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This issue is the second of two special issues of I Archival Science i dedicated to papers from the Eighth International Conference on the History of Records and Archives (I-CHORA 8), which was held at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, on 28-30 May 2018. In the last I-CHORA paper of this special issue, Lowry develops his opening keynote address, enriched by discussions with conference participants, into a research agenda for displaced archives. 3 Craig BL, Eppard PB, MacNeil H. Exploring perspectives and themes for histories of records and archives: the first international conference on the history of records and archives (I-CHORA). [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyses the forgotten concept of "sperm-force" proposed by George Newport (1803–1854). Newport is known for his comprehensive microscopic examinations of sperm and egg interaction in amphibian fertilization between 1850 and 1854. My work with archival sources reveals that Newport believed fertilization was caused by sperm-force, which the Royal Society refused to publish. My reconstruction chronologically traces the philosophical and experimental origins of sperm-force to Newport's 1830s entomological work. Sperm-force is a remnant of Newport's speculations on the creation of the active individual. I argue that sperm-force was rooted in British interpretations of German Naturphilosophie, which demonstrates Continental influences on mid-Victorian embryology, particularly the role of male generative power. This context provides further evidence that British versions of Romantic science fostered sophisticated experimental work. The refusal by Paleyite stalwarts of natural theology to publish Newport's ideas illustrates the institutional resistance to German pantheistic and vitalistic influences. This reconstruction of sperm-force's philosophical foundation and its reception offers new understandings of mid-Victorian attitudes toward the inheritance of mind and body. It situates Newport's work within the nineteenth century's scientific project to assign stereotypical genders to the gametes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been a growing number of studies exploring the historical dimensions of the interconnectedness of human societies and the environment. A core approach in this field is historical ecology. We analyzed 544 historical-ecological papers to assess patterns and trends in the field. We found a high degree of interdisciplinarity with a focus on local case studies, of periods of fewer than 500 years, analyzing archival sources through quantitative approaches. The proportion of papers containing management recommendations has increased over time. To make historical ecology globally relevant, more effort should be made to utilize studies across languages, borders and worldviews. We call for high standards regarding the use of social scientific methodologies. Lastly, we argue that fostering longer-term studies and assessing the real-life impact of policy recommendations emerging from historical ecology can help the discipline better contribute solutions to the challenges facing humanity in an uncertain future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The p resent research paper aims to investigate the relations between "power" and "places". It tried to find out the ethnic construct of place identity and its attachment to the sense of power. It analyses the questions as, How the ethnic identity of social groups constructs the meaning of "place" and transformed themselves into ethnic places? How do the "places" intervene in the identity of "selves"? This research undertakes Kurdish identity and their imbibed notion in order to contextualize the 'ethnic place' and questions of "selves". In this connection, it studies the ethnic places as the phenomenological product of ethnic and social experiences. It discusses ethnic places and their sense of power within the framework of place identity. The central theme of this paper is the Kurdish identity of Turkey to be placed in the spatial adjustment to which they belong. The image of Kurdistan as a place seems to empower them and ultimately causes their sense of security. The method of research is purely theoretical and descriptive on the bases of spatial-analytic approaches. However, in this research, phenomenological analysis of the concepts of place and experiences are argued with relation to power, place and ethnic identity. The phenomenological experiences of community behavior have been seen with respect to their cognitive relations to the living environment of the Kurdish group. Generally, this study is based on secondary sources and archival materials. A case study of Kurdish ethnic identity assertion is seen with respect to the theoretical applicability of place, power, and security concepts. It analyses Turkish Kurds and their identity assertion in the context of demand for the place, associated with the "power" as well as their cognitive environment and sense of belongingness. Ethnic place