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In this paper, we suggest how India can become atmanirbhar (i.e. self-reliant) in development of green energy technologies- solar, battery storage and green hydrogen, given its stated commitments in clean energy. First, we introduce a generalized policy design – a set of ten policy measures: seven necessary and three sufficient- with the former being on the supply side and the latter on the demand side. The paper argues that while the ideal policy mix would be technology dependent, based on technology maturity and the strategic positioning of the country, it should draw both from supply side (i.e., for domestic development) and demand side (i.e., for scale deployment). Then, we suggest the required individual strategies for each of the three technologies- such as a manufacturing focused policy for solar solely to develop competence in manufacturing; a bottom-up, manufacturing-led policy for battery storage with focus on deployment in parallel with technology development; and traditional top-down, research-led strategy for green hydrogen by entering via development through supply side and complementing via deployment through demand side. Finally, we compare these with the existing domestic energy industrial policies as well as those prevalent in other jurisdictions such as the US and China. • Create self-reliance for India in green energy technologies. • Develop generalized policy design with supply and demand side measures. • For solar, manufacturing focused policy for competence solely in manufacturing. • For battery storage, bottom-up manufacturing-led policy with deployment alongside development. • For green hydrogen, top-down research-led strategy where deployment follows development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Performance analysis of earth air heat exchanger has been done in Lower Himalayan Region. • Air outlet temperature decreases with increase in pipe length during summers and vice-versa for winters. • The maximum average cooling and heating potential is 14.81 kWh & 27.7 kWh. Energy demand in India at present is fulfilled by non-renewable sources despite the prime geographical location of some states. Geothermal energy is the renewable energy within the earth's interior will be used for various purposes. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use the renewable source of energy for sustainable development. The thermal performance of earth to air tunnel heat exchanger for passive winter preheating and summer cooling has been evaluated. The effect of an operating parameter such as pipe/tube material, soil thermal conductivity and air velocity on the thermal performance of earth to air heat exchanger (GEAHE) to be used in Lower Himalayan Region has been analyzed. The results indicate that the exit temperature drops with an increase in underground pipe/tube length during summers and decreases during winters. However, the mean efficiency increases with increase in underground pipe/tube length. Maximum efficiency of 85.6% and 87.7% is achieved during summer and winter respectively at an air velocity of 0.5 m/s for an underground pipe of 60 m length. Also, the maximum average cooling potential is 14.81 kWh during summer for earth air tunnel heat exchanger at underground pipe length of 60 m and at a velocity of 0.5 m/s. Similarly, the maximum average heating potential is 27.7 kWh during winter for same operating parameters; which is higher as compared to summers. Thus the results indicate that earth air tunnel heat exchanger is more effective during winter in Lower Himalayan Region. The results demonstrate that geothermal energy stored in a Lower Himalayan Region of India can be a driving force for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Asia’s largest biofuels producers are currently Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, China and India. This paper first examines the current status of biofuels in these countries, including the national development targets, strategies, incentives and policies. It then identifies the fundamental driving forces behind the development and promotion of these industries and considers their economic, social and environmental impacts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]