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This report presents a facile and effective method to synthesize freestanding nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/activated carbon (AC) composite papers for supercapacitors by a method combining vacuum filtration with post-annealing in NH atmosphere. The effect of activated carbon contents on the microstructure and capacitive behavior of the resulting composite papers before and after the annealing was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that the composite paper with a 30% activated carbon loading has a high nitrogen content of 14.6 at% and superior capacitive performance (308 F/g, 1 A/g) to the other composite papers with various activated carbon loadings. Nitrogen was doped and GO reduced during the annealing. The rGO nanosheets acted as a framework, and the AC particles served as spacers to avoid agglomeration of graphene sheets. The high capacitance of the composite paper is ascribed to the electric double-layer behavior and the reversible redox reactions of the nitrogen and oxygen groups. The entire process is simple, environmental friendly and easily scalable for mass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laser-induced phase separation of charcoal particles on additive-free cotton linters cellulose paper was investigated by electron and optical microscopy, colorimetry, and diffuse reflectance FT-IR. The fibre bundles were vaporised in depth of several 10 μm above destruction fluence thresholds using visible 532 nm radiation. This is in contrast to mid-ultraviolet 213 nm radiation, where only the top fibre bundles were modified and partially evaporated. The colorimetric lightness results generally represented the cleaning status, whereas the colorimetric yellowing data represented irreversible chemical and/or photochemical changes. Charcoal-contaminated paper treated with visible and mid-ultraviolet radiation exhibited yellowing, whereas uncontaminated did not. This suggests that the electron-rich plasma generated by the evaporation of the particles heats the adjacent substrate and also excludes oxygen. Mid-ultraviolet, in contrast to visible radiation, shows particle removal always accompanied by paper destruction. IR spectroscopy results suggest cross-linking by ether bonds near the destruction threshold, but do not prove the formation of oxidation products and double bonds as the basis of the yellowing. A 'cleaning window' between the cleaning threshold (0.1 J/cm) and the paper destruction threshold (2.9 J/cm) with a pulse number of 2 is provided by visible 532 nm laser treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a scalable ultra-rich carbonization process in counter-current packed bed (CCPB) for synthesizing biochar/charcoal with a yield of more than 33% and fuel consumption rate of more than 200 g/m2s (which is at least 2 times more than the maximum achievable with conventional gasification) from coconut shells (CS). The novelty of the process lies in the use of reactant pre-heating to slightly below the devolatilization temperature of CS as a strategy to achieve steady and controlled conversion of CS to biochar/charcoal. The basis for this idea is that the ignition time (tig) of biomass particles decreases significantly with pre-heating while the time for devolatilization (tv) remains more or less the same. Single particle experiments with CS as fuel and atmospheric air as oxidizer show that tv/tig increases from 1.3 to 7.7 with a corresponding increase in pre-heating temperature Ti from 30 to 170 ∘C. The bed operation, in terms of flame propagation, equivalence ratio, and charcoal yield, with pre-heating to slightly below devolatilization temperature in CCPB systems, shows several interesting behaviors not observed in traditional gasifier systems. Two prominent examples of such behaviors are steady flame propagation under extremely rich conditions (volatile equivalence ratio, ϕv > 10) and reduction in peak bed temperature (Tpb) well below 600 ∘C. The biochar yield of the developed process is at least ∼ 25% more than traditional CCPB gasification system. The feedstock flexibility, self-sustainability, and scalability of the developed process are also brought out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal is a popular form of biofuel embraced for domestic and industrial purposes. However, the use of Charcoal has some associated challenges, such as the required charcoal pot and setting it into the fire at first by using Charcoal-Ignition-Aiders (CIA) (e.g. discarded paper, nylon, rubber, plastics, petrol, the residue of processed palm oil, maise cob, wood, and kerosene). Coupled with the chemical properties of Charcoal, the resulting gases from CIA are capable of polluting the environment with perceived Adverse-Health-Implications (AHI) on the ecosystem. Therefore, this study conducted a safety assessment of charcoal biofuel usage and the effects of common CIA on combustion indices. This study followed standard methods and the use of peculiar equipment. This study established that Charcoal is commonly used in the studied area because it is cheap, readily available and requires less technical know-how. Considering the combustion indices, using paper as a CIA generated the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) value, 28.1 ppm, with 3,434.54 ppm volatile organic compound, VOC. Compared with the ACGIH standard permissible exposure level of ≤ 30 ppm, the paper gave a lesser CO value of 28.10 ppm among all the CIA. At the same time, all the CIA recorded higher VOC compared with EPA standard permissible exposure level of ≤ 15 ppm. ANOVA analysis conducted on the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, cooking attributes of the respondents, and use of charcoal pot types by the respondents in Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3 gave p-values of 0.032, 0.028, and 0.039, respectively. These imply significant differences within the zones in each of the indices. The average energy content reported for charcoals sourced from oak trees, afara, obeche, mahogany, and iroko woods is 3,2149 kJ/kg compared to the lower ones. Therefore, this study recommended using these charcoals alongside discarded paper as CIA because they are a better combination to reduce AHI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used three batches of "broadband China" strategies (BCS) implemented from 2014 to 2016 as quasi-natural experiments (QE) to distinguish the level of urban digital infrastructure construction (DIC). Using 231 prefecture-level cities in China from 2011 to 2019 as research samples, a progressive differences-in-differences (DID) model was used to empirically test the relationship characteristics between DIC and urban carbon emission (CE) total and intensity. The results show that (1) DIC has a significant negative correlation with total carbon emissions (TCE) and carbon emission intensity (CI), which is conducive to the "dual control" of urban CE, which is still valid after the five robustness tests. (2) The mechanism test shows that the DIC is conducive to improving the level of formal environmental regulation (FER) and informal environmental regulation (IER) and strengthening the synergy between formal and informal environmental regulation (ER), so as to achieve "dual control" of carbon emissions, of which the synergy is the most significant, followed by FER. (3) In heterogeneity research findings, only the third batch of pilot projects can achieve "dual control" of CE, which has the advantage of latecomers. The "dual control" effect of carbon emissions in DIC is more significant in cities with higher levels of marketization and eastern cities. Therefore, DIC plays the role of "icing on the cake," not "providing charcoal in the snow." