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Over the past 20 years, many cities across the United States have adopted a range of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to make it easier for residents to get informed, communicate their preferences, and hold public officials accountable. In this paper, we ask two questions. First, are service requests and responses illustrative of existing neighborhood differences across a city? Second, do patterns of request and response differ by the type of complaint made to the city? We leverage data from the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to examine neighborhood variation in service requests and subsequent response times to those complaints. Our analysis makes a number of important contributions to the current literature on ICTs, including providing a more nuanced understanding of how types of requests vary by neighborhood context, and a more comprehensive picture of how requests and response times reveal social and racial disparities across the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to Foucauldian population geographies by examining an infant mortality reduction campaign in Milwaukee. The infant mortality rate for Milwaukee's Black community is about three times that for whites and higher than rates for other racialized groups. This paper asks how Milwaukee's public health interventions came to focus on sleep deaths, when population data show that preterm birth and congenital abnormalities are the leading causes of all infant deaths in the city, and the greatest contributor to the racial gap. The City of Milwaukee Health Department and partners drew on contradictory biopolitical logics and practices: On one hand, they located the problem of the ''gap'' in particular segregated neighborhoods-in-crisis, and on the other hand, they used an ostensibly ''race-blind'' strategy of promoting safe sleep environments. These spatializations together shifted blame for the crisis onto ''failing'' parents, especially Black parents. Tracing instances of resistance through the development and implementation of the campaign suggests possibilities for an anti-racist biopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated lasting changes in a traditionally staid and inert court system. This study employs a courtroom communities perspective to examine how courtroom workgroup members perceived COVID-19's impact on their work, their workgroup relationships, and the future of criminal court procedures. It analyzes data from semi-structured interviews with 22 prosecutors, 17 defense attorneys, and 10 judges in Milwaukee, WI, and St. Louis, MO. We find that moving to virtual proceedings limited opportunities for informal interaction. The immediate impact was to upend the courtroom communities' familiarity, proximity, and stability with implications for plea negotiations and case resolution. Nevertheless, most participants supported using virtual proceedings for certain types of court hearings. Public defenders were more likely than prosecutors, judges, or private defense attorneys to express concerns about technological difficulties for defendants. We conclude by discussing policy and practice implications and identifying areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the frame of school choice theory to understand the externality of school sector switching resulting from choice-based urban education reforms. The results indicate that sector switching is a function of race, poverty, and prior-year test scores. Low-income Black pupils in particular are more likely to leave Milwaukee's voucher system for a public school. Sector switching has an immediate negative impact on student test scores. The results highlight the commonality and impact of sector switching in a mature urban school choice system and are of interest to scholars studying urban education reform policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eviction has been studied almost exclusively as an urban phenomenon. The growing suburbanization of poverty in the United States, however, provides new cause to analyze the prevalence and correlates of displacement beyond cities. This study analyzes urban-suburban disparities in eviction rates across 71 large metropolitan areas. We show that eviction is a common experience in suburbs as well as cities. Urban eviction rates exceed suburban rates in most cases, but one in six metropolitan areas experienced higher eviction rates in the suburbs. Multilevel models show that key correlates of eviction—especially poverty and median rent—influence eviction patterns differently in urban and suburban contexts. We explore variations in urban-suburban disparities through case studies of Milwaukee, Seattle, and Miami. Metropolitan areas with larger shifts toward suburban poverty, more expensive urban rental markets, and more segregated suburbs experience more suburban evictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to determine the necessity for the removal of all aspects of the root and tooth during the surgical extraction of an infected or diseased tooth is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the American Society of Oral Surgeons and Exodontists held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 11, 1921.

