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In recent years, the remarkable progress in exoplanet science has unveiled a stunning diversity of exoplanets. Technological advancements have significantly expanded our capacity to investigate planetary objects beyond our solar system, which exhibit diverse properties including their sizes, compositions, and orbital characteristics. Although understanding the complex chemical-climate responses occurring in planetary-body atmospheres plays a pivotal role in determining potential habitability, much work is still required in this field. To interpret forthcoming spectral measurements obtained from exoplanetary atmospheres, there is a concerted effort to model these worlds. However, model parameters are often inferred from limited data sets. Consequently, laboratory-based atmospheric simulations are necessary for understanding complex gas-phase interactions and to complement atmospheric models through experimental examination of input parameters. In this paper we introduce the new Berlin Atmospheric Simulation Experimental chamber (BASE), present its current capabilities and provide an overview of experimental scenarios with applications ranging from planetary objects in the solar system (e.g. Mars, Venus, Titan) to Earth-like exoplanets. • Exoplanetary science demands experimental validation of atmospheric processes. • Laboratory simulations are fine tuned to a specific set of atmospheric parameters. • UV photons and electrons initiate important chemical reactions in the gas phase. • BASE simulates pressure, composition and radiation levels of planetary atmospheres. • BASE will provide important laboratory data to improve current atmospheric models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technosignatures refer to observational manifestations of technology that could be detected through astronomical means. Most previous searches for technosignatures have focused on searches for radio signals, but many current and future observing facilities could also constrain the prevalence of some non-radio technosignatures. This search could thus benefit from broader participation by the astronomical community, as contributions to technosignature science can also take the form of negative results that provide statistically meaningful quantitative upper limits on the presence of a signal. This paper provides a synthesis of the recommendations of the 2020 TechnoClimes workshop, which was an online event intended to develop a research agenda to prioritize and guide future theoretical and observational studies technosignatures. The paper provides a high-level overview of the use of current and future missions to detect exoplanetary technosignatures at ultraviolet, optical, or infrared wavelengths, which specifically focuses on the detectability of atmospheric technosignatures, artificial surface modifications, optical beacons, space engineering and megastructures, and interstellar flight. This overview does not derive any new quantitative detection limits but is intended to provide additional science justification for the use of current and planned observing facilities as well as to inspire astronomers conducting such observations to consider the relevance of their ongoing observations to technosignature science. This synthesis also identifies possible technology gaps with the ability of current and planned missions to search for technosignatures, which suggests the need to consider technosignature science cases in the design of future mission concepts. • Technosignatures refer to observational manifestations of technology that could be detected through astronomical means. • This paper presents some of the conclusions of the TechnoClimes 2020 workshop. • Current and future astronomical facilities can place constraints on the prevalence of technosignatures. • Technosignature searches can be included in mission science justification without added cost. • The search for technosignatures would benefit from broader participation by the astronomical community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine an accurate formulation for the sea-spray source function characteristic for the North-Western Mediterranean. To this end, the MACMod aerosol transport model was implemented in the study area using different sea-state dependent flux formulations. The simulations were compared to a large data set of aerosol size distributions acquired over the last ten years in the study area, yielding the evolution of the sea-spray concentrations with increasing fetch and hence, with the development of the wave field. This allowed for an improvement of the Demoisson et al. (2013) sea-spray source function (S3F) for the Mediterranean. The new formulation extends its validity to shorter fetch and larger radii and turned out to be most suitable for predicting the atmospheric concentrations of sea-spray aerosols in this region. Highlights • This paper deals with the study of the sea-spray contribution to the atmospheric aerosol in the North-Western Mediterranean. • The objective is the determination of an accurate sea-spray-source function in the 0.5–20 μm size range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first of two that present a 16-year hindcast solution from a coupled physical and biogeochemical model of the California Current System (CCS) along the U. S. West Coast and validate the physical solution with respect to mean, seasonal, interannual, and subseasonal fields and, to a lesser degree, eddy variability. Its companion paper is Deutsch et al. (2021). The intent is to construct and demonstrate a modeling tool that will be used for mechanistic explanations, attributive causal assessments, and forecasts of future evolution for circulation and biogeochemistry, with particular attention to the increasing oceanic stratification, deoxygenation, and acidification. A well-resolved mesoscale (dx = 4 km) simulation of the CCS circulation is made with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System over a hindcast period of 16 years from 1995 to 2010. The oceanic solution is forced by a high-resolution (dx = 6 km) regional configuration of the Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) atmospheric model. Both of these high-resolution regional oceanic and atmospheric simulations are forced by lateral open boundary conditions taken from larger-domain, coarser-resolution parent simulations that themselves have boundary conditions from the Mercator and Climate Forecast System reanalyses, respectively. We show good agreement between the simulated atmospheric forcing of the oceanic and satellite measurements for the spatial patterns and temporal variability for the surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater. The simulated oceanic physical fields are then evaluated