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ndondondwane, an Early Iron Age settlement situated on the banks of the Thukela River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, provides a unique record of a single, short-term occupation (c. 1300 to 1200 years ago). Several areas associated with different activities had been previously excavated and analysed, yielding various scenarios for the cultural and social organisation of the settlement. Three phases of occupation or cultural horizons have been identified and this paper largely explores the charcoal assemblage from the middle cultural horizon, during the settlement's maximum extent of occupation. Charcoal was analysed from the central part of the site, represented by a livestock byre (kraal), a meeting place, and a craft production area; as well as the peripheral areas including three domestic middens and a charcoal preparation area. Archaeological charcoal specimens were examined using reflective light microscopy to observe the characteristic anatomical features needed to determine the taxonomic group they represent and subsequently identified by direct comparison with a modern charcoal reference collection and published archaeological charcoal studies. Charcoal was identified as belonging to 15 families, 23 genera, and 29 species of trees with known fuel, construction, and medicinal uses. There was a preference for wood previously known as Acacia*, indicating that this genus was readily available and prolific in the surrounds of the site. Ndondondwane has been extensively investigated in terms of the archaeology, and this together with the anthracology data provides further insight into Early Iron Age settlement location-specific activities, cultural practices, and reasons for abandonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Khaf Al Laasif is a small (about 100-m long) old mine in the vicinity of Muscat, Oman, with traces of copper and lead. On the contrary to most of the copper mines in Oman developing in ophiolites, Khaf Al Laasif developed in Neoproterozoic metamorphosed dolomite of the Saih Hatat Dome. The copper and lead mineralization was plausibly formed during hydrothermal events that followed major tectonic events in the area. The mine was dug using fire-set mining and that crushing of the mined material was on the spot. The survey of the mine volume has made it possible to estimate the corresponding volume of woody fuel and the minimum forest area necessary for its excavation, which is considerable. Beyond the interest of a site allowing the study of fire-set mining techniques, this paper argues that the main limiting factor to the mine exploitation was the supply of woody fuel, wood or charcoal. It raises questions that could lead to future research on subjects that have been curiously little addressed until now: where did the woody fuel come from and what was the huge paleo-environmental impact of its massive exploitation, at what time does this exploitation go back and in what circuits and socio-economic contexts does it correspond? The main objective of this preliminary study is to reveal the interest of this site and the multidisciplinary issues associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of land-use legacies for shaping contemporary landscape patterns and processes and for informing landscape management has been widely recognized for at least two decades (Bürgi et al. [1]; Foster et al. [3]), although research on the topic has accelerated dramatically in recent years. I Land-use/cover maps as quantitative tools for measuring the effects of land-use legacy on forest landscape dynamics i Historical remote sensing data such as aerial photography are classical data sources in land-use change science. [Extracted from the article]

The expensive nature and unique facilities required for fire testing make it difficult to conduct comprehensive experimental campaigns. As such, engineers can often afford to test a small number of specimens. This complicates attaining a proper inference, especially when addressing questions in the form of what would have been the fire response of a particular specimen had it been twice as large? Or had it been made from a different material grade? In hindsight, answering causal and hypothetical (counterfactual) questions goes beyond the capacity of statistical and machine learning methods which were built to address observational data. To overcome the above challenges, this paper presents a causal approach to answering such questions. In this approach, principles of causal inference are adopted to reconstruct the deformation-time history of reinforced concrete (RC) columns and propose an idealized fire response for these columns. The findings of this study indicate the significant influence of the loading level, aggregate type, and longitudinal steel ratio on the deformation history of fire-exposed RC columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging pollutants (EPs) are a group of toxins with low concentrations but substantial toxicity. In recent years, the environment has gained a lot of attention. These trace contaminants can accumulate in different sources and eventually make their way into human bodies, creating a public health risk. Biochar adsorbents are being applied to treat wastewater for removal of emerging contaminants (ECs) as a low-cost and effective adsorbent. However, biochar adsorbents needs improvement for the treat of emulsifiable concentrated water. Several attempts have been made to confiscate ECs from effluents by modified biochar (mBC) which are currently available. Various techniques of functionalizing biochar with different physicochemical properties have been investigated, resulting in different impacts, behaviors, and adsorption processes of customized biochar on various EPs. It is vital to evaluate and assimilate information regarding EC adsorption systematically. Concerning modified biochar, the first method for removing ECs from charcoal is discussed in this paper. The performance and adsorption mechanism of mBC on conventional EPs is examined. Furthermore, the leading trends, developments, ideas and recommendations for impending progress, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the effect of migration on fuel use in rural Zambia? Opportunities to increase income can be scarce in this setting; in response, households may pursue a migration strategy to increase resources as well as to mitigate risk. Migrant remittances may make it possible for households to shift from primary reliance on firewood to charcoal, and the loss of productive labor through migration may reinforce this shift. This paper uses four waves of panel data collected as part of the Child Grant Programme in rural Zambia to examine the connection between migration and the choice of firewood or charcoal as cooking fuel and finds evidence for both mechanisms. Importantly, this paper considers migration as a process, including out as well as return migration, embedding it in the context of household dynamics generally. Empirical results suggest that while out-migration helps move households away from firewood as a fuel source, return migration moves them back, but because the former is more common, the overall effect of migration is to shift households away from primary reliance on firewood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have focused on modern hydroclimate and the modulated mechanisms in the Tianshan Mountains (TMs), arid central Asia. However, the detailed information of hydroclimatic processes beyond the instrumental period is still scarce. This paper reconstructed a hydrology history from core sediments of the Dalongchi Lake in the Tianshan Mountains. The comparability between end-members (EMs) of grain size and ICP-AES based geochemical elements in the lake sediments highlighted their availability for hydrological reconstructions. Hydrodynamic forces (EM1, EM4, Ti/Al and Li/Al), chemical weathering intensity [(Mg+Ca+K)/Al], salinity proxy (Mg/Ca) and redox-sensitive proxy (Fe/Mn) highly correlated with the first principal component (P<0.01), whereas paleoproductivity proxies (TN, TOC, Ba/Al, Zn/Al and Cu/Al) and C/N showed high loadings on the second principal component (P<0.05). The inferred hydrology progress was nonlinearly responded to temperature, precipitation and climate-dictated glaciers. Specifically, the water level didn't always covary with the humidity because of glaciers. The maximum water level was the comprehensive result of glaciers melting and high humidity around 1830 CE. Thereafter, water level continually decreased with declining moisture at high temperature, implying a limited buffering capacity of glaciers in the Dalongchi Lake basin. EM3-indicated eolian activity intensity was caused by the behaviors of Siberian High because the latter intensified surface wind and the dust transportation. The hydrothermal patterns were characterized by