emerges in "relative isolation" as ethnic selves differing from other-selves. Hence, the demand for the place by the Kurdish group in Turkey is seen as a preservation of ethnic places to be empowered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the archives of a major Catholic order, the Society of Jesus. The quality and amount of Jesuit sources allows a very detailed reconstruction not only of how the archives were meant to function, but also of how they were used in daily life. While the Jesuits and their archives resemble many other early modern institutions, the wealth of documentation nevertheless makes them particularly suitable for a case study of early modern archival practice. The paper argues that the order consciously developed a network of archives that closely mirrored the institutional framework of the Jesuit bureaucracy. Ideally, smooth and swift movement of papers within this network was meant to provide easy access to relevant documents for users at all hierarchical levels. In reality, however, Jesuit record keeping remained far from this ideal. Papers were misplaced or simply got lost in the maze of archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location, size, and structure of the farmlands and hydraulic systems built by the Indigenous inhabitants of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain, remain unknown. This hampers our ability to understand how they organized agricultural production and how European settlers transformed local landscapes to build commercial plantations in the late fifteenth century. This paper combines an analysis of archival sources with the study of agricultural landscapes and practices to identify and describe the fields that were employed by the first colonists of Agüimes and Temisas, and to derive information about the location, design, and management of the pre-Hispanic farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the future of sociology archive as a discipline. The major U.S. university libraries now go to extraordinary lengths and expense to collect the papers of writers, even many who as yet have not been categorically identified as important. There is a serious lesson in this-one might even say, a vital one-for sociology as it confronts an uncertain future. As everyone of a certain age will recall, the saga of Roots, in book and television formats, single-handedly gave American blacks a collective sense of historical importance that up to that point was absent from mass culture. The new Holocaust Museum in Washington is the most eloquent and emotionally wracking contemporary expression of historical memory for public consumption on a grand scale. Other examples can be found at every juncture of the "culture wars" that have been raging in the United States since the 1960s. Every politically self-aware group is supposed to venerate its real or imagined past, both at individual and collective levels, not only because such joint expressions enhance self-conceptions but also owing to the strategic advantage.

This paper takes up Terry Cook's idea that through their work, archivists are active shapers rather than passive keepers. In taking this idea further, this paper discusses a case study comparing the custodial history of two archival groups of East India Companies' archives, the VOC and EIC Archives, during the second half of the nineteenth century, and how archival practitioners influenced their arrangement and description. Consideration is given on how archival practice (good and bad) and professional discussion contributed to the understanding of the importance of provenance and original order and the need for sound methodology for analysis of the records to precede arrangement and descriptions. The work undertaken by the archivists on the VOC Archives in the Netherlands in particular, took place at a time during the development of the landmark archival standard (The 1898 Dutch Manual). This study looks at how the arrangement of the VOC and EIC Archives reflects these contemporary theoretical discussions. The VOC Archives in the Netherlands were one of the first archival groups of business records to be arranged using the 1898 Dutch Manual's advice. At the same time, in England, those working on the EIC Archives in London understood the importance of custodial history and its influence on the arrangement of the EIC Archives. Through an analysis of the work of those involved in the arrangement and description of the VOC and EIC Archives, this paper argues that it is possible to see the emergence of fundamental archival principles such as the difference between physical arrangement and intellectual control, and the development of these ideas derived from discussions during the writing of the 1898 Dutch Manual and their translation into archival practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces the collection of articles collected in the special issue "Knowledge Cultures.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including modern archival theory, medieval archival practices, and growth of archives in the Renaissance.

