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• The mathematical model on the grounding resistance of the vertical electrode is proposed. • Accuracy of the mathematical model is proved by computer simulation analysis and the field measurement examination in this paper. • The mathematical model can be used in the design of vertical grounding electrode effectively. In this paper, a mathematical model on the grounding resistance of vertical electrode is proposed. The proposed mathematical model is modeled with consideration of the effects of parameters such as the length and diameter of vertical electrode, the soil resistivity and the embedding depth. This mathematical model can be applied effectively to the design of grounding system using vertical electrode in harmonious soil with the resistivity values less than 900Ω∙m. The accuracy of proposed model is proved by the simulation analysis and measurement examination of the electric field in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simple membrane fouling model intended for use in conjunction with an activated sludge model to form an integrated model of a membrane bioreactor (MBR). It is based on an earlier development of Liang et al.[1] who divided fouling into short-term reversible fouling tantamount with cake deposition and long-term irreversible fouling representing th effects of irreversible particle deposition inside membrane pores. The original model was extended to account for cake detachment, back- flushing, and dependency of soluble microbial products (SMP) deposition on permeate flux. The model was identified on two sets of data from two experiments: a short-term flux stepping experiment under fluxes higher from the ‘threshold flux’ and a long-term filtration experiment under fluxes not exceeding the ‘threshold flux’. Additionally, the paper proposes a simple ‘pen and ruler’ identification method for unique estimation of model parameters based on the information obtained from flux stepping experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The article proposes a new mathematical model of the inductive displacement sensor. • The model uses composite functions and a multi-objective optimization algorithm to design the coil structure parameters of the sensor. • The model aims to improve the sensor's linearity and sensitivity. • The new design method is verified by numerical simulation and physical experiments. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model that has high accuracy based on a multi-objective optimization algorithm for the inductive displacement sensors, which is popular in industrial production due to their simple design and reliable performance. The proposed model uses composite functions to establish the structural parameters of the coil winding. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to solve a series of non-dominated problems related to the coil structure parameters with the goal of achieving superior sensor performance. Density clustering sorting is used to select the desired non-dominated solutions. The designed sensor has a nonlinearity of 0.16%, and numerical simulations and physical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the new design method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Long duration human spaceflight poses challenges for spacecraft autonomy and the regeneration of life support consumables, such as oxygen and water. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS), which make use of biological processes to transform biological byproducts back into consumables, have the ability to recycle organic byproducts and are the preferred option for food production. A limitation in BLSS research is in the non-availability of small-scale experimental capacities that may help to better understand the challenges in system closure, integration, and control. Ground-based aquatic habitats are an option for small-scale research relevant to bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS), given that they can operate as self-contained systems enclosing a habitat composed of various species in a single volume of water. The purpose of this paper is to present the modeling and simulation of a reconfigurable aquatic habitat for experiments in regenerative life support automation; it supports the use of aquatic habitats as a small-scale approach to experiments relevant to larger-scale regenerative life support systems. It presents ground-based aquatic habitats as an option for small-scale BLSS research focusing on the process of respiration, and elaborates on the description of biological processes by introducing models of ecophysiological phenomena for consumers and producers: higher plants of the species Bacopa monnieri produce O2 for snails of the genus Pomacea; the snails consume O2 and generate CO2, which is used by the plants in combination with radiant energy to generate O2 through the process of photosynthesis. Feedback controllers are designed to regulate the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water. This paper expands the description of biological processes by introducing models of ecophysiological phenomena of the organisms involved. The model of the plants includes a description of the rate of CO2 assimilation as a function of irradiance. Simulations and validation runs with hardware show how these phenomena may act as disturbances to the control mechanisms that maintain safe concentration levels of dissolved oxygen in the habitat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a simulation modelling framework to study the growth of blood vessels and cells through a porous tissue engineering scaffold. The model simulates the migration of capillaries and the formation of a vascular network through a single