warm/dry and cold/wet alternations in a long run although warm/wet pattern was identified from a short-term view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brackish water is usually consumed by almost all population in southern Algeria as fresh water despite its high salinity. This region has a significant potential of solar energy and enormous reserves of brackish groundwater which can be exploited by solar desalination systems to supply small communities by potable water. In the current paper, we propose a new contribution to improve the performance of the conventional solar distiller using abundant local dune sand as heat storage medium and photo-catalytic additive within the absorber plate. Experimental results carried out at Ouargla's University show that — The yield is proportional to some extent certain value with the sand surface density. — For a particle's diameter ≤0.08 mm, the optimal value of the sand surface density is (sand 2.815 kg/m2 of absorber area); this leads to a daytime improvement of 61.46% on the yield compared to the baseline case. — Moreover, adding (charcoal 0.563 kg/m2 of absorber area) to the brackish water within each unit increases the output by a mean of 13.82%. After sunset, the distillation process continues for significant time. — Finally, after an economical and physical analysis, the distillate is produced with low cost and high quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentary charcoal is a useful fire proxy. Recent advances in the morphological and morphometric analyses of individual charcoal particles have enabled more nuanced paleofire interpretations. However, many uncertainties exist regarding the linkages of these particle characteristics with fuel type burned. Further, most of this proxy development research has been conducted in northern boreal biomes, which poses questions as to its universality. In this paper, we leverage a 300-year sediment record from a mill pond in southeastern Virginia, USA. Historical events and land-use changes are well constrained in Williamsburg, allowing us to compare our data with these known boundary conditions to (1) make inferences about the fuel sourcing of certain charcoal morphotypes, and (2) identify the potential controls of several charcoal morphometric characteristics. We found that the morphology and morphometry of particles in the Matoaka sediments changed in response to broad-scale shifts of historical land use and population. Prior to the American Revolutionary War (ca. 1780 CE), charcoal morphologies indicative of agricultural burning coincided with agricultural and local population expansion. Immediately preceding the American Civil War (1780–1865 CE), charcoal in Lake Matoaka recorded reforestation driven by depopulation and economic depression. After the fall of the Confederacy (ca. 1865 CE), changing charcoal morphologies reflected increased population and urban development. This increase became especially pronounced in the early 1900s, but lasted until the modern. Additionally, shifts of charcoal morphologies potentially reflect increased coal combustion. Comparison of these historical variations with morphotype shifts shows that Types M and S/B charcoal, types defined by their geometric shapes and exhibition of structure, are likely sourced from burning herbaceous fuels. However, we find that the variability of morphometric characteristics makes it unlikely that other morphologies are sourced from sole fuel types. Lastly, we propose three additional morphotypes, Types AI (angular and irregular shaped particles), E (irregular, complex shaped particles), and T (triangular particles), to an existing charcoal morphological key for application in the SE USA. Overall, this research underscores the need for more work calibrating paleofire methodologies in the SE USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a methodological framework for assessing the sustainability of solid biofuels in Mexico. The designed framework comprises 13 normalized indicators and two diagnostic studies, covering the economic, social, environmental, and institutional sustainability dimensions, and their intersections. Indicators are normalized using the concept of load capacity of a system, similarly to the planetary boundaries. Thus, the graphical representation of results facilitates their multidimensional analysis. The framework was applied to three case studies: traditional fuelwood in rural households, charcoal for restaurant grilling, and electricity cogeneration from sugarcane bagasse. This was part of an iterative process of testing and refining the framework and simultaneously demonstrating its application in the Mexican bioenergy context. This led to the conclusion that the resulting framework (a) provides a useful, quantitative, and comprehensive overview of both broad and specific sustainability aspects of the assessed system; (b) requires a balance of accessible but also scattered or sensitive data, similarly to most existing frameworks; (c) is highly flexible and applicable to both modern and traditional solid biofuels; and (d) is simple to communicate and interpret for a wide audience. Key directions for improvement of the framework are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cycle assessments conducted in the last decade on forest-derived solid biofuels contain key insights to assess the environmental impact of such fuels under different contexts. This paper reports on the results of a systematic review of 87 studies that applied life cycles assessment on five types of solid biofuels: firewood, charcoal, wood chips, briquettes, and pellets. By considering the particularities of the countries in which the studies were conducted, biomass sources, end-uses and life cycle methodological choices, and key insights were derived about the global distribution of studies and what existing works can contribute to general understanding of the sustainability of wood-based fuels. First, most life cycles assessment focus on modern solid biofuels in developed countries, only 13% were on traditional solid biofuels such as firewood and charcoal in developing countries. Secondly, there are remarkable inconsistencies across studies in how they report and define their system boundaries. Thirdly, global warming potential is the most widely applied impact category. A meta-analysis of a subset of the studies (N = 26) revealed that, in general, forest-derived solid biofuels have lower global warming potential than fossil-based alternatives. Given the global imbalance of life cycle assessment efforts on forest-derived solid biofuels, there is need to mobilize capacities in order to increase applications in developing nations. However, persistent low uptake of standardized application and reporting in life cycle assessment studies perpetuates oft-mentioned limitations for cross-study comparisons. An approach to standardize system boundaries is proposed to partially address these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hairless rats, clothes, human hair, filter paper and water were exposed to gaseous elemental iodine in a glass chamber for 60–120 minutes. The deposition of gaseous elemental iodine on skin and lung of rats, human hair, water, clothes and paper were investigated by measuring iodine content in the exposed material by epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA). For measurement of the iodine concentration in the chamber air, elemental iodine in the air was collected by continuously sucking air through an active charcoal column. The trapped iodine in the active charcoal was then determined by ENAA. The measured deposition velocity in the test chamber of gaseous elemental iodine on skin, clothing, hair and water ranges from 0.006 on filter paper and water to about 0.05 cm/s on skin and clothes. The variation of elemental iodine concentration in air of the glass chamber was investigated by collecting and analyzing air samples at various time intervals. The results show that the variation with time in the concentration of the iodine can be described by an exponential function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish a practical method for monitoring 129I concentration in airborne release from the Tokai reprocessing plant, the 129I collecting performance of sampling media used was tested by in situ experiments. The results indicated