In 1916, a national planning expert strongly advised Milwaukee city and county planners to integrate electric railway transit into any comprehensive metropolitan plan. In that same year, a great proponent of publicly owned transit, socialist Daniel W. Hoan, became mayor of Milwaukee. Twelve years later—while Hoan was still mayor—a national engineering firm made the same recommendation. During the interim, however, it became apparent to city leaders, including Hoan, that they did not have either the legal or financial tools necessary to effectively implement any plan that involved altering and improving transit routes and service. Although Wisconsin adopted municipal “home rule” in 1924, the provision was in reality “too little too late” in that it did not grant cities authority to take over the privately owned for-profit transit companies holding monopolies over their streets. Nor was an option to establish a regional transit authority available until after World War II. This article explores the intersecting roles of state laws, the Wisconsin Railroad Commission, local elected leaders, and appointed planners in the ultimate—automobile-dependent—result. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We report the first study of the effect of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) on polling place consolidation and voting behavior. We draw upon individual-level observations from Milwaukee matched to similar observations in the surrounding municipalities to assess whether fewer polling places in the April 2020 presidential primary election decreased turnout in the city. We find polling place consolidation reduced overall turnout by about 8.7 points and reduced turnout among the Black population in the city by about 10 points. We conclude, based on these data, that polling place consolidation even accompanied by widespread absentee voting in the face of an emergency may result in disenfranchisement, particularly among Black voters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to disproportionately affect gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) and transgender and nonbinary (trans/NB) individuals. This study investigated attitudes toward participation in HIV survey research, guided by Emanuel's framework for ethical clinical research (e.g., risk–benefit ratio, fair participant selection, respect for participants, social value, and collaborative partnership). GBM (n = 294) and trans/NB (n = 86) persons recruited at a Pride event in Milwaukee completed a survey assessing risks and benefits of participation in, and comfort responding to, sexual health surveys. Participants reported few ethical concerns (e.g., privacy and confidentiality), with notable differences by race, sexual orientation and gender identity, and prior research experiences. Implications for HIV research with GBM and trans/NB individuals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Context: The lack of court-ordered support for race-based policies that maintain and create integrated schools has forced communities of color to seek other avenues to obtain equitable education, such as school choice. Individual states and the federal government, as seen in grant provisions through the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act, are encouraging the expansion of choice at the very time that options for increasing student diversity, particularly racial diversity, are being narrowed by the courts. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: The article uses critical race theory to examine the outcomes of specific school reforms, based on market theory models of school choice, that were designed to alleviate schooling inequities in urban districts. Setting: The context of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, serves as a microcosm of urban districts that have embraced school choice to create more equitable schooling options. Milwaukee, like most metropolitan areas, has a history of court-ordered desegregation that served as a temporary solution to racially segregated schools. Given the federal and district court turn from supporting race-based desegregation policies in schools, Milwaukee and other metropolitan districts are looking for new models to serve students of color in their districts and cities. Research Design: This article is a conceptual paper that incorporates data from a variety of sources to support the authors' conclusions. Data Collection and Analysis: Data for this project were taken from the U.S. Census Bureau, documents from newly created small high schools, such as Web sites and curriculum designs; current newspaper articles discussing issues of small high schools; archival newspaper articles documenting the creation of the 1990 choice and charter programs; professional experiences as a member of the Bill and Melinda Gates institutional selection and small-school team support system; and an empirical study that documents teachers' attempts to provide curriculum and instruction in newly created small schools. Conclusions/Recommendations: In combination, these data sources tell the story of market theory reforms that will continue to struggle to meet reformists' goals to serve all Milwaukee populations so long as policy makers and the courts continue to deny the irrefutable power that race and class exercise in parental choice in U.S. urban schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic modes of political economic regulation impact provision for the parks system in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Green spaces during Milwaukee's first liberal era consisted mostly of private properties accessible only to the city's elite and/or to those willing to pay a fee to drink in its boisterous bier garlens. Collective open space investment at the turn of the 19th century signaled the beginning of a second, decades-long era of Keynesian state provision for parks. A steady decline in that investment for Milwaukee's parks since the 1980s has provided the context for a set of new, yet seemingly liberalized governance experiments to emerge from the now defunct managerialist system. In this paper I employ regulation and regime theories in conjunction with thirty-six in-depth inter- views to argue that these new parks experiments hail the beginning of a third era in parks provision. The new era is marked by an apparently neoliberal shift in regulation for open space on the basis of state actions to market public parks provision to a multiplicity of private actors. It is different from the first liberal era because the state withdraws its fiscal commitment to parks but still employs them to continue its active role in environmental and-by extension-social regulation. A multiplicity of local parks governances are promoted in the name of environmental citizenship but are problematic because they form new and localized geographies of social reproductive discipline in the benevolent rhetoric of responsibility, choice, and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to cuts in social programs, the Great Recession also affected government expenditures once considered less vulnerable to austerity, such as economic development. Using a comparative case study approach, we examine economic development policies and practices in two cities, sampled for similar economic and fiscal conditions: Fresno, California and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We find that declining state support and local autonomy weakened the municipal economic development function while leaving entrepreneurial logics largely intact. In the face of significant economic and fiscal stress after the Great Recession, both Fresno and Milwaukee remained committed to conventional approaches to stimulating private development, even as their capacity to do so was severely constrained by state pre-emption and cuts in intergovernmental aid. The elimination of city-controlled economic development programs, rescaling of incentives, and state-imposed regulatory restrictions provide a counter-narrative to those claiming that a "new localism" enhanced the role of cities as economic actors after the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the transmission of family values, work and welfare among poor urban Black women in the U.S. In this paper, the authors present findings about the dynamic interaction among family values, family transmission processes, and young people's attitudes and behavior regarding both work and welfare, a dual focus that is seldom seen in research about occupational attainment. The authors examine the values about work and welfare and their transmission in relation to work status and perceptions of future work among a group of 50 poor Black women aged 15 to 23 from inner-city Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The findings of the authors indicate both that and how the intra-familial value transmission processes are important to the economic lives of young adults. These findings provide direct support for the expansion rather than reduction of economic and social welfare policies and related programs that will maximize the abilities of all family members to contribute to social capital development.

