1. Management of treated pulp and paper mill effluent to achieve zero discharge
- Author
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Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem, Khan, Shahbaz, and Mushtaq, Shahbaz
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Pulp industry ,Company business management ,Environmental issues - Abstract
To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.004 Byline: Muhammad Nadeem Asghar, Shahbaz Khan, Shahbaz Mushtaq Keywords: Paper mill; Effluent reuse; Zero discharge; Stream flows; Groundwater pollution; Closed water cycle; Soil contamination; Irrigation Abstract: Pulp and paper mills are one of the major effluent generating industries in the world. In most cases, mill effluent (treated or raw) is discharged back into a river, creek, stream or other water body; resulting in negative environmental impacts, as well as social concerns, among the downstream users. Pulp and paper mill effluent management, which could result in zero discharge into downstream water bodies, would present the best management option to address socio-environmental concerns. This paper presents such an effort aimed at closing the water cycle by using treated effluent from the mill to irrigate forage and fodder crops for producing animals feed. The treated effluent is delivered from the mill through gravity into a winter storage dam of 490ML capacity. For irrigation applications on 110ha of farmland, which is 42% of the total farmland, the water is pumped from the winter storage dam to five individual paddocks with Centre Pivot (CP) irrigators and one rectangular paddock with a Soft Hose Travelling (SHT) irrigator. From October 2001 to June 2006, a total of 2651mm of wastewater was applied at the farm. The impact assessment results, obtained from field monitoring, investigations and analysis, indicated that the closed water cycle effluent management strategy described had resulted in a lessening of the impact on water resources usually associated with paper mills. However, social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of the produce may still be a major consideration. Author Affiliation: International Centre of Water for Food Security, Locked Bag 588, Building 24, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia Article History: Received 12 February 2007; Revised 1 June 2007; Accepted 2 July 2007
- Published
- 2008