that the combined use of an activated charcoal-impregnated filter paper and an activated charcoal cartridge gives a collection efficiency of more than 90% for a one-week sampling of real airborne effluent, at sampling flow rates of 40.6-75.0 l. min-1. The sampling and measurement conditions suitable for a routine-base monitoring are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire dynamic characteristics in multi-compartments are still not very clear. This paper presents a spreading fire test in a full-scale two-storey steel framed building to investigate the multi-compartment fire behavior. In the test program, the fuel was made by a total of 6.8 m3 discrete pine cribs and then ignited at one compartment. The spatial temperature and steel member temperature histories were recorded throughout the fire test. FDS model was then established and compared with the fire experiment results. Reasonable agreement between experimental and numerical results was achieved at the fire growth stage and spreading stage. Based on test results, it was observed that flames spread to the fire-spreading compartment in 82 min after fire when the fire in the fire-source compartment fully developed, which caused multiple temperature peaks and significant temperature gradients. The experiment revealed the possibility and characteristics of fire spread among multi-compartments. It also verified the invalidity of the homogeneous temperature assumption and provided important data for performance-based structural fire design in multi-compartment spreading fire scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X23070279 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Energy consumption is inextricably linked with the economy and the environment. The interlinkages are particularly important in low-income countries such as Ethiopia where biomass fuels account for more than 85% of the total energy consumed. This paper aims to assess the energy and economic values, and environmental emissions of solid biomass fuels in Ethiopia. Methods: The study considered four common solid biomass fuels (firewood, charcoal, crop residues, and cattle dung) in Ethiopia. The amount of biomass fuels during the Ethiopian fiscal year 2015/2016 was compiled from various data sources. Prices, net calorific values, and emission factors per mass of fuels were then used to calculate the economic, energy, and emission values of the solid biomass fuels. Results: The study showed that, in 2015/2016, the consumption of the four solid biomass fuels contributed between 33,327 and 44,547 ktoe to the total energy consumption with an estimated economic value of 4.4–7.7% of the GDP at current market prices. The stationary combustion of the biomass fuels could result in 165–219 Mt of CO2eq emissions, whereas the fuelwood consumption could potentially impinge on the size or quality of 730 thousand ha of forest, woodlands, and shrublands. Conclusions: The results suggest that the country should scale-up its policy measures aimed at increasing households' access to modern energy sources and energy-efficient cooking stoves while at the same time strengthening its afforestation and reforestation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three types of charcoal briquettes, respectively, from banana peel, corn husk and their mixture for cooking applications in Cameroonian's households were produced, characterized and compared to firewood charcoal. Cassava starch was used as binder. The determination of fixed carbon, volatile matter and ash contents was performed according to the D1762-84 standard procedure. A Thermo Scientific FLASH 2000 Organic Elemental Analyzer was used to find the composition of organic elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur) of the charcoal briquettes samples. Based on the elemental composition analysis results, the higher heating value (HHV) was computed. The results showed that the average HHV of briquettes ranged between 16.42 and 16.64 MJ/kg for banana peel, from 16.80 to 16.92 MJ/kg for corn husks and from 16.87 to 17.24 MJ/kg for their mixture. The elemental ratios for H/C and O/C were evaluated as well. The Van Krevelen diagram showed that the values were below 0.7 and 0.4, respectively, for all the briquettes, considered good in terms of stability. The kilogram of the proposed charcoal obtained from agriculture waste costs around 0.42 Dollar while that of firewood charcoal is sold at around 0.68 Dollar in Cameroon markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of emerging pollutants in water bodies has become a significant concern due to their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. In recent years, bio-sorbents have emerged as promising alternatives for the removal of emerging pollutants due to their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and high adsorption capacities. However, primary biochar has some drawbacks like the least adsorption capacity and small sorption limits. However, biochar must be improved in order to be used in the treatment of emulsifiable concentrate water. Number of attempt has been made on the confiscation of ECs from effluents by modified biochar (mBC) are currently available. Functionalizing biochar involves modifying its surface properties to enhance its performance in different applications. These modifications can be achieved through various techniques, leading to biochars with different physicochemical properties. The impacts, behaviors, and adsorption processes of customized biochar on various Environmental Pollutants (EPs) depend on these variations. It is vital to evaluate and assimilate information regarding EC adsorption in a systematic manner. Concerning modified biochar. The first method for removing EC from charcoal is discussed in this review paper. The performance and adsorption mechanism of mBC on conventional EPs are examined. Ultimately, the leading study trends and developments, along with ideas and recommendations for impending progress, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents organic geochemical evidence pointing to the occurrence of wildfire events at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in Central Iran. The studied outcrop section (the Kamarmacheh Kuh section) is comprised of the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation which passes conformably into the Lower Jurassic Ab-e-Haji Formation with no sharp boundary. Organic petrographical studies reveal a higher concentration of semi-fusinite macerals and microscopic charcoal at the boundary between studied formations. This observation can be an evidence for widespread wildfire events at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary of the studied area. Following these fires, vast areas of land were exposed for erosion and large volumes of clastic sediments were provided due to increased run-off. This agrees well with previous sedimentological and stratigraphical studies suggesting a major change in the depositional conditions from marine to non-marine at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary of the Tabas Basin. These findings can have important implications about paleo-depositional settings of the studied formations and the nature of the associated organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from simulated and actual case studies, this paper assesses the accuracy and precision of Bayesian estimates for the constructional date of medieval masonry buildings, generated from the radiocarbon evidence returned by different assemblages of wood-charcoal mortar-entrapped relict limekiln fuel (MERLF). The results from two theoretical studies demonstrate how Bayesian model specifications can be varied to generate a chronologically continuous spectrum of distributions from radiocarbon datasets subject Inbuilt Age (IA). Further analysis suggests that the potential for these distributions to contain the date of the constructional event depends largely upon the accuracy of the latest radiocarbon determination within each dataset, while precision is predicated on dataset age range, dataset size and model specification. These theoretical studies inform revised approaches to the radiocarbon evidence emerging from six culturally important Scottish medieval masonry buildings, each of which is associated with a wood-charcoal MERLF assemblage of different botanical