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Liver transplantation is a highly complex, life-saving, treatment for many patients with advanced liver disease. Liver transplantation requires multidisciplinary teams, system-wide adaptations and significant investment, as well as being an expensive treatment. Several metrics have been proposed to monitor processes and outcomes, however these lack patient focus and do not capture all aspects of the process. Most of the reported outcomes do not capture those outcomes that matter to the patients. Adopting the principles of Value-Based Health Care (VBHC), may provide an opportunity to develop those metrics that matter to patients. In this article, we present a Consensus Statement on Outcome Measures in Liver Transplantation following the principles of VBHC, developed by a dedicated panel of experts under the auspices of the European Society of Organ Transplantation (ESOT) Guidelines’ Taskforce. The overarching goal is to provide a framework to facilitate the development of outcome measures as an initial step to apply the VMC paradigm to liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of Machine Perfusion (MP) as a superior form of preservation and assessment for cold storage of both high-risk kidney's and the liver presents opportunities in the field of beta-cell replacement. It is yet unknown whether such techniques, when applied to the pancreas, can increase the pool of suitable donor organs as well as ameliorating the effects of ischemia incurred during the retrieval process. Recent experimental models of pancreatic MP appear promising. Applications of MP to the pancreas, needs refinement regarding perfusion protocols and organ viability assessment criteria. To address the "Role of pancreas machine perfusion to increase the donor pool for beta cell replacement," the European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT) assembled a dedicated working group comprising of experts to review literature pertaining to the role of MP as a method of improving donor pancreas quality as well as quantity available for transplant, and to develop guidelines founded on evidence-based reviews in experimental and clinical settings. These were subsequently refined during the Consensus Conference when this took place in Prague. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Roy Calne, a pioneer in the field of transplantation, passed away on January 6th, leaving behind a significant legacy. Throughout his career, Calne focused on innovation and improving the outcomes of transplantation through surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapies. He recognized the importance of collaboration and education in the field and played a key role in the formation of the European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT) in 1982. Calne's philosophy of multidisciplinarity continues to shape ESOT today. His passing marks the end of an era, but his influence lives on through the generations he inspired and the visionary society he helped nurture. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Innovative research in deceased donation and transplantation often presents ethical challenges for researchers and those responsible for ethical governance of research. These challenges have been recognized as potential barriers to the conduct of research. We review the literature to identify and describe ethical considerations that may cause confusion or uncertainty in the context of research involving potential deceased donors or deceased donor transplantation. We normatively examine these considerations and discuss their implications for the ethical conduct of research. In addition to the complexities of research involving critically ill, dying or recently deceased individuals, uncertainty may arise regarding the ethical status of various individuals who may be involved in research aimed at improving availability and outcomes of organ transplantation. Consequently, routine ethical guidelines for clinical research may fail to provide clear guidance with regards to the design, conduct and governance of some deceased donation or transplantation studies. Ethical uncertainty may result in delays or barriers to research, or neglect of important ethical considerations. Specific ethical guidance is needed to support research in deceased donation and transplantation as the ethical considerations that arise in the design and conduct of such research may not be addressed in the existing guidelines for human research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Altruistic donation (unspecified donation) is an important aspect of living donor kidney transplantation. Although donation to a stranger is lawful and supported in many countries, it remains uncommon and not actively promoted. Herein, we ask the question if we have reached the limit in altruistic donation. In doing so, we examine important ethical questions that define the limits of unspecified donation, such as the appropriate balance between autonomous decision‐making and paternalistic protection of the donor, the extent of outcome uncertainty and risk‐benefit analyses that donors should be allowed to accept. We also consider the scrutiny and acceptance of donor motives, the potential for commercialization, donation to particular categories of recipients (including those encountered through social media) and the ethical boundaries of active promotion of unspecified kidney donation. We conclude that there is scope to increase the number of living donation kidney transplants further by optimizing existing practices to support and promote unspecified donation. A number of strategies including optimization of the assessment process, innovative approaches to reach potential donors together with reimbursement of expenses and a more specific recognition of unspecified donation are likely to lead to a meaningful increase in this type of donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Utilization of pancreases for transplantation remains inferior to that of other organs. Herein, we analysed UK pancreas discards to identify the reasons for the low utilization rates. Data on all pancreases offered first for solid organ transplantation between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2015 were extracted from the UK Transplant Registry. The number of organs discarded, reasons and the time point of discard were analysed. A centre specific comparison was also undertaken. 