Automated text categorization has witnessed a booming interest with the exponential growth of information and the ever-increasing needs for organizations. The underlying hierarchical structure identifies the relationships of dependence between different categories and provides valuable sources of information for categorization. Although considerable research has been conducted in the field of hierarchical document categorization, little has been done on automatic generation of topic hierarchies. In this paper, we propose the method of using linear discriminant projection to generate more meaningful intermediate levels of hierarchies in large flat sets of classes. The linear discriminant projection approach first transforms all documents onto a low-dimensional space and then clusters the categories into hier- archies accordingly. The paper also investigates the effect of using generated hierarchical structure for text classification. Our experiments show that generated hierarchies improve classification performance in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

J. Franklin Jameson and Waldo G. Leland remain forever linked in American archival history as the founders, respectively, of the National Archives and the American archival profession. From the immediate post-Revolutionary period until the eve of the First World War, American historians recognized that their nation's early history remained locked in European archives. However, not until the pioneering efforts of Leland, working under supervision of Jameson during the early 20th century, did any of these historical researchers bring to the United States, along with the voluminous copies of archival documents, the emerging tenets of European archival theory. This is the story of the collaboration between Jameson and Leland, and of Leland's efforts to professionalize American archival practice on the basis of European archival theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Records Management Trust has demonstrated that there is currently little capacity or infrastructure in the developing world for managing government records as authentic evidence of policies, transactions, activities and entitlements. Records management itself will not halt corruption and bring about accountability, but it is an essential contributor to public sector integrity. The Records Management Capacity Assessment System (RMCAS) provides a means of assessing records management policies, procedures and resources against established international standards. It uses a diagnostic model, based on the records life cycle, to identify strengths, weaknesses and risk areas, and links with a database of training and capacity-building materials that can be used to plan improvements. Designed initially to measure records and information systems in the financial management, human resource management and legal and judicial areas, it can also be applied generically. The RMCAS software application will shortly be available, free of charge, through the Internet or in CD-ROM format. RMCAS can be applied flexibly to take account of variations in size of institutions and the administrative contexts in which they operate, as well as developmental and national aspirations. It can be applied to both paper and digital records and assesses the relationship between paper and electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival resources, a photogrammetric survey, analysis of materials and techniques, and evaluation of the state of conservation were interconnected phases in the interdisciplinary research on the perspective scenery of the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza. To fill existing gaps related to the history of this unique artefact and to the undocumented retouching of paint layers on the scenery during post-war reconstruction work, a broad analytical approach (optical microscopy, XRPD, SEM–EDX, μFTIR and μRaman) was applied to micro-samples, the selection of which was guided by consolidated geometrical and archival data. The aims were to obtain a characterisation of the pigments and binders and to evaluate the microstratigraphic sequence, the state of conservation of the scenery flats, and the deterioration processes involved. The findings unveiled a discernible variability in the production techniques of the finishes, frequently lacking the classic microstratigraphic sequence associated with the traditional method for painting on wooden panels from the sixteenth century. Moreover, by identifying many pigments that could be used as temporal markers we were able unequivocally to establish, for the first time, that a significant part of the scenery designed by the architect Vincenzo Scamozzi was heavily repainted in the post-WWII period. These analytical results and all the data collected on the artefacts over time were related through an HBIM model, enabling the historical and technical-analytical information to be linked to the geometrical survey and thus to provide guidance for actions based on current and future knowledge for the maintenance and monitoring of the Teatro Olimpico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides developments of the journal "Memory & Cognition." The author extended his appreciation to the staff who reviewed submissions for the journal. Editors are encouraging research from areas outside the usual cognitive areas if the work provides an interesting perspective or extension to cognitive research. The Psychonomic Society has initiated a web-based archive which accommodates materials associated with articles published in the Society's journal.

