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The failure of equipment or sub-system leads to disruption of building cooling, heating and power (BCHP) system. This paper analyzed the energetic, economic and environmental performances of BCHP system taking reliability and availability into consideration. The results indicate that the integrated performance of the optimized non-redundant BCHP system is the best while its availability of cooling and heating is lower than the separation production (SP) system. The redundant BCHP system increases 0.44% availability at the cost increase of 38 Yuan/kWh while its energetic and economic performances are worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass gasification based building cooling, heating, and power (BCHP) system is an effective way of increasing and improving the use of biomass resources and distributed generation. The key step in designing a BCHP plant is to determine the best configuration in terms of the integrated performance from energy, economic and environment. This paper analyzes the configuration and operation strategy of the biomass gasification based BCHP system and proposes an integrated optimization design model combined a case study in Harbin, China. The configuration of the biomass BCHP system with thermal storage unit and hybrid cooling system is optimized to minimize the annual total cost (ATC) by the genetic algorithm (GA). Then, the energetic, economic, and environmental performances of the BCHP system are compared to the separation production (SP) system. The optimal results for the case study indicate that the optimal biomass gasification based BCHP system saves 45.4% ATC and reduces 90.4% CO 2 emission than the SP system. Finally, the contour-surfaces of ATC changed with the capacity configuration are obtained, and the validation and error analysis of the optimization model are verified. The results show that the error of the optimization ATC is only 0.00041% and the optimization speed of this optimization model is 12.4 times than that of the general cycle calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass gasification based building cooling, heating, and power (BCHP) system is an effective distributed energy system to improve the utilization of biomass resources. This paper proposes a combined methodology of optimization method and life cycle inventory (LCI) for the biomass gasification based BCHP system. The life cycle models including biomass planting, biomass collection-storage-transportation, BCHP plant construction and operation, and BCHP plant demolition and recycle, are constructed to obtain economic cost, energy consumption and CO2 emission in the whole service-life. Then, the optimization model for the biomass BCHP system including variables, objective function and solution method are presented. Finally, a biomass BCHP case in Harbin, China, is optimized under different optimization objectives, the life-cycle performances including cost, energy and CO2 emission are obtained and the grey incidence approach is employed to evaluate their comprehensive performances of the biomass BCHP schemes. The results indicate that the life-cycle cost, energy efficiency and CO2 emission of the biomass BCHP system are about 41.9 $ MWh-1, 41% and 59.60 kg MWh-1 respectively. The optimized biomass BCHP configuration to minimize the life-cycle cost is the best scheme to achieve comprehensive benefit including cost, energy consumption, renewable energy ratio, steel consumption, and CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The promising energetic and environmental benefits of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system are greatly dependent upon its design and operation strategy. In this paper, the energy and emission flows and different operation strategies of a BCHP system driven by gas engine are analyzed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is employed to assess and compare the whole life energy saving potentials and pollutant emission reductions of BCHP system with the traditional energy system. Furthermore, energy consumption and three pollutant-related impacts, global warming, acid precipitation and respiratory effects, are selected as objective functions to optimize the gas engine capacity of BCHP system in different operation strategies. A numerical case of BCHP system for a commercial office building in Beijing, China is applied to obtain the optimum BCHP alternative in terms of the comprehensive energy and environment performance. The uncertainty of different evaluation criteria weights is also analyzed to show their influences on the optimal design and operation strategy. The results show that a reasonably sized BCHP system with an electric load-following strategy has the best performance under a wide interval of criteria weights, when the energetic and environmental benefits of producing excess electricity for nearby users are not considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The optimization of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system is helpful to improve its comprehensive performance including energetic, economic and environmental aspects. However, the optimal results are closely dependent on the initial setting parameters. This paper deduces the energy consumption of BCHP system following the electrical load and presents the optimization problem of BCHP system that includes the decision variables, the objective function, the constraint conditions and the solution method. The influences of the initial parameters, which include the technical, economic and environmental parameters, the building loads and the optimization setting parameters, on the optimal decision variables and the performances of BCHP system are analyzed and compared. The contour curves of the performances of BCHP system in comparison to the conventional separation production (SP) system, and the sensitivity of the optimal decision variables to the initial parameters are obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The performance of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system is obviously dependent upon the seasonal atmospheric conditions and the building types. This paper presents the energy flow analysis and the evaluation criteria of the redundant BCHP system and describes the optimal design method. The BCHP systems for four building categories (Hotel, Office, Hospital and School) in five climate zones (Severe Cold Zone, Cold Zone, Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone, Mild Zone and Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone) in China are compared and evaluated from energetic, economic and environmental aspects. The comparison results show that the BCHP system is generally suitable for the building, which operates for long time over the entire year, in the climate zone where buildings require more heat for space heating. Moreover, the influence analysis on BCHP capacity and operation strategy indicates that the capacity of power generation unit (PGU) is the most sensitive design parameter to influence the integrated performance of the BCHP system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An optimal and redundant building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system can yield economical savings, but more importantly can save energy as well as reduce the emission of pollutants. This paper presents the energy flow analysis of the conventional separation production (SP) system and the redundant BCHP system. Four decision variables (the capacity of power generation unit (PGU), the capacity of heat storage tank, the on–off coefficient of PGU and the ratio of electric cooling to cool load) to be optimized are selected in consideration of the design and the operation strategy of BCHP system. An objective function to simultaneously measure the energetic, economical and environmental benefits achieved by BCHP system in comparison to SP system is constructed and maximized. Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA) is employed to search the optimal solutions. A case study of BCHP system with thermal storage unit and hybrid cooling system is presented to ascertain the feasibility and validity of the optimization method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The energetic and environmental performances of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system are closely dependent on its design and operation strategy. This paper analyzes the energy consumptions of a conventional separation production (SP) system and a BCHP system respectively and constructs their corresponding environmental impact models. Furthermore, three energy-related environmental issues, global warming, acid precipitation and stratospheric ozone depletion, are assessed in the proposed emission model. To maximize the benefits (energy-saving and emission-reducing) achieved by the BCHP system in comparison to the SP system, genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to optimize the capacity of BCHP system in consideration of its operation mode. A numerical case of BCHP system for a hotel building is applied to ascertain the effectiveness of the optimal method and demonstrate the performances of the optimal BCHP system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]