character. The Bayesian estimates generated from these radiocarbon datasets are remarkably consistent with the historical and archaeological evidence currently associated with these sites, while age range distributions suggest the IA of each MERLF assemblage has been constrained by the taxa-specific and environmentally contingent lifespans and post-mortem durabilities of the limekiln fuel source. These studies provide further evidence that Bayesian techniques can generate consistently accurate chronological estimates for the construction of medieval masonry buildings from MERLF radiocarbon data, whatever the ecological provenance of the limekiln fuel source. Estimate precision is contingent upon source ecology and craft technique but can be increased by a more informed approach to materials analysis and interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the blends of charcoal fines and Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (paricá) wood on the briquette quality and on the combustibility of this solid biofuel is not fully understood, especially from fast-growing plantations with Amazonian tree species. In addition, this paper presents new information about the occurrence of inorganic elements that may contribute to increase the emission of toxic compounds in the combustion of paricá wood, for example, Cl. Thus, this study evaluated the composition of charcoal and S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood for briquettes, investigating the occurrence of inorganic elements responsible for the toxic organochlorine contaminants. Different formulations between charcoal and S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood were analyzed and later compacted in a laboratory briquetting machine with temperature of 90 °C and pressure of 5 MPa. The chemical and elemental composition of S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood was determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF). The briquettes produced were tested for bulk and energy densities, proximate composition, heating value, equilibrium moisture, and resistance to diametral compression. S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood had chlorine levels below the recommended by international standards for solid biofuel intended for non-industrial use (< 300 mg kg−1). S. parahyba var. amazonicum, despite being a fast-growing species, has ideal chemical characteristics for energy purposes (Cl, S, and ashes). The most suitable briquettes were those produced with 50% of charcoal and 50% of S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood. This solid biofuel showed higher heating value of 22.74 MJ kg−1 and ash content of 2.65% db. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have highlighted the importance of the chemical composition of Eucalyptus woods in the generation of thermal energy and charcoal production. However, the influence of wood chemical constituents on the pyrolysis mass balance is still not sufficiently clear. This paper brings new insights about the influence of extractives and guaiacyl (G) to syringyl (S) ratio of lignin macromolecule in the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen balances of the pyrolysis process. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the wood quality of genotypes of Eucalyptus on the carbonization mass balances. Ultimate analysis, structural chemical constituents, and lignin composition analyses were carried out in 14 clonal materials of Eucalyptus spp. at 81 months of age. After pyrolysis, the ultimate analysis of charcoal and the carbonization mass balance was also investigated. The findings show a positive relationship between the percentages of carbon and hydrogen retained in the charcoal with the lignin content and its composition. E. camaldulensis (clone 1025) and E. grandis hybrids (clone 1039) presented better wood quality for charcoal production, due to the results of gravimetric yield (35.7%), retained carbon (59.6%), and retained hydrogen (20.2%) after pyrolysis. In addition, these genetic materials stood out for the high values of lignin (32.0%), extractives soluble in acetone (2.4%), and mass of guaiacyl per kg of dry wood (27.2 g kg-1) associated with the low S/G ratio (2.5). The extractives content and lignin composition must be simultaneously analyzed to improve the Eucalyptus clones classification for charcoal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the macrobotanical record, supported by stable isotope data, from the Halaf (5850–5500 BC) and Late Chalcolithic (c. 4000 BC) occupation of the village Tell Tawila, northern Syria. Drawing on this new data and prior studies of the site, we show that subsistence at Tell Tawila combined agriculture, pastoralism, and foraging, adding it to a growing list of Halaf sites which do not conform to previous established subsistence norms. Furthermore, we argue for an aridification event taking place in the Late Chalcolithic and show how the population at Tell Tawila adapted to this changing climate through increasing exploitations of wild resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

total of 360 bacteria, isolated from the rhizospheres of a system of rice intensification (SRI) fields, were characterized for the production of siderophore, fluorescence, indole acetic acid (IAA), hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and solubilization of phosphorus. Of them, seven most promising isolates (SRI-156, -158, -178, -211, -229, -305 and -360) were screened for their antagonistic potential against Macrophomina phaseolina (causes charcoal rot in sorghum) by dual culture assay, blotter paper assay and in greenhouse. All the seven isolates inhibited M. phaseolina in dual culture assay, whereas six isolates solubilized phosphorous (except SRI-360), all seven produced siderophore, four produced fluorescence (except SRI-178, -229 and -305), six produced IAA (except SRI-305) and five produced HCN (except SRI-158 and -305). In the blotter paper assay, no charcoal rot infection was observed in SRI-156-treated sorghum roots, indicating complete inhibition of the pathogen, while the roots treated with the other isolates showed 49-76% lesser charcoal rot infection compared to the control. In the antifungal activity test (in green house on sorghum), all the isolates increased shoot dry mass by 15-23% and root dry mass by 15-20% (except SRI-158 and -360), over the control. In order to confirm the plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits of the isolates, the green house experiment was repeated but, in the absence of M. phaseolina. The results further confirmed the PGP traits of the isolates as evidenced by increases in shoot and root dry mass, 22-100% and 5-20%, respectively, over the control. The sequences of 16S rDNA gene of the isolates SRI-156, -158, -178, -211, -229, -305 and -360 were matched with Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Brevibacterium antiquum, Bacillus altitudinis, Enterobacter ludwigii, E. ludwigii, Acinetobacter tandoii and P. monteilii, respectively in BLAST analysis. This study indicates that the selected bacterial isolates have the potential for PGP and control of charcoal rot disease in sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Open flames of gas and charcoal can induce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cooked meat. The current study aimed to compare the effect of gas and charcoal open flames on the induction of PAHs in cooked meat using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted electronically based on the PRISMA guidelines. Experimental studies comparing the PAHs content of cooked meat over open flames of gas and charcoal were searched using the appropriate keywords until June 2018. Results: Of 1137 papers retrieved, 7 with a total sample size of 474 meat samples were used in the meta-analysis. The mean difference (MD) between the gas and charcoal cooking methods in the induction of each PAH was 2.053 μg/Kg. (95%CI: 1.022–3.085 μg/Kg; P < 0.001). The subgroup analysis of 17 trials indicated the difference between the two cooking methods increases when red meat rather than white meat is cooked (MD in red meat: 3.499 μg/Kg; 95%CI: 2.030–4.967; P < 0.0001 vs. MD in white meat: 3.319 μg/Kg; 95% CI: 1.689–4.950; P < 0.0001). Interestingly, studies that analyzed meat samples for fewer PAHs (cut-off ≤7) found