Search

Abstract: Congenital lymphatic malformations of the genitourinary tract are rare. A 2-day-old male child who presented with congenital scrotal swelling extending into the penile shaft was investigated and successfully treated with complete excision. We report this unusual case of congenital scrotal lymphatic malformation with absent corpora cavernosa for its rarity, which is not yet discussed in the medical literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The efficiency of recovery achieved by open or closed loop extraction of RPC exhaust gases is in the range of 90–95% under optimum conditions. For a large detector setup operating on one volume change per day basis, a 5% loss amounts to discharging 50kg of R134a and 0.5kg of SF6 into atmosphere every day. The emissions are equivalent to create nearly 50000m3 of carbon dioxide daily. The gas emissions need to be completely converted to safer compounds. The gases such as R134a and SF6 are stable compounds. In order to decompose these, the mixture is first activated by adding of 50% oxygen and 2% argon and under typical RF plasma conditions of 13.56MHz, 1Torr pressure and 0.2W/cm2 power density. The chemical reaction takes place on the surface of a silicon electrode. The product of the reaction is mainly SiF4 (gas), which is further hydrolyzed to form HF solution and silicon hydroxide sludge. More than 90% of the effluent gas mixture can be effectively removed by this method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper discusses the voltage control of a critical load bus using a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in a distribution system. The critical load requires a balanced sinusoidal waveform across its terminals preferably at system nominal frequency of 50Hz. It is assumed that the frequency of the supply voltage can vary and is different from the system nominal frequency. The DVR is operated such that it holds the voltage across the critical load bus terminals constant at system nominal frequency irrespective of the frequency of the source voltage. In case of a frequency mismatch, the total real power requirement of the critical load has to be supplied by the DVR. To compensate for frequency variation, the dc link of the DVR is supplied through an uncontrolled rectifier that provides a path for the real power required by the critical load to flow. A simple frequency estimation technique is discussed which uses a moving average process along with zero-crossing detector. Through detailed analysis and simulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC it is shown that the voltage is completely controlled across the critical load. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the design of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) based on cascaded transformer multilevel inverter is proposed. The topology requires controlling only a common dc storage capacitor. Two-level ramp-comparison current control method is extended for the multilevel inverter using phase-shifted multi-carrier PWM. The method provides equal switching stress and power handling for all the cascaded units. The net switching frequency increases while the ripple magnitude reduces using multilevel topology. These cause the feedforward gain to increase leading to a higher bandwidth of the control loop. An expression of the feedforward gain is derived for fixed switching frequency modulation of the inverter. It is shown that the use of proportional plus resonant controller with proposed multilevel modulation improves the tracking characteristics at fundamental frequency. A seven-level inverter based DSTATCOM is proposed for the application to the three-phase medium voltage distribution system and the results are shown through the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. The proposed modulation and control scheme is validated through the experimental results that are obtained using the laboratory model of a single-phase, five-level inverter based DSTATCOM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes a few different topologies of inverters used for realizing a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM). A brief introduction of the need for shunt compensation as well as the requirements of the shunt compensator has also been given. An algorithm for generating references has been described. Three major topologies of inverters – three-leg inverter with single dc capacitor, three-leg inverter with neutral clamped dc capacitors, four-leg inverter and three single-phase inverters with common dc capacitor – have been described and simulated. DSTATCOM topologies for high voltage distribution systems have also been described. The Voltage Source Converter (VSC) topologies have been compared on the basis of the performance of the inverter for certain chosen system conditions and the number of switch devices and dc capacitors used. All simulations have been performed using PSCAD/EMTDC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper discusses the operation and control algorithms of shunt and series active filters. Performance of each of these filters is studied separately when it is connected to protect sensitive loads in a power distribution system. It is assumed that the distribution system is polluted due to the presence of the loads that may be unbalanced and draw interharmonic currents from the feeder. Separate algorithms have been proposed for the shunt and the series active filters. These are operated such that the voltage waveform at the sensitive load bus terminal is a clean balanced sinusoid. The proposed algorithms are verified through the computer simulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Various load compensation schemes proposed in literature assume that voltage source at point of common coupling (PCC) is stiff. In practice, however, the load is remote from a distribution substation and is supplied by a feeder. In the presence of feeder impedance, the PWM inverter switchings distort both the PCC voltage and the source currents. In this paper load compensation with such a non-stiff source is considered. A switching control of the voltage source inverter (VSI) based on state feedback is used for load compensation with non-stiff source. The design of the state feedback controller requires careful considerations in choosing a gain matrix and in the generation of reference quantities. These aspects are considered in this paper. Detailed simulation and experimental results are given to support the control design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]