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Abstract: Making new coal-fired power plants carbon capture ready (Carbon Capture Ready) in China has been recognised as a crucial by a number of stakeholders academics, energy companies and regional government, based on a study in EU-UK-China NZEC project. A number of publications have investigated the definition, engineering requirements, economic and finance of CCR for China. However there remain a number of questions regarding the extent to which a plant’s physical location might constrain the feasibility of CCS retrofit. To address this issue, a Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used as a tool for mapping current and planned large carbon dioxide sources in Guangdong, also illustrating potential storage sites and calculating possible carbon dioxide transportation route. This paper investigates the location factors that should be considered when locating new build CCR power plants and demonstrates the methodology of using GIS software with spatial analysis in planning new build power plant in Guangdong. A preliminary study has identified over 30 large power plants within the region, with plant locations and historical emission data collected and presented in ArcGIS. Factors such as distance to potential storage site, route of CO2 pipeline, extra space on site and potential development plan etc. were investigated in the modelling and calculated the potential source and sink solution. The study then moves on to suggest possible new build plant locations which can be easily fitted in to the current network, based on economic optimisation. The scope for future coal plant development combined with a possible nuclear plant siting plan is discussed towards the end of the paper. Guangdong province, which owns the third largest coal-fired power installed capacity out of 31 provinces, generated over 8% of China’s total electricity every year for the past 15 years. CO2 storage opportunities could be found in the surrounding South China Sea, where Guangdong has a total of 4,300 km of coastline and some small scale oil fields on shore within the region. It is also among the first places to start the national open and reform policy in China. The province is one of the richest in China, with the highest GDP among all other provinces since 1989, and the foreign trade accounts for more than a quarter of China’s total amount. It also contributes around 12 of the total national economic output. Currently, the provincial government is proposing a low carbon roadmap, which is the first of its kind in China. The work has created a totally new thinking on capture ready power plant planning. This differs from existing studies (e.g., which aim to investigate the existing carbon dioxide emission sources at specified location and provide source and sink matching analysis. Instead the study focuses on policy implementation for new build capture ready power plants. Three clusters within Guangdong province are identified as potential temporary CO2 storage hubs before transporting the gas to a long term storage site. When officials are planning new power plant locations from a capture ready perspective, the plants should not necessarily be close to storage sites in straight line, but rather should be within a reasonable distance of a cluster. Transport of the captured CO2 will not be limited to pipelines, but could be extended to road and rail tankers. Power plant parameters and storage site data were collected for this research. Public transportation, utilities, landscapes, river, land used and population data were referenced from various sources; therefore, some of the data could be out of date. Nevertheless, it should still provide enough information when deciding the location of the transport cluster. Any future work could build on the existing model with updated data. Moreover, it could fit in with the national natural gas transportation network and utility planning network to provide long term integrated energy system analysis. The paper could provide policy makers, investors and urban planning officials with a view on how conventional thermal power plant investment and planning could be optimised, using Carbon Capture Ready designs, to keep the CCS retrofitting option open. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The new power supply structure resulting from the new policy has been considered. • The new models project the inefficient points onto a more realistic efficient frontier. • The new models have the power to allocate the shared resources. • Results show that the power production stage is allocated less shared resources. • The power sale stage's efficiency is lower than the one of power production stage. To relieve the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution, many countries have implemented a variety of policies to improve the energy efficiency of the power industry. To understand the impacts of such policies on energy efficiency, this paper constructs novel network data envelopment analysis models to recognize the policy-induced structural changes in the power system. Compared with previous studies, the new models project the inefficient points onto a more realistic efficient production frontier, considering how the distribution proportion of shared resources will change when the power system, modeled as a power generation stage and a power sale stage, is led by the latter stage. Our empirical study on China's power system shows that the province of Guangdong and the eastern region of China perform best, and all power production stages perform better than the corresponding power sale stages. The development of the two power subsystems in the four regions is unbalanced. More than half of the power supply systems choose to allocate more proportion of the shared resources to the sale stage rather than use a more balanced distribution between the two stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To