pore of a tissue engineering scaffold when it is embedded in living tissue. The model also describes how the flow of blood through the network changes as growth proceeds. Results are given for how the different strategies of seeding the pore with cells affects the extent of vascularisation. Also simulations are made to compare results where the values of different model parameters are varied such as the pore dimensions, the density of endothelial cells seeded into the pore, and the release rate of growth factor from the scaffold into the pore. The modelling framework described in this paper is useful for exploring experimental strategies for producing well-vascularised tissue engineered constructs, and is therefore potentially important to the field of regenerative medicine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: • Numerical simulations of novel desiccant system were performed. • System is based on multi-stage cooling with Maisotsenko cycle. • Novel solution was compared with traditional M-cycle desiccant system. • COP factor was determined and analysed for two selected systems. Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of a novel, multi-stage desiccant air conditioning system designed for moderate climates. The proposed system is based on multi-stage cooling process through the Maisotsenko Cycle (M–Cycle), regenerative heat and mass exchangers (pre-cooling and post-cooling) combined with a desiccant wheel. The performance of the system was analysed numerically with original ε –NTU models and it was compared with a typical solution based on a desiccant wheel and the Maisotsenko cycle. It was found that multi-stage system obtains lower supply airflow temperatures and higher moisture content decrease in desiccant wheel as compared to typical M-Cycle desiccant system. Moreover, this solution allows a decrease in the regeneration airflow temperature to 40 °C maintaining the same or lower supply airflow temperature in moderate climatic conditions. Using multi-stage cooling, the proposed system was able to attain a thermal COP (defined as amount of cooling capacity obtained by the unit divided by required heating capacity) of up to 4.0. Due to this performance the proposed system has high application potential in moderate climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a nonlinear deterministic mathematical model along with its stochastic version for artificial rain is proposed and analyzed. We have considered three dynamical variables in the modeling process; namely (i) density of cloud droplets, (ii) density of raindrops, and (iii) concentration of mixture of conducive aerosols. It is assumed that the cloud droplets are continuously formed in the atmosphere at a constant rate but its conversion into raindrops does not take place in the same proportion. The artificially introduced aerosols increase the rate of formation of raindrops from cloud droplets. These aerosols are introduced in the regional atmosphere at a rate proportional to the density of cloud droplets. The proposed model is analyzed using stability theory of differential equations in deterministic as well as stochastic environment. Numerical simulation is performed to see the effect of important parameters on the process leading to rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotor profile is one of the key factors for improving the performance of the Roots vacuum pump. A novel elliptical rotor profile consisting of the elliptical arc and its conjugate curve is proposed in this paper. The mathematical model of the elliptical rotor profile is established, and profile equations without incurring undercutting and carryover are derived. The elliptical rotor profile is tested using six Roots rotors, including five new elliptical rotors and one conventional circular arc rotor. Additionally, to assess the performance of the elliptical rotor profile, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the above six Roots rotors are conducted, and then the working process of the Roots vacuum pump is analyzed. The results indicate that all the new designs produce higher flow rate than the traditional circular rotor under the same conditions. As the elliptical axial ratio decreases, the area efficiency of the elliptical rotor increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a liquid-to-water heat pump with scroll compressor, brazed plate heat exchangers, additionally built-in liquid-vapor heat exchanger (LVHX) and a desuperheater for domestic hot water (DHW) production. The refrigerant is the zeotropic mixture R407C and the liquid used in the outdoor loop is a propylene-glycol water mixture. Developed mathematical model is validated on experimental data and used as a tool for the heat pump analysis. Simulation results are obtained for the effect of the degree of superheat at the evaporator outlet, the subcooling degree at the condenser outlet, the effect of using or not the LVHX and the effect of using or not the desuperheater for DHW for typical operating conditions of liquid-to-water heat pumps (EN-14,511-2, 2011) in the cooling and heating modes (low and medium temperature applications). Results show that the effect of the degree of superheat or the decision on the suitability of using or not a LVHX may be different for heat pumps that include or not a desuperheater for DHW. In particular, if DHW is a priority, the use of a LVHX is recommended because it leads to higher COP (or EER) values as well as to higher DHW heating powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel arc-tooth-trace cycloid cylindrical gear is presented in this paper. According to the principles of gear meshing and the analysis of the basic gear geometric parameters, the profile equations of the gear tooth