The article announces the 30th Annual Midwest Nursing Research Society conference which will be held on March 31 to April 3, 2006 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The conference is hosted by a number of schools including Marquette University, University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

In this article, 25 years of data are utilized from nonprofit schools operating in the United States' oldest and largest private school voucher program to test theories of isomorphism. We find that startup and religious schools belonging to an umbrella organization such as an archdiocese are particularly likely to serve similar student bodies at similar costs. In addition, we find that isomorphic pressures increase the longer a school participates in the Milwaukee voucher program, and that increased program regulation is related to increased sector isomorphism. The results illustrate the difficulty of using New Public Management style reforms, at scale, to encourage a diversity of nongovernment providers to provide a service traditionally provided by the public sector. The results will be of interest to scholars studying nonprofit institutional theories, school choice, and New Public Management style reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within this article, we explore the rise of predictive policing in the United States as a form of big data surveillance. Bringing together literature from communication, criminology, and science and technology studies, we use a case study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA to outline that predictive policing, rather than being a novel development, is in fact part of a much larger, historical network of power and control. By examining the mechanics of these policing practices: the data inputs, behavioral outputs, as well as the key controllers of these systems, and the individuals who influenced their adoption, we show that predictive policing as a form of big data surveillance is a sociotechnical system that is wholly human-constructed, biases and all. Identifying these elements of the surveillance network then allows us to turn our attention to the resistive practices of communities who historically and presently live under surveillance – pointing to the types of actions and imaginaries required to combat the myth and allure that swirls around the rhetoric of big data surveillance today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information related to the 30th Annual Midwest Nursing Research Society Conference held from March 31 to April 4, 2006 at the Hilton Milwaukee City Center in Wisconsin. The theme of the conference is "Linking Research and Practice: A Roadmap for the Future." The event features a number of special event to mark its thirty years in existence.

The Seventy-ninth Annual Congress of Corrections, sponsored by the American Prison Association, was held at the Hotel Schroeder in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from September 25-30, 1949. The Congress included meetings of the American Prison Association, the National Probation and Parole Association, the National Jail Association, the National Chaplains' Association, the National Conference of Juvenile Agencies, the Correctional Education Association, the Correctional Service Associates, the Medical Correctional Association, the Wardens' Association, the National Prisoners' Aid Association, the Penal Industries Association, and the Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers. There were also meetings sponsored by the Committee on Classification and Case Work, the Committee on Professional Standards and Training, the Committee on Women's Institutions, the Committee on Institution Libraries, and the Committee on Crime Prevention. A goodly number of academic sociologists who are members of the American Sociological Society were present.