a much wider difference between gas and charcoal-cooked meat (MD: 5.106 μg/Kg; (95% CI: 2.162–8.049; P < 0.001 in studies with ≤7 PAHs vs. MD: 1.447 μg/Kg; 95% CI: 0.628–2.266; P < 0.001 in studies with >7 PAHs). Conclusions: It is necessary to avoid open flames of charcoal as the heat source or change the geometry of charcoal-fired cookstoves to prevent fat dripping on the fire and thus, excessive PAHs induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The paper contains original data on the rock-forming and rare element compositions in the Pliocene–Holocene alkaline basaltoids of the Tsushima Basin Sea of Japan, obtained by the "wet chemistry" method, atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Based on interpretation of these data, the geochemical and geodynamic features of this stage of volcanism were established; the source of magmogenesis was revealed, represented by garnet peridotites. The withinplate plume–continental nature of the alkaline basaltoids was established, indicated by the high alkalinity and potassium content of rocks, Ta–Nb maximum, high normalized La/Yb (22–28) and La/Sm (3–6) values, as well as high Ti/V, Nb/Y, Zr/Y, Zr/Hf, Th/Yb, and Nb/Ta indices close to chondrite. The withinplate nature is also to some degree confirmed by the closeness of the chemical features of Tsushima basaltoids to rocks of Zinbochu and Udalyanche volcanoes of the Central Asian withinplate province (CAWP) located to west from the Sea of Japan, and it was formed in the Late Cenozoic under the influence of the North Asian superplume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental concerns on any anthropogenic activity are often systematized in impact assessments. Addressing the environmental impacts of traditional charcoal production is challenging regardless of context and volume produced. Most environmental assessments consider a few aspects when approaching production sustainability, mostly deforestation, forest clearance, and qualitative assessment of pollutant emissions. Charcoal production is more than the linear relation between forest, wood, and charcoal. There are more biophysics and socioeconomic aspects that should be considered when assessing charcoal's environmental impacts and sustainability. Traditional production in brick beehive kilns is the most common situation in southern Brazil, where, in contrast to the Northern and Central Region of the country, production is aimed for the increasing demand of the domestic market, specifically for barbecue. This paper aims to discuss the impacts of charcoal making under traditional practices in a small-scale production context in southern Brazil, establishing a pertinent and significant environmental assessment which ensembles the vast complexity of production. The study was guided by the principles of qualitative and quantitative research, with exploratory and descriptive nature. The global environmental impact value was used to establish an aggregate impact value. Results suggest that under small-scale traditional practices, charcoal production aggregated impact may be neutral, with the economic dimension noticeably as the most positive impact valued and the health dimension as the most negative one. Results refute the general forejudgement of charcoal as a primary source of deforestation, forest degradation, and root GHG's emissions. Results reinforces the urgency to adopt adequate policy to assure sustainability effectiveness. Traditional charcoal's production may then support the livelihood of traditional small-scale farmers as well as the accomplishment of the sustainable development goals in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ndondondwane in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is an Early Iron Age site of a single, short-term occupation within the time period A.D. 750 to A.D. 950. This makes it a unique and ideal site to study cultural and social settlement organisation in this region. The site has been extensively excavated for archaeological research and a vast assemblage of charcoal retrieved. The charcoal assemblage was collected from three Cultural Horizons and each was analysed separately. This paper, the first to analyse the charcoal from this site, deals with charcoal collected from the deepest horizon represented by the livestock byre (Dung Area). Charcoal specimens were examined using reflective light microscopy to identify their characteristic anatomical features in order to determine the taxonomic group they represent. The majority of the charcoal from this layer was identified to six distinguishable species representing the genus previously known as Acacia, indicating this thorny wood was preferentially selected for constructing the byre and providing evidence for the usage of specific woody species for a particular purpose. In order to distinguish between the closely related species, a combination of morphological features was chosen and a comparison to modern charcoal reference samples and published wood anatomy descriptions were made. An attempt has been made to document the differences, as members of this genus are difficult to differentiate in terms of wood anatomy alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of açaí seed waste from the commercial and extractive exploitation of the Euterpe oleraceae palm tree is a serious problem that contributes to environmental contamination and production of greenhouse gases, a fact that suggests the need for an environmentally correct destination for this waste produced on a large scale. To this end, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential of acaí seed biochar (BCA) in mitigating the toxic effects of copper in Brazilian mahogany plants, analyzing biometrics and gas exchange. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five blocks, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to the control (without Cu) and three concentration of Cu (200, 400, and 600 mg Cu kg−1) and three levels of BCA (0%, 5% and 10%) proportional to the amount of soil in the pots, totaling sixty experimental units. The use of 5% BCA in soils contaminated with up to 200 mg kg−1 Cu promoted biometric increase (height, diameter, number of leaves), maintaining gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal carbon and internal/external carbon), and consequently, maintaining water use efficiency in plants under abiotic stress, resulting in plant growth. The findings of this study allow us to indicate the use of biochar in remediating and improving the growth of plants grown in copper-contaminated soils. The production of biochar from açaí seeds is an ecologically sustainable alternative, because it reduces its accumulation on public roads and contributes to reducing soil pollution. In the context of public policies, biochar production could be a source of income in the context of the bioeconomy and circular economy practiced in the Amazon, because it is produced in large quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firewood and charcoal are the most dominant sources of fuel for domestic cooking applications in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, performance and emission characteristics of firewood and charcoal from five commonly used species, namely, Dichrostachys cinerea, Morus Lactea, Piliostigma thonningii, Combretum molle, and Albizia grandibracteata were obtained. The water boiling test and emissions monitoring system for CO, CO2, and PM2.5 were used to determine fuel and energy consumption, thermal efficiency and emissions, and emissions' factors. The results showed that firewood combustion required higher energy consumption compared to charcoal combustion. High-power thermal efficiency was the highest (> 45%) for all charcoal derived from the firewood species. During hot-start, cold-start, and simmering operations, it was observed that thermal efficiencies were generally higher for charcoal fuels (≥ 80%) compared to the firewood (< 40%) from where they were pyrolyzed. Firewood has a much lower indoor CO emissions footprint when compared to using charcoal. Nonetheless, CO emission levels for both firewood and charcoal exceed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines of 35 ppm (1-h average). CO2 emission factors are the most dominant and highest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from household use of firewood and