are deduced. The tooth trace of the gear is a segment of a circular arc, and the tooth profile is divided into two parts by the pitch circle, the first part of the tooth profile outside pitch circle is a standard arc segment; the other part, which is inside of the pitch circle, is a segment of cycloid. Two parts of the tooth profile are connected at the pitch circle with C 1 continuity. An example drive in 3D model is presented and its computerized simulation is carried out. Some meshing characteristics, such as the contact ratio, instantaneous transmission ratio, and the contact and bending stresses are analyzed. The results confirm that the arc-tooth-trace cycloid cylindrical gear has constant instantaneous transmission ratio and the contact and bending stresses are reduced in comparison with the involute gear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical study of heat and mass transfer in counter-flow indirect evaporative air coolers is presented using an approach proposed by previous work. The mathematical model equations of continuity, momentum, energy and concentration are solved by the finite volume method to obtain the value of primary outlet dimensionless temperature. This mathematical model developed is validated against published data acquired from literature. The key target of presented analysis is to develop a performance correlation based on five dimensionless factors: ratio of channel length to half width of secondary air channel, ratio of water to secondary air mass flow rate, primary air inlet Reynolds number, secondary air inlet dimensionless temperature and water film inlet dimensionless temperature. Numerical simulations are performed by changing the value of each dimensionless factor under a constant value for other parameters. The simulation results are regressed to obtain the empirical constants of the correlation. The value of outlet dimensionless temperature is varied from 0.47 to 0.92. The developed correlation can predict the performance of the counter-flow indirect evaporative air coolers within a discrepancy of 12.6%. The correlation would be helpful to provide a simpler equation to improve the calculation speed within the engineering allowable accuracy range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a computer simulation of plastic deformation of refractory material porous billets when rolling in four-roll-pass mills. This model allows calculating the geometrical, kinematic, and energy parameters of the rolling process accounting for the preset law of porous billet compacting in the deformation zone. The theoretical study of porous billet rolling process using the mathematical model has proved the decrease of billet elongation compared with that of non-porous ones. The computer analysis has shown that in the process of rolling falling of creep value, the rolling force and rolling moment take place. The experimental test of the computer simulation results has shown a good correspondence of main rolling process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water fingering phenomenon in an oil layer or water preferential injection into highly permeable layers in a multilayer reservoir often leads to a low sweep efficiency in a strong heterogeneous oil reservoir depending on water flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). EOR by means of permeability control during water flooding periods in heterogeneous oil formations has been corroborated by previous experiments in the laboratory and field trial in mature oil fields. However, the quantitative relationships between EOR and permeability control in oil reservoirs are not clearly understood currently. In this paper, the mechanisms of permeability control in oil reservoirs were analyzed by theoretical approaches. Then, a three dimensional multi-phase flow mathematical model considering migration of solid permeability control agents (PCA) was presented. A numerical simulator for predicting multi-phase flow of permeability control in oil reservoirs was developed in Fortran codes. In addition, the permeability reduction and water-cut change induced by PCA calculated by the simulator are validated by experiments. Furthermore, a two and a three dimensional geological models with different types of permeability control agents injected into the highly permeable layer for EOR were studied by using the new simulator developed in this work. The simulation results demonstrate the permeability control processes with elapsed time as well as oil production performance influenced by permeability control. It also reveals a mechanism of permeability control for EOR, and suggests oil recovery improved by 4.9–8.8% in the 2D simulation and 6.1% in the 3D simulation example. It validates the feasibility of numerical simulation and importance of permeability control technology for EOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a spatially explicit mathematical model for the formation of cellulolytic biofilms. It consists of a highly nonlinear degenerate coupled PDE-ODE system for the bacteria that colonise the cellulosic substratum, and for the carbon source that is immobilised in the reactive substratum. Computer simulations show that the model is able to reproduce important features of cellulolytic biofilms that have been reported in the experimental literature. These include the formation of inverse colonies, crater-like colonies, degradation of paper chads at constant speed (which correspond to a traveling wave solution of the model), and temporal CO 2 production pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision in computations is a considerable challenge to adequately addressing many current scientific or engineering problems. The way in which the numbers are represented