Overwhelmingly white and middle class, Milwaukee in the 1950s stood at the brink of rapid demographic change as thousands of African Americans from the U.S. South migrated to the city. From 1950 to 1960, Milwaukee's black population grew from 21,772 to 62,458, a 187 percent increase that alarmed many white residents and provided fuel for a race-baiting mayoral campaign against the city's liberal mayor in 1956. But even as the new residents challenged long-held notions of white privilege, their arrival also was not uniformly welcomed by the city's longtime middle- and upper middle-class African American residents, whose classist perspective often aligned with white municipal lawmakers and community and labor leaders. The increased number of low-income African American migrants living in Milwaukee brought into sharp relief the inability of all black Milwaukeeans to secure jobs and decent housing. Furthermore, African American job seekers found little recourse in the local labor movement, with union leaders and members mirroring the city's sociocultural biases. African American migrants faced a combination of racial discrimination and class-based bias built on perceptions that all black migrants were lower skilled, low-income workers who did not fit into the city's "culture," a euphemism frequently employed to reference "class." This article examines how the response of labor, lawmakers, and the community in 1950s Milwaukee, like Detroit and Chicago in earlier years, set the direction for decades to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-profile cases of police violence—disproportionately experienced by black men—may present a serious threat to public safety if they lower citizen crime reporting. Using an interrupted time series design, this study analyzes how one of Milwaukee’s most publicized cases of police violence against an unarmed black man, the beating of Frank Jude, affected police-related 911 calls. Controlling for crime, prior call patterns, and several neighborhood characteristics, we find that residents of Milwaukee’s neighborhoods, especially residents of black neighborhoods, were far less likely to report crime after Jude’s beating was broadcast. The effect lasted for over a year and resulted in a total net loss of approximately 22,200 calls for service. Other local and national cases of police violence against unarmed black men also had a significant impact on citizen crime reporting in Milwaukee. Police misconduct can powerfully suppress one of the most basic forms of civic engagement: calling 911 for matters of personal and public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tells a story about the dynamic discourse of opposing forces regarding the “open housing” debate in Milwaukee in the late 1960s. Letters written by citizens, editorials published by daily newspapers, and statements made by Mayor Henry Maier offer evidence of a multidimensional debate about residential discrimination. On one level, the ideas expressed by citizens in the letters written to Mayor Maier demonstrate that civil and political rights were in combat with property rights. On a broader community level, the daily newspapers in Milwaukee were engaged in a debate with Maier about loftier societal principles and political leadership. Maier constructed a moral argument to support his position as he sought a metropolitan solution to the problem. The editors of the daily newspapers criticized Maier for a lack of leadership on the issue, and they believed that legislation would be a vital step toward real change in the city’s neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How families overcome homelessness receives much less research attention than risk factors for becoming homeless. Qualitative focus groups with 14 formerly homeless women were held in diverse neighborhoods in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Grounded in an ecological approach and employing a hermeneutic research design, this study includes their perspectives regarding factors that facilitated successful rehousing. The method was also trauma informed, and specific recommendations for research with this population are offered. The results are divided into two sections. The first identifies factors associated with successfully transitioning out of homelessness. These included perceived benefits of overcoming homelessness, connecting to social services, and the seemingly randomness of stabilization. Second, participants’ recommendations for supporting homeless families are offered. These included the removal of common barriers to housing by addressing poor credit and criminal records; reforming payee systems; providing mediated peer-mentoring programs; ensuring equitable access to emergency shelter for women who become homeless but are not in another risk category (e.g., addiction); offering supportive services in community agency settings; and ensuring that schools are better prepared to assist homeless families. These women also expressed a desire to participate in the broader political realm to have a greater say about the institutions that impact their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have witnessed a double movement within the field of crime control characterized by the prison boom and intensive policing, on the one hand, and widespread implementation of new approaches that assign policing responsibilities to non-police actors, on the other. The latter development has been accomplished by expansion of third-party policing policies; nuisance property ordinances, which sanction landlords for their tenants’ behavior, are among the most popular. This study, an analysis of every nuisance citation distributed in Milwaukee over a two-year period, is among the first to evaluate empirically the impact of coercive third-party policing on the urban poor. Properties in black neighborhoods disproportionately received citations, and those located in more integrated black neighborhoods had the highest likelihood of being deemed nuisances. Nearly a third of all citations were generated by domestic violence; most property owners abated this “nuisance” by evicting battered women. Landlords also took steps to discourage tenants from calling 911; overrepresented among callers, women were disproportionately affected by these measures. By looking beyond traditional policing, this study reveals previously unforeseen consequences of new crime control strategies for women from inner-city neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents an analysis of one of the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act, Supplemental Education Services, or SES, in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, public schools. The authors sought to find out if parents and students know they are eligible for extra tutoring under that law. One of the tools of SES to recruited suffered a blow in 2006 with a new policy that limits the use of incentives for educational activities. The authors conclude that even though their research focuses on one school district, it is consistent with other studies that investigate SES programs in larger urban districts.