charcoal. Overall, this work re-affirms the need for proper ventilation when firewood and charcoal are used in combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the "old wood effect," wood is not an ideal material for radiocarbon dating if there are other options available. However, in regions where short-lived taxa are not well preserved, archeologists face a dilemma whether to use wood dates to construct archeological interpretations, often leading to controversies over validity of their chronologies. To systematically access this problem, this paper evaluates the intensity of the old wood effect in Korea. First we compared radiocarbon dates assayed from five wood and 32 soybean (Glycine max) samples obtained from a prehistoric pithouse in central-western Korea. Statistical analysis shows that there is no significant disparity in the ages between the materials in this case. To further assess the issue, we compared 24 cases from the Korean Radiocarbon Database in which both wood and short-lived taxa were found and dated from the same house feature. The results demonstrate that, in general, the old wood effect is not substantial in Korea. However, further analysis of these results suggests that the potential for an old wood effect increases slightly over time in Korea, despite the fact that there was no significant climatic change. We interpret the adoption of iron for woodcutting around the first century BCE as a catalyst for a noted increase in the thickness of wood timbers of houses, which consequently produced conditions more opportune for the occurrence of an old wood effect. It suggests that the variability of an old wood effect can be the result of technological factors even within the same general physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a first assessment of the use of woody vegetation resources for combustion by hunter-gatherer societies in eastern areas of Tierra del Fuego. For this purpose, carbonized wood fragments from the archeological context of the Heshkaia 35 site (Moat Bay, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) were analyzed. Results show a local use of woody material from diverse plant species (Nothofagus pumilio, Nothofagus sp., Drymis winteri, and Maytenus magellanica). A comparison of these results with the data available from other archeological sites of the southern coast of Tierra del Fuego offers a comparative perspective on the management of these resources within the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake. The published Fig. 8 does not cite the related reference, and several grammar errors has been found in the image. The improved version of Fig. 8 and its caption is shown in this correction. These errors do not change the conclusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaching with hydrochloric acid was studied at varying temperatures, hydrochloric acid concentrations, and pulp densities. To reduce the greenhouse gas concentrations of the earth and realizing in situ utilization of Mars atmosphere, the molten salt CO SB 2 sb capture and electrochemical transformation (MSCC-ET) process is a highly desirable method to convert CO SB 2 sb gas to solid carbon. Hong Peng and Kerstin Forsberg are guest editors for the TMS Hydrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy Committee for the topic Advances in Process Metallurgy, published in the April and June issues of 2021. [Extracted from the article]

Knowledge of the technological properties of wood is important for its use and the quality of its products. The aim was to assess the quality of charcoal produced from wood grown in the Cerrado biome. Wood samples of Handroanthus roseoalba (ipê branco), Handroanthus heptaphyllus (ipê roxo) and Piptocarpha rotundifolia ('blackheart') were selected. Charcoals from these samples were produced at two charring temperatures (500 and 550 °C). Basic density, total extractives, lignin and holocellulose, gravimetric yield, higher calorific value and immediate chemical properties of the charcoals were determined. Near infrared (NIR) spectra were obtained on the transverse and longitudinal faces of the wood using a DLP® NIRscan™ portable spectrometer. Partial least squares regression was used to adjust predictive models of charcoal properties using the NIR spectra measured in the precursor wood. The coefficients of determination in the cross-validation (R2cv) ranged from 0.49 to 0.87 for volatile materials, from 0.48 to 0.88 for fixed carbon and from 0.49 to 0.85 for higher calorific value of charcoal. The spectra generated better models for properties of charcoals produced at 500 °C. The models generated were satisfactory, indicating that the NIR spectrometry can predict the quality of charcoal before it is produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial relationships between the first human colonizers and the native vegetation of Isla San Cristóbal, Galápagos, were studied by the analyses of wood charcoal, plant macro-remains, phytoliths and historical records. Archaeological and modern botanical samples were collected from four archaeological sites within the former farmland of the 19th century Hacienda El Progreso, a sugar plantation located in the moist highlands of the island. The archaeobotanical remains show the use of native timber, the introduction of crops and weeds, some aspects of local diet, and evidence of vegetation clearance. Ecological impact is shown by the changes to the native vegetation caused by human colonization of the island and the expansion of agricultural land for the plantation enterprise. This paper provides a synthesis of the archaeobotanical study at El Progreso which forms a baseline for future research in the Galápagos islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructions were used as a tool to investigate the use of charcoal and black stone as underdrawing materials in sixteenth century panel paintings with white or off-white preparatory layers. Research was based on the examination of a group of sixteenth century panel paintings by the Portuguese Mannerist painter Francisco João (doc. 1558–1595) and his workshop. Analysis of the original underdrawing material in cross-sections, using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques was not always conclusive. Based on materials thought to be employed by Francisco João and on data collected from sixteenth and seventeenth century European technical treatises along with published analytical studies of panel paintings with white or off-white preparatory layers from this period, reconstructions were performed using charcoal (untreated and oiled—as described in contemporary literature) and natural black stone over different preparatory surfaces. Microscopic analyses of cross-sections from reconstructions were made to assist the discussion of the behaviour of the dry underdrawing media within the paint structure. Results revealed that whereas charcoal could be easily removed if drawn directly over gesso, it would remain fixed when drawn over a ground treated with an oil-based intermediate layer, even when the latter was completely dry to the touch. The persistence of a charcoal drawing when applied over oil challenged the widely disseminated assumption that naturally occurring black stone, which makes a permanent mark, had been employed more frequently than charcoal since the latter appeared to be easily disturbed and hence transitory. The very lengthy curing time for a drying oil could be responsible for fixing the friable media. Reconstructions further showed that oiled charcoal is easily prepared and agreeable to use on any type of surface, where it remains without smudging. Finally, research suggests that the painter's choice of underdrawing material is closely dependent on the nature of the binder of intermediate layers and on the position of the underdrawing layout within the paint structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo, the fastest-growing plant, has several unique characteristics that make it appropriate for diverse applications. It is low-cost, high-tensile, lightweight, flexible, durable, and capable of proliferating even in ineffectual areas (e.g., incline). This review discusses the unique properties of bamboo for making charcoal and biochar for diverse applications. To produce bamboo charcoal and biochar, this study reports on the pyrolysis