Differential evolution (DE) has been extensively studied in the past decade, though researchers may ignore the effect of an archive storing previous search information. Moreover, boundary repair issue is seldom handled in the literature. This paper attempts to improve the performance of DE algorithm from these two aspects. First, a differential vector archive is constructed and adaptively updated during the optimization process of DE. The archive stores a set of differential vectors representing potential good search directions. Second, inspired by recently reported results about repair methods, a hybrid of four commonly used repair methods is proposed. The hybrid method is more applicable to unknown optimization problems than a single repair method. A test suite containing 28 benchmark functions is employed for experimental investigation. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm usually affects the search to attain better performance in the later evolutionary stage. Our algorithm significantly outperforms a state- of-the-art algorithm. This result verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current records management methodologies and practices suffer from an inadequate understanding of the 'human activity systems' where records managers operate as 'mediators' between a number of complex and interacting factors. Although the records management and archival literature recognizes that managing the active life of the records is fundamental to their survival as meaningful evidence of activities, the context where the records are made, captured, used, and selectively retained is not explored in depth. In particular, the various standards, models, and functional requirement lists, which occupy a vast portion of that literature, especially in relation to electronic records, do not seem to be capable of framing records-related 'problems' in ways that account for their dynamic and multiform nature. This paper introduces the idea that alternative, 'softer' approaches to the analysis of organizational functions, structures, agents, and artifacts may usefully complement the 'hard', engineering-like approaches typically drawn on by information and records specialists. Three interrelated theoretical and methodological frameworks-namely, Soft Systems Methodology, Adaptive Structuration Theory, and Genre Theory-are discussed, with the purpose of highlighting their contributions to our understanding of the records context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Afterword to the papers in the ARCS special issue on Knowledge Cultures assesses the historical approach contained in most of the essays in light of current concerns in archival science and among contemporary scholars in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal experience computing is an emerging research area in computing support for capturing, archiving, and editing. This paper presents our design, implementation, and evaluation of a mobile authoring tool called mProducer that enables everyday users to effectively and efficiently perform archiving and editing at or immediately after the point-of-capture of digital personal experiences from their camera-equipped mobile devices. This point-of-capture capability is crucial to enable immediate sharing of digital personal experiences anytime, anywhere. For example, we have seen everyday people who used handheld camcorders to capture and report their personal, eye-witnessed experiences during the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in New York (The September 11 Digital Archive. ). With mProducer, they would be able to perform editing immediately after the point of capture, and then share these newsworthy, time-sensitive digital experiences on the Internet. To address the challenges in both user interface constraints and limited system resources on a mobile device, mProducer provides the following innovative system techniques and UI designs. (1) Keyframe-based editing UI enables everyday users to easily and efficiently edit recorded digital experiences from a mobile device using only key frames with the storyboard metaphor. (2) Storage constrained uploading (SCU) algorithm archives continuous multimedia data by uploading them to remote storage servers at the point of capture, so that it alleviates the problem of limited storage on a mobile device. (3) Sensor-assisted automated editing uses data from a GPS receiver and a tilt sensor attached to a mobile device to facilitate two manual editing steps at the point of capture: removal of blurry frames from hand-induced camera shaking, and content search via location-based content management. We have conducted user studies to evaluate mProducer. Results from the user studies have shown that mProducer scores high in user satisfaction in editing experience, editing quality, task performance time, ease of use, and ease of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Academic Technology's Coursestream system, an online system that helps students build and manage online education and online learning in the U.S. With the use of this system, students can view or listen to live or archived lectures online. In this article, the authors examine the design problems and solutions of this Coursestream system, explore the approaches taken, barriers encountered and the lessons learned. Details on how the Coursestream system works is also provided in this paper.