find the key impact factors of CO2 emissions to realize the carbon intensity target, this paper examined the impact factors of population, economic level, technology level, urbanization level, industrialization level, service level, energy consumption structure and foreign trade degree on the energy-related CO2 emissions in Guangdong Province, China from 1980 to 2010 using an extended STIRPAT model. We employed ridge regression to fit the extended STIRPAT model. Empirical results indicate that factors such as population, urbanization level, GDP per capita, industrialization level and service level, can cause an increase in CO2 emissions. However, technology level, energy consumption structure and foreign trade degree can lead to a decrease in CO2 emissions. The estimated elastic coefficients suggest that population is the most important impact factor of CO2 emissions. Industrialization level, urbanization level, energy consumption structure, service level and GDP per capita are also significant impact factors, but the other factors such as technology level and foreign trade degree are less important impact factors. Some policy recommendations are also given on how to mitigate the growth of CO2 emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper uses two methods LMDI and Laspeyres to analysis the influences the industrial structure has on energy consumption,including how much the three industries have contribution to energy intensity .The results we conclude are:1) Economy has a strong stimulating effect on energy consumption;2)The effect of improving energy efficiency by using science and technology is significant in Guangdong province, especially in the secondary industry; 3) The secondary industry plays a positive role in reducing energy intensity, and the advantages of the tertiary industry isn’t displayed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Guangdong has China''s highest GDP of any province and actively advocates low-carbon development. At present, Guangdong''s low-carbon roadmap emphasizes the adjustment of industrial structure, increased energy saving and efficiency, and renewable and nuclear energy, while CCS is not featured. This is partially due to the geographical gap in the existing body of research on CCS in China, as to date no substantial research on CCS has taken place in the regions south of the Yangtze River, including Guangdong. This paper presents the partial outcome of the first CCS-related research in Guangdong, which is aiming for a preliminary assessment on the effective CO2 storage capacity in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) offshore Guangdong. As the storage capacity onshore Guangdong is limited as shown by a parallel study, the offshore sedimentary basins deserve particular attention. The PRMB is the largest sedimentary basin in the passive margin of the northern South China Sea, with a total area of nearly 200000km2 and maximum sediment thickness of over 14km. Based on published data, geological conditions and parameters for CO2 storage are analyzed, volumes of potential formations are calculated on a GIS platform, and the storage capacity is calculated according to CSLF and USDOE formulations. The estimated effective storage capacity is 308Gt in deep saline formations, including 0.06Gt in oil and gas fields. This capacity is sufficiently large for storaging the CO2 emitted from the major point sources in Guangdong in many decades. Promising areas are suggested for further investigations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Three different flexibility measures in a distributed energy system were modeled. • A dynamic economic dispatch model considering multi flexibility measures was proposed. • The effects of price-driven demand response program on consumer and power grid were analyzed. • The different ancillary services for power grid provided by the distributed energy system were discussed. Distributed energy systems are a promising integrated energy technology due to their energy efficiency and environment benefits. However, the increasing complexity of distributed energy systems, integrated with variable renewable energy, requires more intelligent operational methods to achieve economic efficiency, and reduce negative effects on the power grid. In this study, multi-flexibility measures are used to facilitate interaction between a distributed energy system and the power grid. First, a mixed-integer and linear programming model is proposed for optimizing the dispatch of a distributed energy system with minimum operational costs. Then, the price-driven demand response is performed by coordinating flexibility measures optimally in the operation of a distributed energy system in Guangdong province, China. A detailed case study is conducted in which three types of flexibility measures are modeled, and their effects on end-users and power grid are discussed. The optimal results show that each flexibility measure can well response to the time-of-use price. The distributed energy system's operating costs were reduced by 1.7–12.9% when individual flexibility measures were applied and 19.6% when all the flexibility measures were implemented. However, the price-driven demand response program significantly decreases the tie-line's (i.e. the power line connecting the distributed energy system to the main power grid) power stability. Three types of ancillary services based on multi-flexibility measures in a distributed energy system are proposed in this paper and optimized based on the ε - constraint method to facilitate smooth interaction between the power grid and a distributed energy system. The Pareto frontiers indicate that all the operational costs decrease along with the ancillary service. The technical and economic boundaries of each ancillary service are further determined, which can help distributed energy system operators make more informed operational decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]