvement (QI) strategy (trained nonphysician care coordinator to facilitate care for patients and clinical decision support system for physicians) or usual care. At 2.5 years, compared to usual care, those receiving the QI strategy were significantly more likely to achieve multiple risk factor control. Six clinics continued, while 4 clinics discontinued implementing the QI strategy for an additional 4-year follow-up (overall median 6.5 years follow-up). In this post hoc analysis, using intention-to-treat, we examined between-group differences in multiple risk factor control (HbA1c <7% plus systolic BP <130 mm Hg and/or LDL-cholesterol <100 mg/dl) and first macrovascular endpoints (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, death, revascularization [angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft]), which were coprimary outcomes. We also examined secondary outcomes, namely, single risk factor control, first microvascular endpoints (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy), and composite first macrovascular plus microvascular events (which also included amputation and all-cause mortality) by treatment group and whether QI strategy implementation was continued over 6.5 years. At 6.5 years, assessment data were available for 854 participants (74.5%; n = 417 [intervention]; n = 437 [usual care]). In terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, participants in the intervention and usual care groups were similar and participants at sites that continued were no different to participants at sites that discontinued intervention implementation. Patients in the intervention arm were more likely to exhibit sustained multiple risk factor control than usual care (relative risk: 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45, 2.20), p < 0.001. Cumulatively, there were 233 (40.5%) first microvascular and macrovascular events in intervention and 274 (48.0%) in usual care patients (absolute risk reduction: 7.5% [95% CI: −13.2, −1.7], p = 0.01; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72 [95% CI: 0.61, 0.86]), p < 0.001. Patients in the intervention arm experienced lower incidence of first microvascular endpoints (HR = 0.68 [95% CI: 0.56, 0.83), p < 0.001, but there was no evidence of between-group differences in first macrovascular events. Beneficial effects on microvascular and composite vascular outcomes were observed in sites that continued, but not sites that discontinued the intervention. Conclusions: In urban South Asian clinics, a multicomponent QI strategy led to sustained multiple risk factor control and between-group differences in microvascular, but not macrovascular, endpoints. Between-group reductions in vascular outcomes at 6.5 years were observed only at sites that continued the QI intervention, suggesting that practice change needs to be maintained for better population health of people with diabetes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.govNCT01212328. Nikhil Tandon and colleagues explore the impact of a quality improvement strategy for patients with type 2 diabetes 6.5 years after its implementation for the CARRS randomised trial. Author summary: Why was this study done?: Data on whether improvements in diabetes care goal achievement can be sustained (>5 years) with quality improvement (QI) strategies are lacking from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Prior studies of QI strategies to improve care goal achievement among people with diabetes from high-income countries reported modest benefits in blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids, but the effects of these improvements on reducing vascular complications and deaths related to diabetes are unknown. What did the researchers do and find?: In the Center for cArdiovascular Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) randomised trial of 1,146 patients with type 2 diabetes attending 10 diverse diabetes clinics in India and Pakistan, the QI strategy was associated with benefits on diabetes care goals (HbA1c <7% plus systolic BP <130 mm Hg and/or LDL-cholesterol <100 mg/dl) at 2.5 years after randomization. Four clinics discontinued implementation, while 6 clinics continued to implement the QI strategy for an additional 4 years. This report assesses whether benefits were sustained and reduced vascular complications and deaths associated with diabetes at 6.5 years. Patients receiving the QI strategy, compared to those receiving usual care, experienced sustained benefits on diabetes care goals and less microvascular endpoints (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) at 6.5 years after randomization. Total macrovascular and microvascular events were also lower in those receiving the QI strategy, and this was only observed at sites that continued implementation of the QI strategy for 6.5 years. What do these findings mean?: These findings add to our knowledge of the long-term effects of multicomponent QI strategies in sustaining multiple risk factor control and reducing combined vascular events compared to usual care in resource-limited settings. In view of these findings, clinical decision support and trained nonphysician health workers may be important QI strategies to consider integrating into India's healthcare system to improve diabetes care quality and reduce morbidity and mortality. One limitation of the study is that the tertiary care facilities included in the CARRS trial may not be generalizable across LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of disaster politics debate how far natural hazards cause or catalyse political change. This paper builds on recent scholarship on tipping points and social contracts to argue that two case studies of historical earthquakes in 1930s British‐colonised India invite a focus on the dynamics of cooperation and conflict between state and non‐state actors. Officials of the colonial state and its nationalist rivals cooperated after one earthquake even though they otherwise bitterly opposed each other. Cooperation broke down after the second event, just one year later. Yet, in both cases, officials and nationalist leaders shared a broad vision for Indian society, which pushed both sides actively to seek to recover the social and economic status quo ante, preventing potential tipping points from crystallising. These case studies reveal how and why highly fraught social contracts can survive major disasters. The colonial state's transient and reactive approach to disaster governance continued to impact on post‐independence India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A declining trend in Indian summer monsoon precipitation (ISMP) in the latter half of the 20th century is a scientifically challenging and societally relevant research issue. Heavy aerosol loading over India is one of the key factors in modulating the ISMP. Using the state-of-the-state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model, ECHAM6-HAMMOZ, the impacts of South Asian anthropogenic sulfate aerosols on the Indian summer monsoon precipitation were investigated against: (1) 2010 La Niña (excess monsoon), (2) 2015 El Niño (deficit monsoon) in comparison to (3) normal monsoon 2016. Sensitivity simulations were designed with 48% enhancement in South Asian SO 2 emissions based on a trend estimated from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations during 2006–2017. The model simulations showed that sulfate aerosols reduce ISMP by 27.5%–43.3 %, while simulations without sulfate loading enhanced ISMP by 23% in 2010 La Niña and reduction by 35% in 2015 El Niño. This paper reports that sulfate aerosols loading over India reduce precipitation by aerosol-induced direct and indirect effects by inducing atmospheric cooling, weakening in the convection, and reduction in moisture transport to Indian landmass. This paper emphasizes the necessity of alternate use of energy to reduce sulfate aerosol emissions to solve water issues in South Asia. [Display omitted] • Sulfate emission reduces Indian summer monsoon precipitation through aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions. • Over 27% of the summer monsoon rainfall deficit in a normal year are linked to Asian anthropogenic sulfate emissions. • Sulfate-induced rainfall reduction is the maximum for La Niña year. • SO 2 loading increases atmospheric stability and weakens moisture transport to India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A close study of the twelfth-century Delight of the Mind's (Mānasollāsa's) section on cooking called "The Enjoyment of Food" reveals that meat dominated the royal menu in medieval South India. The valuable recipes in this Sanskrit royal encyclopedia's section of 258 verses on food detail primarily how to prepare wild fish and game, but also meat from tortoise, bandicoot, ram (mutton), other domesticated animals, and an array of delectable foods of the period. Consuming almost all animals that moved in the kingdom formed part of Western Chalukyan emperor Someśvara´s assertion of royal dominion, yet investigation into this recipe collection's textual history as well as that of other royal recipe collections suggests that the once abundant meat recipes have often been removed from the record, leaving the false impression of more vegetarian dietary practice than really pertained to South Asia's past. This later "veggie-washing" concerns Hindu ideologies of nonviolence and the disavowal of animal slaughter in ritual sacrifice, both of which originated in Jain and Buddhist ideologies yet have become attached to Hindu ideals of vegetarianism, forming part of a new moral culinary imperative that has advanced over roughly the second millennium of the Common Era. Exploring this topic using the lens of power and politics as they relate to food and dining allows the reader to observe shifts in royal culinary writing as these texts became permeated with religious ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional weather and climate are generally impacted by global climatic phenomenon′s. Understanding the impact of global climate phenomenon′s on an atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle is crucial to make advances in skillful precipitation forecast. The present study adopts a multiscale approach based on wavelets for unravelling the linkages between teleconnections and atmospheric moisture transport over homogeneous regions of Indian sub-continent. We investigated linkages between atmospheric moisture transport quantified as monthly integrated water vapor transport (IVT) during 1951–2022 over selected homogeneous regions and eight large scale climate oscillations using wavelet and global wavelet coherence. Our results indicate significant heterogeneity in linkages across different regions and across multiple timescales. In particular, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influence monthly IVT at intra-annual to inter-annual scale over all regions. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have strong connection to monthly IVT at inter-annual scale whereas over west central region both IOD and ENSO strongly influence IVT at inter-decadal scale. While the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation have an impact on IVT in the north-east and southern regions, the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic oscillation have a strong inter-annual connection to IVT, majorly in the northwest and hilly regions. Overall, the methodology offers an effective approach for capturing the dynamics of atmospheric moisture transport in time–frequency space and provide a practical reference for prediction of atmospheric moisture transport linked precipitation over different regions of Indian subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite growing evidence of the impacts of exclusively breastfeeding infants during the first 6 months of life on preventing childhood infections and ensuring optimal health, only a small number of studies have quantified this association in South Asia. Methods: We analyzed data from the Demographic and Health Surveys in Afghanistan (2015; n = 3462), Bangladesh (2017–2018; n = 1084), India (2019–2021; n = 26,101), Nepal (2022; n = 581), and Pakistan (2017–2018; n = 1,306), including babies aged 0–6 months. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association between exclusive breastfeeding in the last 24 h and diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, and fever in the two weeks before the survey. We also examined the association between other infant and young feeding indicators and these outcomes. Results: Infants who were exclusive breastfed had decreased odds of diarrhoea in Afghanistan (AOR: 0.49, 95% CI 0.35, 0.70), India (AOR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.70, 0.91), and Nepal (AOR: 0.42, 95% CI 0.20, 0.89). Compared with infants who were not exclusive breastfed, infants who were exclusively breastfed were less likely to have fever in Afghanistan (AOR: 0.36, 95% CI 0.26, 0.50) and India (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.67, 0.84). Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower odds of acute respiratory infections in Afghanistan (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.39, 0.83). Early initiation of breastfeeding was protective against diarrhoea in India. Bottle feeding was a risk factor for diarrhoea in India and for fever in Afghanistan and India. Bottle feeding was also a risk factor for acute respiratory infection in Afghanistan and India. Conclusions: Not exclusive breastfeeding is a risk factor for diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, and fever in some South Asian countries. These findings could have substantial implications for global and national efforts to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates. More support, advocacy, and action are required to boost breastfeeding rates as a crucial public health measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gharial Gavialis gangeticus is a Critically Endangered crocodilian endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Habitat modification by river damming and water extraction has caused a severe decline in its population. The status of the gharial is known within protected areas, but there have been few surveys for this species in unprotected areas. In Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, a breeding gharial population in Girijapuri Barrage Reservoir has low recruitment, and it has been hypothesized that yearlings disperse downstream into the unprotected Ghaghara River when the barrage gates are opened. We surveyed a 100-km stretch of the Ghaghara River from the Girijapuri Barrage to Chahlari Ghat, observing a total of 84 gharials, including a high proportion of juveniles. A survey in 2021 from Chahlari Ghat to Ayodhya observed 174 gharials, giving a combined total of 258 gharials in a 219-km stretch of the Ghaghara River for the two surveys. Together, these findings confirm the presence of a significant population of gharials in the Ghaghara River. We recommend the adoption of an integrated approach, involving government agencies and local communities along the river, to conserve the protected Girwa–Kaudiyala Rivers and the unprotected Ghaghara River for gharial conservation and recovery. Such a programme will need to tackle the threats facing the gharial and establish baseline data and long-term monitoring protocols for freshwater species conservation in this river system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the primary macronutrients required for crop growth and yield. This nutrient is especially limiting wheat yields in the dry and low fertile agro-ecologies having low N in the root zone soil strata. Moreover, majority of farmers in India and South Asia are small to marginal with meagre capacity to invest in costly nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, there is an immense need to identify lines that use nitrogen efficiently. A set of 50 diverse wheat genotypes consisting of indigenous germplasm lines (05), cultivars released for commercial cultivation (23) and selected elite lines from CIMMYT nurseries (22) were evaluated in an alpha-lattice design with two replications, a six-rowed plot of 2.5m length for 24 agro morphological, physiological and NUE related traits during two consecutive crop seasons in an N-depleted precision field under two different N levels of 50%-N50 (T1) and 100%-N100 (T2) of recommended N, i.e., 100 kg/ha. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation among genotypes for all the traits studied. About 11.36% yield reduction was observed at reduced N levels. Significant correlations among NUE traits and yield component traits were observed which indicated pivotal role of N remobilization to the grain in enhancing yield levels. Among N-insensitive genotypes identified based on their yielding ability at low N levels, UASBW13356, UASBW13358, UASBW13354, UASBW13357 and KRL1-4 showed their inherent genotypic plasticity toward N application. The genotypes with more yield and high to moderate NUtE can be used as parents for the breeding of N efficient genotypes for marginal agro-ecologies. Low N tolerant genotypes identified from the current investigation may be further utilized in the identification of genomic regions responsible for NUE and its deployment in wheat breeding programs. The comprehensive data of 24 traits under different nitrogen levels for diverse genotypes from India and global sources (mainly CIMMYT) should be useful for supporting breeding for NUE and thus will be of great help for small and marginal farmers in India and South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the Indian subcontinent, where a billion hearts beat, cancer casts a long shadow. In this crucible of healthcare innovation, the researchers shift their focus to India, a land as diverse as its challenges. This research delves deep into the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform cancer care within India’s unique ecosystem. Journeying to Kharghar, Maharashtra, a microcosm of the nation’s hopes and realities, the researchers assess the community’s attitude towards embracing AI-driven solutions. But amidst the enthusiasm lies a sobering truth: the specter of high cancer care costs looms large across India’s healthcare landscape. This research serves as a call to action, urging targeted government interventions tailored to the Indian context. Envisioning a future where AI-powered cancer care is democratized, hope replaces despair for millions battling this formidable foe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of distributive justice on normative commitment, both directly and indirectly through job satisfaction. Instead of integrating all the components of justice and commitment, distributive justice and normative commitment have been given prominence. Design/methodology/approach: The data were collected through standardised scales from the 305 executives working in the top eight cement organisations located in the central part of the Indian subcontinent. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with bootstrapping was employed to evaluate the hypotheses. Findings: The results proved that distributive justice helps increase normative commitment and affects job satisfaction positively. Additionally, job satisfaction acts as a mediator between distributive justice and normative commitment. Research limitations/implications: Due to the adaptation of self-reported questionnaires, the chances of method bias cannot be completely denied. However, the Harman's single-factor analysis was conducted to handle it. Moreover, the data were obtained from a single source, i.e. the cement industry. Practical implications: HR practitioners may use the outcomes of this study to promote distributive justice while allocating their sources. It also helps in implementing specific strategies to improve job satisfaction and commitment. Originality/value: The study proposed a more complex linear model that included job satisfaction as a mediator. Moreover, the study is conducted in emerging economies, which addresses the research gaps in the existing body of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of skeletal remains from South Asia were exported in red markets (the underground economy of human tissues/organs) to educational institutions globally for over a century. It is time to recognize the personhood of the people who were systematically made into anatomical objects and acknowledge the scientific racism in creating and continuing to use them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endemic to the Indian subcontinent, the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is a threatened species, present in fragmented habitats across India. Field techniques such as direct observation and camera trapping alone are not sufficient and may not be explicit enough to understand a monomorphic species like the sloth bear at larger spatial scales. In this study, we looked into the genetic structure, variability and population demographics amongst the extant sloth bear populations in the highly fragmented Vidarbha landscape, using a panel of 13 microsatellite markers with a cumulative PID value of 1.48 × 10−5 PIDsibs. Our results revealed genetic clustering (K = 5) and moderate structuring amongst the study populations. Despite being geographically distant and placed in two different genetic clusters, sloth bears from the Melghat Tiger Reserve and Sahyadri Tiger Reserve shared genetic signatures, indicating connectivity, while migration was detected amongst other study areas as well. The findings from this study can serve as baseline assessment for future genetic monitoring of the species in the human-dominated landscape and assist in managerial decisions to step up protection of fragmented forest patches and reduce human–bear