Objectives: The article reflects on some pioneers in experimental criminology, including those who contributed to the development and longevity of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study (CSYS), and reports on a new program of research on the CSYS, extending the study to 85 years (1935–2020) and beyond. Methods: The key focal points are the CSYS, a randomized controlled trial of a delinquency prevention intervention, and the people who were central to its development, implementation, and follow-ups. A wide range of published sources and archival records are used. Results: The idea of "standing on the shoulders of giants" or standing on the shoulders of pioneers in one field or another is a hallmark of science and scientific progress. This is at the heart of a new program of research on the CSYS, with four areas under investigation: (1) intervention effects over the full life-course; (2) development of criminal offending over the full life-course; (3) intergenerational effects (over three generations); and (4) historical understanding. Each area is discussed with reference to the wider context, new findings, and work underway or planned for the years ahead. Conclusions: Joan McCord is one of our giants in experimental criminology. She revived the CSYS, made it into the pioneering longitudinal-experimental study that we know today, and set the stage for a new program of research on the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress towards mathematization or, in a broader context, towards an increased "objectivity" is one of the main trends in the development of biological systematics in the past century. It is commonplace to start the history of numerical taxonomy with the works of R. R. Sokal and P. H. A. Sneath that in the 1960s laid the foundations of this school of taxonomy. In this article, I discuss the earliest research program in this field, developed in the 1920s by the Russian entomologist and biometrician Eugen (Evgeniy Sergeevich) Smirnov. The theoretical and methodological grounds of this program are considered based on the published works of Smirnov as well as some archival sources. The influence of Smirnov's evolutionary (mechano-Lamarckian) convictions on the development of this project of "exact systematics" is analyzed as well as the author's attempts to establish a novel concept of "mathematical essentialism" in animal taxonomy. The probable causes of the failure of Smirnov's project are viewed from both externalist and internalist perspectives, including the opposition to the use of quantitative methods in biology by some of the Lysenkoist ideologists in the USSR. A brief comparison of Smirnov's research program with that developed 40 years later by Sokal and Sneath is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I provide empirical evidence that patent value indicators can identify technological innovation among inventors and small- and medium-sized enterprises in Sweden. Survey data on the commercialization of patents are related to patent value indicators (patent renewal, patent family size and forward citations) from archival sources. Among the patent value indicators, both the length of patent renewal and the size of the patent family indicate that a patent has been commercialized. Patent renewal for at least 6 years is sufficient to predict an accurate probability of commercialization. Furthermore, patent renewal is the only indicator revealing whether commercialization is successful. Forward citations have a moderate relationship with both commercialization and successful innovation, which may reflect the fact that citations are outside the control of the patentees or that forward citations measure spillovers rather than the private value. Although the correlations of the patent value indicators with technological innovation are noisy, this study provides stronger empirical support for the true relative value of different indicators with respect to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies have explored the relationship between religious beliefs and gambling (including gambling fallacies and gambling harm) but report seemingly contradictory findings. While some studies have found religious belief to be positively associated with gambling fallacies, others have found it to be a protective factor from gambling harms. One explanation for these differing effects is that gambling fallacies and metaphysical religious belief share properties of supernatural and magical thinking. Nevertheless, social support and moral strictures associated with religion might help protect against an unhealthy engagement with gambling. Using a multidimensional measure of religiosity, we hypothesised that only the supernatural facet of religious adherence would present a risk for gambling fallacies. We analysed two archival data sources collected in Canada (Quinte Longitudinal Study: N = 4121, Mage = 46, SDage = 14, Female = 54%; Leisure, Lifestyle and Lifecycle Project: N = 1372, Mage = 37, SDage = 17, Female = 56%). Using the Rohrbaugh–Jessor Religiosity Scale, we confirmed that the supernatural theistic domain of religion was a positive risk factor for gambling fallacies. However, participation in ritual (behavioural) aspects, such as churchgoing, was negatively associated with risk, and no effect was observed for the consequential (moral) domain. We conclude that multidimensional aspects in religious measures may account for conflicting prior findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews how the journal Archival Science-- International Journal on Recorded Information in the first 10 years has endeavoured to be integrated, interdisciplinary, and intercultural in promoting the development of archival science as an autonomous scientific discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a relativistic concept of the pre-modern archive, this article considers the relationship between knowledge inside and outside the archive to determine how Spain's historical documents about its new American territories were kept and used. The starting assumption is that collections of documents about the Spanish Conquista circulated among people and were not permanently stored within fixed archival spaces, such as small lockable cases ( arcas), private collections of documents ( archivillos), or the actual state archives ( archivos). This article thus re-evaluates the state of knowledge about the new American territories of Spain and its distribution across various archives and collections. It draws particular attention to the use of historical documents by official chroniclers of Spain and historians of the Conquista of the Spanish Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content extraction signatures (CES) enable the selective disclosure of verifiable content from signed documents. We have previously demonstrated a CES Extraction Policy for fragment grouping to allow the document signer to designate which subsets of the original document are valid subdocuments. Extending this ability, we introduce a