with satellite and in situ measurements. The simulation reproduces the main structure of the climatological upwelling front and cross-shore isopycnal slopes, the mean current patterns (including the California Undercurrent), and the seasonal, interannual, and subseasonal variability. It also shows agreement between the mesoscale eddy activity and the windwork energy exchange between the ocean and atmosphere modulated by influences of surface current on surface stress. Finally, the impact of using a high frequency wind forcing is assessed for the importance of synoptic wind variability to realistically represent oceanic mesoscale activity and ageostrophic inertial currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear tests and mandates development of verification measures to detect treaty violations. One verification measure is detection of radioactive xenon isotopes produced in the fission of actinides. The International Monitoring System (IMS) currently deploys automated radioxenon systems that can detect four radioxenon isotopes. Radioxenon systems with lower detection limits are currently in development. Historically, the sensitivity of radioxenon systems was measured by the minimum detectable concentration for each isotope. In this paper we analyze the response of radioxenon systems using rigorous metrics in conjunction with hypothetical representative releases indicative of an underground nuclear explosion instead of using only minimum detectable concentrations. Our analyses incorporate the impact of potential spectral interferences on detection limits and the importance of measuring isotopic ratios of the relevant radioxenon isotopes in order to improve discrimination from background sources particularly for low-level releases. To provide a sufficient data set for analysis, hypothetical representative releases are simulated every day from the same location for an entire year. The performance of three types of samplers are evaluated assuming they are located at 15 IMS radionuclide stations in the region of the release point. The performance of two IMS-deployed samplers and a next-generation system is compared with proposed metrics for detection and discrimination using representative releases from the nuclear test site used by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radionuclide network of the International Monitoring System comprises up to 80 stations around the world that have aerosol and xenon monitoring systems designed to detect releases of radioactive materials to the atmosphere from nuclear explosions. A rule of thumb description of plume concentration and duration versus time and distance from the release point is useful when designing and deploying new sample collection systems. This paper uses plume development from atmospheric transport modeling to provide a power-law rule describing atmospheric dilution factors as a function of distance from the release point. Consider the plume center-line concentration seen by a ground-level sampler as a function of time based on a short-duration ground-level release of a nondepositing radioactive tracer. The concentration C (Bq m −3 ) near the ground varies with distance from the source with the relationship C = R × A D , C × e − λ ( − 1.552 + 0.0405 × D ) × 5.37 × 10 − 8 × D − 2.35 where R is the release magnitude (Bq), D is the separation distance (km) from the ground level release to the measurement location, λ is the decay constant (h −1 ) for the radionuclide of interest and A D,C is an attenuation factor that depends on the length of the sample collection period. This relationship is based on the median concentration for 10 release locations with different geographic characteristics and 365 days of releases at each location, and it has an R 2 of 0.99 for 32 distances from 100 to 3000 km. In addition, 90 percent of the modeled plumes fall within approximately one order of magnitude of this curve for all distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being highly dependent of imported fossil fuels for its electricity generation, Thailand has an ambitious target for the integration of renewable energy in its electricity portfolio. This paper presents the offshore wind resource map of the Gulf of Thailand, with the objective of identifying the potential areas for grid connected offshore wind power development. A coupled numerical mesoscale atmospheric model and a microscale wind flow model, along with long-term global reanalysis climate data, are used to generate high resolution (200 m) wind resource maps at heights of 40 m, 80 m, 100 m, and 120 m above sea level. The offshore wind resource maps are validated using measured wind speeds obtained from 28 meteorological towers installed along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. The site selection of potential areas for offshore wind power development is assessed with a multi-criteria decision making analysis. Specifically to the Bay of Bangkok, results show that a technical power potential in the order of 3000 MW could be developed to generate an annual energy production estimated in the order of 6 TWh/year. For the whole Gulf of Thailand, a technical power potential estimated at 7000 MW could generate in the order of 15 TWh/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As atmospheric models are pushed towards non-hydrostatic resolutions, there is a growing need for new numerical discretizations that are accurate, robust and effective at these scales. In this paper we describe a new arbitrary-order staggered nodal finite-element method (SNFEM) vertical discretization motivated by flux reconstruction methods. The SNFEM formulation generalizes traditional second-order vertical discretizations, including Lorenz and Charney-Phillips discretizations, to arbitrary order-of-accuracy while preserving desirable properties such as energy conservation. Preliminary results are presented from applying this method to an idealized global baroclinic instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Multiscale modeling of the moist-convective atmosphere is reviewed with an emphasis on the recently proposed approaches of unified parameterization and Quasi-3D (Q3D) Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF). The cumulus parameterization problem, which was introduced to represent the multiscale effects of moist convection, has been one of the central issues in atmospheric modeling. After a review of the history of cumulus parameterization, it is pointed out that currently there are two families of atmospheric models with quite different formulations of model physics, one represented by the general circulation models (GCMs) and the other by the cloud-resolving models (CRMs). Ideally, these two families of models should be unified so that a continuous transition of model physics