constitutes the first step to compute them and determines the validity of the results. The aim of this research is to provide a formal framework and a set of computational primitives to address high precision problems of mathematical calculation in engineering and numerical simulation. The main contribution of this research is a mathematical model to build an exact arithmetical unit able to represent without error rational numbers in positional notation system. The functions under consideration are addition and multiplication because they form an algebraic commutative ring which contains a multiplicative inverse for every non-zero element. This paper reviews other specialized arithmetic units based on existing formats to show ways to make high precision computing. It is proposed a formal framework of the whole arithmetic architecture in which the operators are based. Then, the design of the addition operation is detailed and its hardware implementation is described. Finally, extensive evaluation of this operator is performed to prove its ability for exact processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The mathematical model is useful for analyzing the heat exchanger performance. • The most probable variant of heat exchanger operation is established. • There is a risk of frost accumulation within the fixed-bed regenerator. The paper describes an original mathematical model of heat and mass transfer for a fixed bed regenerator used to determine the effect of internal airflow leakage on heat exchanger efficiency. First, the build and operating principles of a fixed-bed heat exchanger were discussed. The presence of internal leakage was shown along with a proposed solution for its elimination. Then, a mathematical model based on a modified ε-NTU method for numerical simulation and analysis of coupled heat and mass transfer in a fixed-bed heat exchanger was presented. The model was supplemented with an additional detailed submodel designed to determine frost surface temperature and frost growth analysis. Initial numerical simulations of the operation of the model were performed for low outdoor air temperature conditions. Different zones of heat and mass transfer within the regenerator matrix were distinguished. The presence of accumulated frost area and its influence on the course of heat and mass transfer processes was revealed. In addition, the presence of a relative humidity limit curve associated with a mass balance deficiency conditioning the occurrence of frost accumulation was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents electromechanical systems with flexible linkage, which movement parameters shall be specified by external force impact. The approaches to the compound movement division of such systems into components are given. The requirements to the control system of object horizontal moving with flexible suspension are formulated. The block diagram of electromechanical part of object horizontal moving system to research the impact of disturbing effect on its work is presented. The feasibility of using grapho-analytical methods and inverse frequency characteristics of control system synthesis is proved. The structure of corrective device is defined and a guideline for its parameters for its selection is given. The results of control system operation simulation with the synthesized corrective device are described. The recommendations for using adaptive control of object horizontal movement systems with flexible suspension are given. The results of system operation are compared with the recommended rational parameters of the corrective device and with application of adaptive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focuses on the numerical simulation and analysis of coupled heat and mass transfer under ice formation conditions in the cross-flow plate heat exchanger. The simulation is performed using the original mathematical model. The presented model was validated against experimental data. The obtained results showed satisfactory agreement with the data obtained from the experimental measurements. Numerical simulation reveals many unique features of considered heat exchanger connected with the heat and mass transfer occurring in the return air channel under ice formation conditions. The results of computer simulation showed that the efficiency gains are sensitive to various inlet conditions, and allow for estimation of the safe operating conditions for different inlet return airflow parameters, based not only on the exhaust air temperature but also on its relative humidity and different thermal efficiency of the exchanger. Several goals were achieved, including: establishing the most unfavorable operating conditions (from the standpoint of ice formation on the plate surface of the return air channels) for cross-flow plate heat exchanger, which correspond to the inlet value of the return airflow dew point temperature equaled to 0 °C, impact of the ice formation on temperature effectiveness, impact of inlet relative humidity on temperature effectiveness and safe operating conditions and safe operating conditions for variety of inlet exhaust air parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradable fiber can temporarily plug a natural fracture or artificial fracture. It has been successfully applied in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) fracturing or re-fracturing of unconventional reservoirs. Based on the classical analytical stress field equation, a new mathematical model is established in this paper to model the crack reorientation path after injecting fiber diversion fluid according to the tensile failure criterion. Factors influencing the diverting radius are intensively analyzed through numerical simulation. The results