Targeting public redevelopment funding toward the most marketable brownfields is viewed as an economically efficient use of scarce resources because it may guarantee the greatest likelihood of success. But to what extent does this policy result in spatial and social inequities by neglecting contaminated sites in distressed neighborhoods containing minority and low-income populations? This case study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, identified that tracts with above-average percentages of African Americans and Hispanics, although containing above-average numbers of brownfields per square mile and higher percentages of brownfields compared to percentage of the city's area, had below-average city-assisted redevelopments as a percentage of all brownfields. A policy implication is that despite difficulties promoting brownfield redevelopment in distressed neighborhoods, in addition to economic efficiencies, more emphasis is needed on the social benefits of public assistance for brownfield redevelopment, including potential spillover benefits, such as crime reduction and health improvements for surrounding neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study measures and compares the impact of publicly assisted brownfield redevelopment on nearby residential property values in Milwaukee and Minneapolis. It also examines the influence of land use, neighborhood characteristics, and other redevelopment factors on this impact. The research approach incorporates a hedonic method to quantify nearby property value effects at more than 100 brownfield projects, and stakeholder interviews are used to assess perceived impacts to real estate conditions. The results reveal that the spillover effect in terms of raising surrounding property values is significant in both quantity and geographic scope, as redevelopment led to a net increase of 11.4% in nearby housing prices in Milwaukee and 2.7% in Minneapolis. It also reveals that project size, value, and the amount of public funding have minor impacts on this effect; factors such as proximity to major roads, distance from rail, and higher incomes have greater positive impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines patterns of story assignments at a metropolitan daily newspaper. The study's content analysis documents a form of racial profiling in which African American reporters write stories mostly about minority issues, while white reporters write stories mostly about government and business. Interviews with journalists documented the widespread belief that experience as a member of a racial minority helps the newspaper provide better coverage of minority issues. However, journalists of all races spoke off racial diversity only when they weir talking about minority reporters and minority-oriented topics. The hegemony of whiteness was such that none of the journalists appeared to have thought about the role of whiteness in the coverage of the largely white realms of politics and business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study obtained Black business owners' experiences in Milwaukee. Wisconsin, via qualitative methods, The same issues (racism, loan denial, etc.) that quantitative analyses of Black businesses found existed in this study, However, this study's findings departed from previous Black business studies by providing insights into the human side of Black business owners by allowing them to provide insights into their daily challenges (inability to work with other Black businesses and lack of support from African American customers). And it found that Milwaukee's Black business owners were pessimistic about Black business opportunities over time and relative to African American businesses in other cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a history of how Milwaukee urban leaders treated their diverse, ethnic communities by "Americanizing" them. The Milwaukee experience with their immigrants was both similar to and distinctive of other American cities. Basing their reception on the German tradition of fellowship as other midwestern centers, Milwaukeeans were unique throughout in combining a love for promoting the ethnic diversity of dress, music, and dance with teaching foreigners the English language and American democratic principles. Therefore, from especially the 1920s on, Americanizing foreigners in tax-supported, school social centers meant teaching them to be loyal Americans while offering training in and promotion of cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, HIV disease meant an almost invariably downward health course. New highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens have improved the health outlook for many persons living with HIV/AIDS but may create new psychological and coping challenges. In this study, open-ended, in-depth interviews were undertaken with an ethnically diverse sample of 44 purposively selected men and women with HIV disease who were on HAART regimens. The interviews were transcribed and qualitatively coded to identify major themes. While patients responding well to the regimens held optimistic views for their future, some who continued to have detectable viral load exhibited depression and feelings of hopelessness. Many patients reported stress associated with the demands of adhering to complex HAART regimens. Other common themes emerging in the interviews involved concerns about employment, romantic and non-romantic relationship formation, sexual behavior and serostatus disclosure, whether to plan families, and experiences of AIDS-related discrimination. There continue to be critical roles for psychological services in the care of persons living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents case reports on management of arterioureteral fistulae in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Details on the risk factors for arterioureteral fistula; Information on the medical history of the patients; Consideration of angiography as the most commonly performed preoperative study; Usefulness of stent graft placement in treating hematuria.