newHierarchical Grouping Extraction Policythat is more powerful, and for which the encoding is dramatically smaller, than the existing Grouping Extraction Policy. This new Extraction Policy maps naturally onto the hierarchically structured documents commonly found in digital libraries. After giving a motivating example involving digital libraries we then conjecture as to how to enrich their functionality through the use of CESs. We also show how to implement the new extraction policy using XML signatures with a custom transform along with an improved design for the XML signature structure in order to achieve CES functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Management International Review (MIR) celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2020. In commemoration of this event, we use a bibliometric analysis to present a retrospective on the journal by analyzing its content for the years between 2006 and 2020. We find that the collaboration culture in MIR has risen over time with the increase in the median size of author teams. Moreover, the collaboration network has become more global over time. The methodology used in the journal is predominantly empirical and quantitative with archival data sources most commonly used. The bibliographic coupling of the MIR corpus reveals that the major themes in the journal revolve around "culture," "emerging economies," "innovation, knowledge transfer, and absorptive capacity," "internationalization process," "culture and entry modes," and "internationalization and performance." A comparison with other leading international business journals provides distinct pathways in which MIR may continue to grow. Finally, it is important to note that while the share of conceptual studies has decreased significantly in the last 15 years, the MIR editors want to see more novel and theoretically grounded conceptual articles in the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers a practical guide to the major collections and editions of Geniza documents as well as to some of the resources available for their study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a concept that is part of the nature of archives, and represents a necessary process for the constitution of any fonds. In the Italian archival field, this concept is called sedimentazione, which literally translates as sedimentation. In the international context, the use of this term is uncommon, as sedimentation is not originally an archival term. However, the term is widely used in Italian archival literature and language. This article provides clarifications on the meaning of archival sedimentation and its use in the Italian context. The connotations of spontaneity and/or intentionality of the sedimentation process are analyzed, and a definition of archival sedimentation is proposed. Archives' attributes, such as natural, spontaneous and organic, are put in relation to the sedimentation process, and considerations about their ambiguous meaning are made. Finally, reflections are presented on the present-day connotations that archival sedimentation holds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the issue on the relevance of the history of science for its present productivity in the U.S. They state that it narrows the problem of obtaining publications in the digital age. However, they think that there are extra sides to the problem that need additional responses. But archives of online material greatly help historical research and allow such material to be integrated into scientific practice, despite access restrictions to some of them.

hival systems have been based on the conventional understanding of the relationship between record subjects as third parties and record creators as the principal parties to the record transaction, thus limiting the rights of those captured in and by the record. An alternative approach is a participant relationship model which acknowledges all parties to a transaction as immediate parties with negotiated rights and responsibilities. A number of legal and archival concepts support a participant model of co-creatorship and associated responsibilities in relation to ownership, access and privacy. The application of the participant model to Indigenous Australian record subjects, in particular to records about them held in archival institutions or in creating organisations would enhance Indigenous rights in records. Indigenous claims to ownership over archival sources of Indigenous knowledge can be characterised in the legal concept of a bundle of rights that recognises more than one interest to control, disclose, access and use records. Human rights principles in international and national human rights instruments also support the assertion of Indigenous rights in records. Archival and legal reform is required to fully implement the participant model but a number of archival, ethical and legal strategies would accelerate its implementation. The re-conceptualisation of the record subject as a record co-creator can also be applied to non-Indigenous contexts and therefore has significant archival and legal implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Venice was renowned for gathering and preserving from very early on a huge and growing archive. This article analyses the ways in which records were created, stored, and ordered for both immediate and future use. The political system of Venice, at once aristocratic and republican, had an important impact on the production and preservation of large quantities of documents in unbound filze and bound registri. In turn, the volume of this paperwork required the development of strict criteria for the organization of the material. In particular, this article analyses how records were divided at the moment of production, thus enabling a pragmatic combination of chronological and thematic ordering criteria. The latter were reinforced by finding tools arranged by subject matter, in particular indexes inside each volume and more general indexes across several volumes, both known as rubriche. The article suggests that indexing must be seen as a historical process dependent on Venice's political structures and tied to specific moments in the wider history of the