indicate that the horizontal stress difference, fracturing fluid viscosity, and injection time (fracturing fluid volume) have larger effects on the diverting radius than do the formation permeability (1–50 mD) and bottomhole pressure (90–160 MPa). The simulation results are successfully verified, matching well with the experimental data from the true tri-axial fracture reorientation tests in the laboratory. The model is successfully applied to the heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in northwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose the use of a random network model for simulating and understanding the epidemics of influenza A(H1N1). The proposed model is used to simulate the transmission process of influenza A(H1N1) in a community region of Venezuela using distributed computing in order to accomplish many realizations of the underlying random process. These large scale epidemic simulations have recently become an important application of high-performance computing. The network model proposed performs better than the traditional epidemic model based on ordinary differential equations since it adjusts better to the irregularity of the real world data. In addition, the network model allows the consideration of many possibilities regarding the spread of influenza at the population level. The results presented here show how well the SEIR model fits the data for the AH1N1 time series despite the irregularity of the data and returns parameter values that are in good agreement with the medical data regarding AH1N1 influenza virus. This versatile network model approach may be applied to the simulation of the transmission dynamics of several epidemics in human networks. In addition, the simulation can provide useful information for the understanding, prediction and control of the transmission of influenza A(H1N1) epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a mathematical simulation of the heat and mass transfer in the two different Maisotsenko Cycle (M-Cycle) heat and mass exchangers used for the indirect evaporative cooling in different air-conditioning systems. A two-dimensional heat and mass transfer model is developed to perform the thermal calculations of the indirect evaporative cooling process, thus quantifying the overall heat exchangers’ performance. The mathematical model was validated against the experimental data. Numerical simulations reveal many unique features of the considered units, enabling an accurate prediction of their performance. Results of the model allow for comparison of the two types of heat exchangers in different applications for air conditioning systems in order to obtain optimal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the reason and the process of creating new modified mathematical model of heat pump plate condenser. The fundamental mathematical model is modified according to analytical optimization procedure. The adaptation is carried out by applying the procedure of elimination. The modified mathematical model include 2 governing equations instead of 6. The two governing equations contain 2 unknown dependent variables and 6 known parameters. The modified mathematical model is validated using the comparative method. The compared data are obtained by numerical simulation using fundamental and modified mathematical models. Applying both models the obtained data fully coincided. By using the new modified mathematical model and implementing the optimization process may lead to the determination of the maximum energy efficiency of hot water subsystem. The subsystem comprises a condenser, a circulation pump, a connecting pipeline and the heating units. The objective function in the optimization process is the coefficient of performance, COP, as a function of the mass flow rate of the hot water or of the circulation pump power. The paper offers the implementation of modeling the circulation pump power to achieve the maximum value of the COP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a mathematical simulation and optimization of the heat and mass transfer processes in the indirect evaporative air cooler. The heat exchanger uses a novel combined parallel and regenerative counter-flow arrangement. A two-dimensional heat and mass transfer model is developed to perform the thermal calculations of the indirect evaporative cooling process. Mathematical model was validated against existing experimental data. The results obtained from the simulation reveal the high effectiveness of the presented unit. The exchanger was compared with the conventional regenerative unit. The results of comparison show, that the presented unit is characterized by higher effectiveness. The impact of the selected unitless operating factors on the performance of the investigated heat exchanger was established. The conducted multi-criteria optimization allowed to establish Pareto-optimal operating conditions and preferable climatic zones for the presented heat exchanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is made an elaboration of the mathematical model of electro-pneumatic throttle spool-type valve, involving the theory of gas dynamics. The main idea of the elaboration is based on a consideration of peculiarities of gas flow through the valve, in terms of a gas flow behaving under an influence of geometry features of the spool-type valve. Emphasis was placed on a gas flow influence on spool dynamics, as well as on the consumption ratio of the valve. To check theoretical results was made a mathematical simulation of a gas flow in the package ANSYS Fluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Formation deformation of oil reservoirs is a widespread phenomenon for unconsolidated or abnormal high-pressure formations due