7367 pancreases were offered first for solid organ transplantation. 35% were donors after circulatory death (DCD). 3668 (49.7%) organs were not retrieved. Of the 3699 pancreases retrieved, 38% were initially accepted but subsequently discarded. 2145 (29%) grafts offered were transplanted as simultaneous pancreas‐kidney or solitary pancreas. 1177 (55%) were transplanted on the first offer whilst the remaining 968 were transplanted after a median of three offers. 52% DBD pancreases were accepted and transplanted on the first offer compared with 68% DCD grafts. There were significant differences in discard rates between centres (30–80% for DBD and 3–78% for DCD, P < 0.001). A significant number of solid pancreases are discarded. Better graft assessment at retrieval could minimize unnecessary organ travel and discards. Closer links with islet programmes may allow for better utilization of discarded grafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Allocation policies are necessary to ensure a fair distribution of a scarce resource. The goal of any liver transplant allocation policy is to achieve the best possible outcomes for the waiting list population, irrespective of the indication for transplant, whilst maximizing organ utilization. Organ allocation for liver transplantation has evolved from simple centre‐based approaches driven by local issues, to complex, evidence‐based algorithm prioritizing according to need. Despite the rapid evolution of allocation policies, there remain a number of challenges and new approaches are required to ensure transparency and equity on the decision‐making process and the best possible outcomes for patients on the waiting list. New ways of modelling, together with novel outcome criteria, will be required to enable a dynamic adaptability of the allocation policies to the ever changing demographics of the donor population and the changing landscape of indications for transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined quality of life (QoL) and other patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) in 95 simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant (SPKT) recipients and 41 patients wait‐listed for SPKT recruited to the UK Access to Transplantation and Transplant Outcome Measures (ATTOM) programme. Wait‐listed patients transplanted within 12 months of recruitment (n = 22) were followed 12 months post‐transplant and compared with those still wait‐listed (n = 19) to examine pre‐ to post‐transplant changes. Qualitative interviews with ten SPKT recipients 12 months post‐transplant were analysed thematically. Cross‐sectional analyses showed several better 12‐month outcomes for SPKT recipients compared with those still wait‐listed, a trend to better health utilities but no difference in diabetes‐specific QoL or diabetes treatment satisfaction. Pre‐ to post‐transplant, SPKT recipients showed improved treatment satisfaction, well‐being, self‐reported health, generic QoL and less negative impact on renal‐specific QoL (ps < 0.05). Health utility values were better overall in transplant recipients and neither these nor diabetes‐specific QoL changed significantly in either group. Pre‐emptive transplant advantages seen in 12‐month cross‐sectional analyses disappeared when controlling for baseline values. Qualitative findings indicated diabetes complications, self‐imposed blood glucose monitoring and dietary restrictions continued to impact QoL negatively post‐transplant. Unrealistic expectations of SPKT caused some disappointment. Measuring condition‐specific PROMs over time will help in demonstrating the benefits and limitations of SPKT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about proposed liver transplantation criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients to help them access transplantation. The criteria involved Japanese HCC patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The criteria established thresholds for size of tumour, number of HCC nodules, and concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The previously established Milan criteria is also noted.

Paracetamol overdose (POD) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) requiring liver transplantation in the United Kingdom. To characterize the early and late outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for POD in the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit over a 14-year period (1992–2006). Data were obtained from a prospective database combined with case-note review. Of 127 liver transplants performed for ALF, 44 were for POD. The median age was 30 (range 18–51). In 18 patients (63.7%), POD was associated with alcohol/other drugs, nine (20.5%) had a staggered overdose and four patients (9.1%) accidentally overdosed. Nineteen patients (43.2%) had a history of previous overdose/psychiatric illness. Post-transplant mortality during the index admission was 30% (13 patients), whilst five patients died during follow-up. The actuarial 5-year patient survival was 54.5%, whilst graft survival was 49.5%. Some 23% of the patients were re-transplanted: primary nonfunction (1), hepatic artery thrombosis (3) and chronic rejection (2). Three patients had a subsequent transplant; three patients had two further transplants. Nine patients (35%) continue to have social/psychiatric issues. OLT for POD is associated with significant early and late morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach is required to identify the suitable candidates, in whom transplantation should be pursued promptly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to a retrospective study which examined the influence of anastomosis time (AT) on outcomes after deceased donor kidney transplant.