Republic, respectively in the fifteenth, early sixteenth, and early seventeenth centuries. Finally, the article points to some unexpected interactions between political secrecy and indexing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution examines the social, material, and epistemic practices of historians and their counterparts engaged in the textual and visual reproduction of historical sources in nineteenth-century Austria and Switzerland. The Schweizerische Urkundenregister (), a Swiss register of medieval charters, and the Monumenta graphica medii aevi (), an Austrian collection of photographic facsimiles of medieval sources, were both intended to make historical sources accessible outside the archives in the framework of national history. The article analyzes institutional collaborations and the social interactions among the actors involved and follows the trajectories of the mobilized archival objects. These projects for national source publications appear as a negotiated social practice, in which archival objects were dislocated conceptually as well as materially in order to be stabilized and reified again in new infrastructures of research. The conflicts surrounding the projects reveal disputes about authority over the archival records, their significance, and the techniques required to represent them properly, and show how the emergence of scholarly source publications accompanied a conscious erasure of older contexts of meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay compares archival accumulation in clerical and secular principalities in seventeenth-century northwestern Germany. As this is known to be the age of confessionalization, the focus is on confessional convergences and divergences in the development of confession, rule, states, and archives. The sources show the emergence of administration, the accumulation of legitimation and evidence via archives, and confessional competition, as well as coincidences of centralization and separation. Catholic and clerical archives were oriented toward persisting written records and historical traditions, while in Protestant and secular contexts, we find novel developments: a new age, new confessions, the need for a new history together with the creation of a new (historical) identity, and thus, new archives. Later success stories that characterized the Protestant secular state as orderly, administration- and rule-related, and possessing well-indexed archives, however, neglect most Catholic and nongovernmental archives and their qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archivists have long tried to understand users from the viewpoint of their archival collections. Such an approach misses important perspectives about use in, and users of, archives; how they perform research and develop knowledge while using archives. This study aims to comprehend the use of archival materials in research from the users’ perspective. It attempts to understand users’ perceptions of the impact of archival collections on their research, how and when archival materials are involved in the research process and how much weight they grant those materials in support of their thesis, from an actual research topic, the No Gun Ri massacre. The case of the No Gun Ri incident provides a good example of how archival materials play a role in historical discussions and an opportunity to look at archival contributions. No Gun Ri researchers acknowledged that archival documents were essential source materials for details about the incident and a major player in stimulating controversies and, consequently, provided the impetus for further publications. General recordkeeping situations also provided a circumstantial context of the incident. However, No Gun Ri researchers agreed that oral history was the most valuable and influential evidence for their major ideas and used archival documents to provide hard facts about the details of oral history. There are some unique research patterns of No Gun Ri researchers identified in this study which are different from the typical assumptions of archivists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival repositories are increasingly considering mass digitization as a means of meeting user expectations that materials be available online, remotely. Copyright is frequently noted as a significant obstacle to these efforts, but little empirical data exist on the copyright permissions process in archives. This article reports the findings of a study of the copyright permissions process for the Jon Cohen AIDS Research Collection at the University of Michigan. Specifically, the study sought to reveal how much effort is required to seek copyright permissions, what the results of those efforts would be, and whether or not there were traits of documents or copyright holders that were associated with accept or denial status. The study found that significant time is required to contact and negotiate with rights holders and that the biggest obstacle to getting permission is non-response. Of those requests that get a response, the vast majority are to grant permission. While few of the requests were met with denial, the data suggest that commercial copyright holders are much more likely to deny permission than other types of copyright holders. The data also show that adherence to the common policy of only displaying online those documents with explicit permission will likely result in substantially incomplete online collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the course of the Reliable Information Access (RIA) workshop, a data archive was created to hold the outputs of the many experiments being done. This archive was designed to serve both as an organizational structure to support the researchers at the workshop itself and as a public archive of experimental retrieval results. This article describes the structure of the data in the archive and the ways in which the data may be accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the archival methods developed by Colbert to train his son in state administration. Based on Colbert's correspondence with his son, it reveals the practices Colbert thought necessary to collect and manage information in his state encyclopedic archive