to the depletion of reservoir pressure in the process of oil recovery. It may not only result in formation damage, but also have an adverse influence on production performance. In this paper, the deformation behavior of formation and formation damage are analyzed by elastic, elastic–plastic and plastic theory of solid porous media, and a set of expressions is derived to describe the change in porosity and permeability caused by linear or nonlinear deformation. Based on the comprehensive study on deformation of reservoir rock and multiphase flow in porous media, a new three dimensional and three phase-flow mathematical model that is used to predict the changes of porosity and permeability is presented, and the model is solved by the finite-difference method and self-adaptive iterative technique. A field-scale numerical simulator written in FORTRAN code is developed to predict the change trend of porosity and permeability in elastic and elastic–plastic deformation range. The runs of an oil field example with five-spot patterns are calculated on the simulator, and the formation damage and its influence on the pressure profiles in the vicinity around production well are studied under the condition of linear and nonlinear deformation of a reservoir. This work implies that the deformation of oil formation may be elastic, elastic–plastic or plastic in actual oil formation during the oil exploitation. The declines of porosity and permeability induced by the deformation are completely recoverable only for elastic deformation. Furthermore, elastic–plastic and plastic deformation may occur in the vicinity of production wells in unconsolidated formations. It is found that the increase of deformation coefficients presented in this work results in a sharp pressure-drop funnels on the vertical cross profile, which can be interpreted by the permeability decline induced by rock deformation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, a mathematical model and computer simulator were developed for offline sample pretreatment of heavy metal ion based on moving precipitate boundary (MPB) electrophoresis. The simulation indicates that (i) the program can easily accomplish numerical computations, such as the velocities of MPB and elution boundary (EB), and enrichment factor (EF) etc; (ii) the simulator can vividly imitate the dynamics of MPB, EB, precipitate zone, and precipitate-elution; and (iii) the software may simply optimized experimental conditions via the influence factors (e.g., voltage, hydroxyl, hydrogen and metal ions) on the EF. As a proof of concept, copper ion and its precipitate with definite blue color were, respectively chosen as mode heavy metal ion and alkaline precipitate for the relevant experiments of MPB-based sample preconcentration of heavy metal ion in large tube. All of the experimental results manifest the validity of developed mathematical model and the relevant simulation results. The model and simulator advanced herein are of clear significance to the optimization of experimental conditions and understanding of offline MPB- based sample condensation of heavy metal ion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the following paper the dynamic behavior of an indirect regulator is investigated and by means of Bondgraph method a nonlinear mathematical model for the considered regulator is developed. In this model to represent variable truncated cone orifice, a novel scheme has been proposed. Various operating conditions, including various inlet pressures are dynamically simulated while developing the model. Additionally, dynamic sensitivity of the valve is taken into account with respect to some geometrical parameters. Finally, the obtained simulation results are compared with experimental data demonstrating desirable accuracy of the proposed method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A two-dimensional transitory mathematical model developed in a previous paper is expanded and applied to represent the extraction process of oil and its minor compounds (phospholipids, tocopherols and waxes) in a De Smet industrial extractor. Diffusivities and equilibrium parameters are obtained from experimental batch extractions. The mathematical model is solved numerically to predict the concentration of oil and minor compounds in miscella and collets in the different sections of the extractor. The concentration of phospholipids and crystallized waxes in the solid decreases slowly, being sharper at the end of the process. Tocopherols and triacylglycerols are extracted more quickly at 60°C. Numerical simulations of the extraction process reveal that it would be possible to obtain oil with smaller concentrations of phospholipids and waxes, working at 60°C and using fewer stages. Since the last stages do not produce a significant increment of the oil yield at 60°C, the model results show that the extractor is over dimensioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper the dynamics of a spacecraft with a system of stabilization out-of-operation is studied. The deployment of the ring flexible antenna is performed after placing the spacecraft into orbit and damping the initially undesired rotations by a special jet-propelled system. Basically the antenna is a pre-stressed tape reeled on a special drum. Deploying from the drum, the tape takes the shape of an elastic ring of 30m in diameter. The objective of the study is the mechanical and computational modelling of the spacecraft dynamics. The equations of motion are derived in Lagrangian form. Numerical simulations of operational mode of the system are performed. As it is shown in main result, which restrictions must be imposed on parameters of the process of deployment for maintenance of the shape of the deployed