conflicts without compromising on the genetic connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asia's coastlines are the most densely inhabited and economically active ecosystems have already begun to shift due to climate change. Over the past century, climate change has contributed to a gradual and considerable rise in sea level, which has eroded shorelines and increased storm-related coastal flooding. The differences in estuary water quality over time, both seasonally and annually, have been efficiently controlled by changes in stream flow. Assessment requires digitized analytical platforms to lower the risk of catastrophes associated with climate change in coastal towns. To predict future changes in an area's vulnerability and waste planning decisions, a prospective investigation requires qualitative and quantitative scenarios. The paper concentrates on the development of a forecasting platform to evaluate the climate change and waste water impacts on the south coastal region of India. Due to the enhancement of Digitization, a multi-model ensemble combined with manifold learning is implemented on the multi-case models influencing the uncertainty probability rate of 23% and can be ignored with desired precaution on the coastal environmental. Because Manifold Learning Analysis results cannot be utilized directly in wastewater management studies because of their inherent biases, a statistical bias correction and meta-feature estimation have been implemented. Within the climate-hydrology modeling chain, the results demonstrate a wide range of expected changes in water resources in some places. Experimental statistics reveal that the forecasted rate of 91.45% will be the better choice to reduce the uncertainty of climatic change and wastewater management. • Development of Multi-Objective Neighborhood Embedding Ensemble Strategy (NEES) to predict waste water and climate change impacts. • Manifold learning with metafeatures estimator model to forecast the temperature index and oxygen depletion. • Enhanced Coastal Management system with multi-parameter reliability model for South Asia Coastal region to safeguard the environmental eco-stability. • Manifold predictor models for waste water impact and climatic influence with maximum data samples with optimized cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are on the rise worldwide. Despite extensive efforts, regional climate models still show significant biases for extreme precipitation events, often due to factors like improper physics, the choice of land surface model, and spatial domain. Thus, this study uses a Coupled Land–Atmosphere Regional Climate Model version 4.7 (RegCM4.7) to explore how the choice of land surface models (LSMs) and domain extent affects the simulation of extreme precipitation over India. In this regard, a total of four sensitivity experiments have been carried out using two LSMs (CLM4.5 and BATS) over each of the two domains (one over the bigger South Asia CORDEX domain and another for the smaller domain over the Indian region). The main objective is to provide a holistic idea for obtaining an optimum model domain and LSMs for precipitation extremes over India. The model performance is demonstrated for extreme precipitation and associated processes. The result shows the systematic discrepancy in simulating extreme precipitation with a strong inter-simulation spread, indicating the strong sensitivity of extreme precipitation on the LSMs as well as the model domain. The BATS configuration shows a significant overestimation of consecutive wet days and very low precipitation, partially associated with a deficiency in convection. By contrast, the considerable underestimation of intense precipitation can be attributed to the presence of frequent, light drizzle, which hinders the accumulation of moisture in the atmosphere to a sufficient degree to prevent extreme rainfall. Despite significant improvement, the best-configured model (CLM with Indian domain) still indicates substantial bias for extreme precipitation. This deficiency in the model could potentially be mitigated by enhancing both horizontal and vertical resolutions. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explore other physics parameterizations and dynamic mechanisms to address this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the intricate history and pivotal junctures of the Pakistan-India water dispute, examining its environmental dimensions through the lenses of environmental security and the Theory of Environmentalism in International Relations (TEIR). Amid the shared vulnerability of Pakistan and India to climate change threats impacting their shared river waters, collaborative efforts become imperative. Projections indicate climate-related losses could cost South Asia $518 billion by 2050, a substantial portion of the region's GDP. This underscores the urgency for swift cooperation to foster sustainable water management in response to climate change. A descriptive and analytical research methodology has been used in which diplomatic discussions evaluates successes, failures, and ongoing peace-building efforts. The interplay of environmental security is emphasized in fostering sustainable transboundary water management for a resilient South Asia. Conclusively, proactive measures, innovative diplomacy, and sustainable water management are advocated for building a more resilient and interconnected South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]