during the last half of the 17th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 1800 the ''paradigm of patrimony'' recognized archives as cultural and national patrimony. That paradigm was, however, not a new revolutionary invention. It had been fostered by a ''patrimony consciousness'' which had developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The value of archives as a patrimony to future generations was acknowledged first in the private sphere by families and then by cities-communities of memory becoming communities of archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically analyses the views of a group of international experts on ISO 15489, the international records management standard, during the final phase of a project assessing its impact in the UK. It provides an overview of the entire research project and then focusses on the use of a modified Delphi study in gathering the views of experts. The Delphi technique is a research method not commonly used in records management and archival science research; relevant background to the technique is provided though the purpose of the article is not to provide a comprehensive review of it as a research method. A modified electronic version of the technique was used which was qualitative rather than quantitative and not focussed on the more usual consensus building. The article concludes that a Delphi study is a practical technique for conducting research which seeks to gather views from geographically dispersed participants in a timely, timeeffective and convenient manner for all those involved. The use of a modified Delphi study proved to be extremely valuable in facilitating discussions of complex emergent issues about the role, value and nature of standards for records management, in particular ISO 15489, and about the future of ISO 15489, at a higher level of abstraction. The article makes a contribution in two areas: first in terms of the views of a group of leading international records management experts on the first international standard in records management; and second, in terms of the use of a research method which has previously been little used in the records management discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes attitudes and use of archives by post-colonial scholars who find that colonial records offer the voices of the master narrative but do not reflect the voices of the oppressed and voiceless. Argues that framing records within social provenance and a ‘community of records’ offers archival solutions to the dilemmas of locating all voices within the spaces of records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroappraisal as developed in Canada has had significant currency in archival literature over the past decade, and aspects of its program and ideas have been implemented in other jurisdictions. For the first time, this essay probes the theoretical and practical origins of macroappraisal in Canada since 1950 and why its originators no longer found convincing the predominant status quo on appraisal as articulated by T.R. Schellenberg. The essay then summarizes the theory of macroappraisal as articulated at the National Archives of Canada, and the strategic and program infrastructure developed in the 1990s to turn the new theory into operational reality. As no archival concept is universally locked in time, the evolution and changes in the macroappraisal program, both in theory and strategy, are also analysed in its Canadian home base over its first decade, as well as some internal and external criticisms of it. The essay intends to illuminate the deeper context of macroappraisal, so that an international audience may better understand its strengths and weaknesses. As the author is the principal architect of macroappraisal, the essay consists of equal parts of archival history, theoretical analysis, and personal reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an outline of the development of archival science in Germany. The key principles of the archival system are discussed, and current methodological developments, with special emphasis on appraisal, description and access and electronic archiving, are examined. Progress in archiving in Germany is a result of archives schools which compete in the market and are an essential forum for academic discussions in the fields of archival science. Appraisal models in Germany are the top-level strategy. These appraisal-models can function both in a vertical and a horizontal approach.

The article discusses the concept of action and the related idea of transaction, which are both essential in understanding the process of record keeping and archiving. Two primary aspects of action theory are examined. The idea of transaction is then analyzed which in more detailed studies of records is often seen as the type of action from which records emerge. The concept of Vorgang, which is a unique aspect of record keeping in Germany, is discussed. Because of the inadequacies of action theory to provide agency, the connection between Vorgang and agency is examined next. Issues on how accounting for agency can result to new solutions in both record keeping and archiving, are then outlined.

The article discusses the impact of the peaceful revolution of 1989 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) which later resulted into the German Reunification of 1990, on archives in Germany. With the abolition of the GDR government, the central administration of the archives was terminated. Developments in the archives after the reunification, were established in principle in the Reunification Treaty. However, for the records of the Socialist Unity Party and the block parties and mass organizations of the GDR, new solutions had to be developed in order to comply with the political and social forces.

Examines the declassified Russian documents related to the Korean War. Degree of unfriendliness of Russia to the former Soviet ally; Soviet relations with China during the war; Kim Il Sung's influence on Moscow's and Beijing's foreign policy.

The article announces the completion of the archive for the "British Dental Journal" copies from 1969 to 1996 by John Teesdale, member of the British Dental Association.