from one kind to the other takes place as the resolution changes. This paper discusses two possible routes to achieve the unification. ROUTE I unifies the cumulus parameterization in conventional GCMs and the cloud microphysics parameterization in CRMs. A key to construct such a unified parameterization is to reformulate the vertical eddy transport due to subgrid-scale moist convection in such a way that it vanishes when the resolution is sufficiently high. A preliminary design of the unified parameterization is presented with supporting evidence for its validity. ROUTE II for the unification follows the MMF approach based on a coupled GCM/CRM, originally known as the “super-parameterization”. The Q3D MMF is an attempt to broaden the applicability of the super-parameterization without necessarily using a fully three-dimensional CRM. This is accomplished using a network of cloud-resolving grids with gaps. The basic Q3D algorithm and highlights of preliminary results are reviewed. It is suggested that the hierarchy of future global models should form a “Multiscale Modeling Network (MMN)”, which combines these two routes. With this network, the horizontal resolution of the dynamics core and that of the physical processes can be individually and freely chosen without changing the formulation of model physics. Development of such a network will represent a new phase of the history of numerical modeling of the atmosphere that can be characterized by the keyword “unification”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we study the scalability of an atmospheric modeling application on a cluster with commercially available off-the-shelf interconnects. It is found that interconnects with large latency and low bandwidth are major bottlenecks for performance scalability. Response curves for latency shows that for large message sizes latency is extremely sensitive to the size of the message. Thus, decreasing the message size could reduce the latency and hence improve the scalability. We propose both lossless and lossy (i.e., with loss of some information) compression schemes to reduce message sizes. These compression techniques are investigated for the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM), which is a large scale parallel application used for global climate simulation, on a IBM Power 5 Cluster with Gigabit interconnect. This is a floating point intensive application which involves both point-to-point and collective all-to-all communication of large messages ( >128KB). Floating point data which constitute the messages in CAM application results in 14.8% compression when lossless compression is employed and the speedup improves by about 18% on 32 processors. We further evaluate three lossy compression schemes with very low overheads (0.15%). We study the acceptability criteria for information loss in the lossy compression schemes using a perturbation growth test procedure. The lossy compression schemes achieve a message size reduction of 66.2% and an execution time speedup of up to 20.78 on 32 processors. We also look at the criteria for acceptability of loss of information in lossy compression techniques. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Climate models use broad definitions of vegetation-based biophysical parameters that may not represent the continentally-specific nature of Australian vegetation well. This paper explores the impact on the January simulation of climate over Australia of this common simplification. First, we map the Australian distribution of vegetation types onto the default classification used in one high-resolution climate model. Second, through a search of the literature we chose replacement values for the biophysical parameters to better reflect the properties of eucalypts. Third, we choose several sets of biophysical parameters and allow these to vary regionally. We assess the impact of these changes on simulated rainfall, temperature and latent heat flux over an ensemble of six different Januaries. We find that the model simulates rainfall and temperature reasonably well over Australia in January and that replacing the default parameter set with a single set of more appropriate values degrades model performance slightly. Allowing the biophysical parameters to vary regionally leads to some small improvements in the simulation of temperature and precipitation. We find large impacts on the simulated latent heat flux. Overall, the model is not substantially improved by careful selection of eucalypt parameters. We comment that given the shortage of observed data on eucalypts and the almost total absence of biophysical parameters for other Australian vegetation types, this lack of sensitivity to the biophysical parameters is reassuring since it implies that the lack of data is not presently seriously limiting to our particular modelling capability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new generic neural network (NN) application—improving computational efficiency of certain processes in numerical environmental models—is considered. This approach can be used to accelerate the calculations and improve the accuracy of the parameterizations of several types of physical processes which generally require computations involving complex mathematical expressions, including differential and integral equations, rules, restrictions and highly nonlinear empirical relations based on physical or statistical models. It is shown that, from a mathematical point of view, such parameterizations can usually be considered as continuous mappings (continuous dependencies between two vectors) and, therefore, NNs can be used to replace primary parameterization algorithms. In addition to fast and accurate approximation of the primary parameterization, NN also provides the entire Jacobian for very little computation cost.Four particular real-life applications of the NN approach are presented here: for oceanic numerical models, a NN approximation of the UNESCO equation of state of the sea water (NN for the density of the seawater) and an inversion of this equation (NN for the salinity of the seawater); for atmospheric numerical models, a NN approximation for long wave radiative transfer code; and for wave models, a NN approximation for the nonlinear wave–wave interaction. In all considered applications a significant acceleration of numerical computations has been achieved. The first two of these NN applications have already been implemented in the multi-scale ocean forecast system at NCEP.The NN approach introduced in this paper can provide numerically efficient solutions to a wide range of problems in numerical models where lengthy, complicated calculations, which describe physical, chemical and/or biological processes, must be repeated frequently. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]