Check-cashing businesses constitute a growing industry, particularly in low-income and nonwhite neighborhoods. This case study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, finds that check-cashing businesses are concentrated in the central city while conventional banks are concentrated in outlying city and suburban communities. These services are growing, despite relatively high fees, primarily because of their convenient hours and locations for central-city residents, exclusionary behavior by conventional institutions, and financial problems of area households. More effective marketing by conventional banks and more aggressive enforcement of community reinvestment requirements by regulatory agencies would blunt development of two-tiered banking and facilitate revitalization of distressed communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a detailed analysis of 932 breast frozen sections performed at a Milwaukee, Wisconsin community hospital over a 54-month period. These 932 frozen sections came from a total of 857 women and 22 men (mean age 55.5 years and range 20.1-97.2 years). Frozen section diagnosis was deferred in 31 cases (3.3%) and dignostic accuracy for presence or absence of malignant neoplasia (excluding deferred diagnoses) was 99.2%, while strict diagnostic accuracy was 97.8%; one false positive case (pathologist judgement error) and six false negative cases (four sample and two pathologist judgment errors) were detected. Seventy-one of 324 positive frozen sections (21.9%) were followed by completion mastectomy. The author provides a detailed histopathologic analysis, discusses pitfalls and limitations in breast frozen section diagnosis, and concludes that frozen section accuracy in an active community hospital setting can compare favorably with that observed at academic medical centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a pilot project to develop and implement a low-cost system for ongoing surveillance of childhood asthma in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Design of the project's workshop; Background on the disease; Comparison of data from Children's Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW) to data from other emergency departments; Utilization of care by patient subgroups; Surveillance costs; Adapting the project model to other communities.

Deterrence theories and labeling theories offer inconsistent predictions about the relative impact of legal and informal controls on the subsequent criminal activities of arrested persons. In a controlled experiment using police contacts for domestic violence offenses in Milwaukee, we test whether the effect of arrest on recidivism is conditional on key individual characteristics indicating a "stake in conformity." Contrary to deterrence theories, arrest had no overall crime reduction effect in either the official or victim interview measures of repeat domestic violence. Consistent with labeling theories, arrest increased recidivism among those with a low stake in conformity: the unemployed and the unmarried. Neither race nor a record of prior offenses conditioned the effect of arrest on subsequent domestic violence. The results are consistent with findings from similar experiments in Omaha, Dade County (Miami), and Colorado Springs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a composite leading indicator of employment conditions is constructed for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin metropolitan area. This index contains both purely local data series and several national data series. After describing the process for constructing this index, we explored its ability to accurately track and anticipate employment conditions, both in a purely after-the-fact review and in a more stringent "real time" simulation. The overall conclusion is that this index does an effective job of signaling changing employment conditions. This effectiveness, combined with the simplicity and flexibility of the index construction process, indicates that such an index can be useful to economic developers and others interested in tracking local employment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the life and works of professor René Leriche in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Contributions of professor Leriche in the study of pathology; Career history; Level of achievements.

The popular thesis that neighborhood socioeconomic status exerts considerable influence on educational aspirations of youth is examined, using data on Milwaukee metropolitan area public high school seniors. Large differences are found in the college plans of students from neighborhoods classified by occupational composition. When sex, family socioeconomic status, and intelligence are simultaneously controlled, these differences tend to be eliminated or greatly reduced, except for a few subpopulations--most notably girls of all intelligence levels from high socioeconomic status families. Correlation analysis indicates that neighborhood context adds little to the explained variance in college plans beyond that accounted for by sex, family socioeconomic status, and intelligence. Consequently, the evidence from this study suggests that past claims for the importance of neighborhood context in the development of educational aspirations may have been overstated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on observations made in a neighborhood survey in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with regard to a variant of the traditional process of intra-urban invasion. The population was relatively homogeneous, predominantly Irish-Catholic. It is reported that there has been an influx of African Americans into the area since the World War II. The influx seems not to be following the traditional pattern. It rather appeared to be leap-frogging over white areas to establish minor Black districts in deteriorating external areas. The survey found that the invaders did not think about the influx in temporary terms.

A biography of Richard Conway, a professor of Cornell University is presented. He was born on December 12, 1931 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is a recipient of varsity letter and an endowed chairman from Cornell. He was one of the founders of Cornell's Department of Computer Science and become the first Emerson Electric Professor of Manufacturing Management. He was known for his important research contributions in three areas of computer operations and programming.