design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Guyton’s original integrative physiology model was a milestone in integrative physiology, combining significant physiological knowledge with an engineering perspective to develop a computational diagrammatic model. It is still used in research and teaching, with a small number of variants on the model also in circulation. However, though new research has added significantly to the knowledge represented by Guyton’s model, and significant advances have been made in computing and simulation software, an accepted common platform to integrate this new knowledge has not emerged. This paper discusses the issues in the selection of a suitable platform, together with a number of current possibilities, and suggests a graphical computing environment for modelling and simulation. By way of example, a validated version of Guyton’s 1992 model, implemented in the ubiquitous Simulink environment, is presented which provides a hierarchical representation amenable to extension and suitable for teaching and research uses. It is designed to appeal to the biomedical engineer and physiologist alike. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Worms spreading via both Web-based scanning and removable devices account for a major part of threats on internet. However, their dynamical behavior and controlling methods remain unclear. As a result, we present a computer worm model incorporating specific features unique to those worms, in this paper. The threshold value determining whether the worms die out is obtained. Theoretical analysis shows that if the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable; otherwise, the disease will be prevalent. Additionally, some control strategies are given. Our results are illustrated by numerical simulations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we have proposed and analyzed a non-linear mathematical model for unemployment by considering three variables, namely the numbers of unemployed, temporarily employed and regularly employed persons. The model is studied using the stability theory of differential equations. It is found that the model has only one equilibrium, which is non-linearly stable under certain conditions. Numerical simulation of the model has been carried out to confirm the analytical results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A scalable new model is developed for the analysis of multiple effect evaporator (MEE) systems with the induction of condensate flashing. It uses the concepts of stream analysis and temperature path for the formulation of model equations. In addition to above the model also takes into account boiling point rise and variable physico-thermal properties of steam/vapor condensate and liquor while simulating the MEE system. The present model consists of linear equations, which are automatically generated through temperature path. To establish the reliability of the present model it was run for four different case studies and the results are compared well with the published models. This paper shows the trade-off between annual capital and operating costs, which decides optimum number of flash tanks as well as their positions in the MEE system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, considering that reassembly of a system and/or using anti-virus software will take a period of time, we introduce a time delay for modeling this period of time. Also, considering that at different times the propagation of a worm shows different characteristics, we build a section model for Internet worm propagation depending on a two-factor model. We first consider the stability of the positive equilibrium and the existence of a local Hopf bifurcation. In succession, using the normal form theory and center manifold argument, we derive explicit formulas determining the stability, direction and other properties of bifurcation periodic solutions. Finally, a numerical simulation is presented. The techniques of analysis of the mathematical model provide a theoretical foundation for control and forecasting for Internet worms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A mathematical model of blob matching is developed in this paper. Based on the model, the matching performance of Bhattacharyya coefficient is analyzed and evaluated. The numerical critical conditions of biased matching and mistaken matching for Bhattacharyya coefficient are given. According to the model analysis, a modified version of Bhattacharyya coefficient is proposed, which improves the matching performance relative to the original one. The numerical analysis based on the new model and visual experiments both demonstrate the superior performance of the modified Bhattacharyya coefficient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a mathematical model based on a three-phase theory, which is used to describe the mass and heat transfer between the gas and solids phases in a batch fluidised bed dryer. In the model, it is assumed that the dilute phase (i.e., bubble) is plug flow while the interstitial gas and the solid particles are considered as being perfectly mixed. The thermal conductivity of wet particles is modelled using a serial and parallel circuit. The moisture diffusion in wet particles was simulated using a numerical finite volume method. Applying a simplified lumped model to a single solid particle, the heat and mass transfer between the interstitial gas and solid phase is taken into account during the whole drying process as three drying rate periods: warming-up, constant rate and falling-rate. The effects of the process parameters, such as particle size, gas velocity, inlet gas temperature and relative humidity, on the moisture content of solids in the bed have been studied by numerical computation using this model. The results are in good agreement with experimental data of heat and mass transfer in fluidised bed dryers. The model will be employed for online simulation of a fluidised bed dryer and for online control. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The vertebrate adaptive immune system, with its learning and memory capabilities, is a particularly rich example of the complexity of biological systems. The most difficult challenge in immunological research is the understanding of lymphocyte repertoires—the generation of their diversity and the forces that shape the ever-changing dynamics of lymphocyte clones. The explosively growing quantities of immunological information, which are rapidly becoming available from experimental and clinical studies, necessitate the use of theoretical tools, namely, mathematical and computational modeling and bioinformatical methods of analysis. In this paper, I review several examples of problems in lymphocyte repertoire modeling and analysis, demonstrate the types of solutions employed, and highlight the contribution of these theoretical studies to immunological research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The first and most important step in the numerical analysis of the mechanical properties of complex structures is to create an accurate geometrical model. This paper aims to generate a mathematical model for the geometry of weft-knitted spacer fabrics in order to use in the numerical analysis of the mechanical properties of sandwich composites. For this purpose, the equations of path yarn were derived. A mathematical model was developed for the geometry of 1 × 1-Rib-Gaiting weft-knitted spacer fabric using derived equations. In order to simulate the matrix of the sandwich composite, a novel approach was proposed to apply the matrix to the structure of the generated model. The compressional behavior of sandwich composites reinforced with weft-knitted spacer fabrics was simulated using a generated model in the ABAQUS software. The maximum error of 4.04% and 4.2% were recorded in the prediction of geometry and compression modulus of sandwich composites, respectively. In addition, the results of the numerical and experimental compression test showed that the pile yarns have the main role in the compressional behavior of sandwich structures reinforced with spacer fabrics. The maximum Mises and shear stresses are occurred at the midpoint of pile yarns and connection points between piles and layers, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 virus outbreak has affected most of the world in 2020. This paper deals with artificial intelligence (AI) methods that can address the problem of predicting scale, dynamics and sensitivity of the outbreak to preventive actions undertaken with a view to combatting the epidemic. In our study, we developed a cellular automata (CA) model for simulating the COVID-19 disease spreading. The enhanced infectious disease dynamics S E I R (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Recovered) model was applied to estimate the epidemic trends in Poland, France, and Spain. We introduced new parameters into the simulation framework which reflect the statistically confirmed dependencies such as age-dependent death probability, a different definition of the contact rate and enhanced parameters reflecting population mobility. To estimate key epidemiological measures and to predict possible dynamics of the disease, we juxtaposed crucial CA framework parameters to the reported COVID-19 values, e.g. length of infection, mortality rates and the reproduction number. Moreover, we used real population density and age structures of the studied epidemic populations. The model presented allows for the examination of the effectiveness of preventive actions and their impact on the spreading rate and the duration of the disease. It also shows the influence of structure and behavior of the populations studied on key epidemic parameters, such as mortality and infection rates. Although our results are critically dependent on the assumptions underpinning our model and there is considerable uncertainty associated with the outbreaks at such an early epidemic stage, the obtained simulation results seem to be in general agreement with the observed behavior of the real COVID-19 disease, and our numerical framework can be effectively used to analyze the dynamics and efficacy of epidemic containment methods. • Cellular Automata include density population of Poland, France, Spain in SEIR model. • We analyze influence of parametric adjustment for modeling pandemic prevention. • The earlier reduction of personal contacts the faster reduction of infections number. • Age dependent mortality rates are explored to reflect the real features of COVID-19. • Our approach allows for modeling of COVID-19 presumable dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Knelson concentrator (KC) is widely used in gold ore and other precious metal ore processing technology because of its excellent separation performance. The development history and types of KCs are reviewed in this paper. Research on the separation mechanism and characteristics of KCs was analyzed and discussed, including the separation characteristics, influencing factors, modification equipment, gravity recoverable gold (GRG) tests, mathematical models, and computer simulations. Two different configurations of a KC for the gold recovery process and the research and application status of KCs in the fields of fine coal, rare earth, platinum group metals, and other minerals were summarized. Based on our review, research trends and development prospects of KCs are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]