process for the thermal degradation of organic materials in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere under a specific temperature. This is an alternative method for turning waste biomass into products with additional value, such as biochar. Due to various advantages, bamboo charcoal is preferred over regular charcoal as it has four times the absorption rate and ten times more surface area reported. According to the reports, the charcoal yield ranges from 24.60 to 74.27%. Bamboo chopsticks were the most useful source for producing charcoal, with a high yield of 74.27% at 300 °C in nitrogen, but the thorny bamboo species have a tremendous amount of minimal charcoal, i.e., 24.60%. The reported biochar from bamboo yield ranges from 32 to 80%. The most extensive biochar production is produced by the bamboo D. giganteus, which yields 80% biochar at 300 °C. Dry bamboo stalks at 400 °C produced 32% biochar. One of the sections highlights biochar as a sustainable solution for plastic trash management produced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Another section is dedicated to the knowledge enhancement about the broad application spectrum of the charcoal and biochar. The last section highlights the conclusions, future perspectives, and recommendations on the charcoal and biochar derived from bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of valuables from waste has gained momentum. Thermal influence alters both the organic and inorganic components of coal. Insufficient knowledge on the association of rare earth elements (REEs) with the parent matrix of thermally altered high-ash coals (63% ash) limits the potential for such coals being utilized for isolation of valuables. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and occurrence modes of REEs within a magmatically altered high-ash coal via nine-step sequential extraction, combining Tessier and BCR methods. The total concentration of REEs in the coal sample, on whole coal basis, was found to be 820 ppm, which is significantly higher than the world average. Major mineral oxides were deduced to be those of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and Ti. Sequential extraction confirmed that about 66% of HREE and 25% of LREE were included in the residual fraction. LREEs were concluded to be primarily in ionic form, whereas HREEs were speculated to be associated with the TiO2 phase. XRD analyses showed that thermal alteration affected the dolomite phase specifically, which selectively got removed where carbonate-bound elements were assessed. Petrographic analysis supported the magmatic influence and demonstrated the presence of mosaic structures and pores containing unfused vitrinite, with a reflectance value of 3.6. To summarize, the present study pertaining to delineation of association of valuables in high-ash heat-altered coals from an Eastern coalfield in India can potentially open up new avenues for utilizing such coals, which are otherwise considered waste. Article Highlights: A nine-step sequential chemical leaching process employing eco-friendly lixiviants was implemented to delineate the mineralogical associations in high-ash heat altered coal of Indian origin. Dolomite was completely eradicated at the complexation stage implying alteration of this mineral phase due to magmatic influence. LREEs were concluded to be present primarily in the ionic form while HREEs were strongly associated with anatase phase. Petrographic analysis revealed presence of mosaic structures with porous morphology containing un-fused vitrinite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As promising energy-storage devices, zinc–air batteries (ZABs) exhibit slow reaction kinetics for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at their electrodes. High-performance bifunctional catalysts must thus be synthesized to accelerate the reversible conversion of oxygen and improve the rate and overall performance of ZABs. Herein, we reported the promising prospects of self-supported composite electrodes composed of wood-derived carbon (WDC) and bimetallic cobalt-iron alloys/oxides (CoFe-CoFe2O4@WDC) as efficient electrocatalysts for alkaline ORR/OER. WDC provided a favorable three-phase interface for heterogeneous reactions owing to its layered porous structure and genetic stability, thereby enabling mass diffusion and improving reaction kinetics. The CoFe2O4 spinel surface was reduced to bimetallic CoFe alloy to form abundant heterostructure interfaces that promote electron transfer. Under alkaline conditions, the optimized composite electrode exhibited a remarkable high half-wave potential of 0.85 V and an exceptionally low overpotential of 1.49 V. It also exhibited stable performance over an impressive 2340 cycles in a ZAB. Theoretical calculations also confirmed that the heterointerface addresses the issue of proton scarcity throughout the reaction and actively facilitates the creation of O–O bonds during the reversible transformation of oxygen. This study introduces a new concept for developing bifunctional and efficient electrocatalysts based on charcoal and encourages the sustainable and high-value use of forest biomass resources. Highlights: Water dissociation was regulated to provide proton for smooth response under alkaline conditions and accelerate the conversion of *O2 to *OOH. The alloy surface formed CoFe oxyhydroxide in the OER voltage range, and the adsorption capacity of intermediates was adjusted to facilitate O–O bond formation. The d-band center moved downward due to interface electron interaction, modifying the binding ability of intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although addition of pyrolyzed organic materials (biochars) to soil generally results in increased growth and physiological performance of plants, neutral and negative responses have also commonly been detected. Toxicity of organic compounds generated during pyrolysis, sorbed by biochars, and then released into the soil solution, has been implicated as a possible mechanism for such negative effects. Conversely, water-soluble biochar constituents have also been suggested to have "hormetic" effects (positive effects on plants at low concentrations); however, no specific compounds responsible have been identified. We investigated the relative phytotoxicity—and possible hormetic effects—of 14 organic compounds common in aqueous extracts of freshly produced lignocellulosic biochars, using seed germination bioassays. Of the compounds examined, volatile fatty acids (VFAs: acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, and 2-ethylbutyric acids) and phenol, showed acute phytotoxicity, with germination-based ED50 values of 1–30 mmol L−1, and 2-ethylbutyric acid showed ED50 values of 0.1–1.0 mmol L−1. Other compounds (benzene, benzoic acid, butanone, methyl salicylate, toluene, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) showed toxic effects only at high concentrations close to solubility limits. Although phytotoxic at high concentrations, valeric and caproic acid also showed detectable hormetic effects on seedlings, increasing radicle extension by 5–15% at concentrations of ~ 0.01–0.1 mmol L−1. These data support the hypothesis that VFAs are the main agents responsible for phytotoxic effects of lignocellulosic biochar leachates, but that certain VFAs also have hormetic effects at low concentrations and may contribute to positive effects of biochar leachates on early plant development in some cases. Highlights: 151 compounds were identified in leachates from 13 biochars. Among common compounds, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and phenol showed the most pronounced phytotoxic effects. Some VFAs also had hormetic effects, enhancing radicle extension growth at low concentrations. Effects were consistent among test plant species but the smallest-seeded species showed the highest sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prevent the spread of pine wilt disease (PWD), a transportable carbonization equipment was designed for in-situ treatment of infected pine wood (IPW). The equipment killed all pine wood nematodes (PWNs) in IPW when carbonization temperature was up to 200 °C. The optimal laboratory process of infected pine wood charcoal (IPWC) was carbonization temperature of 500 °C, heating rate of 3 °C min−1 and holding time of 0 min. Based on the optimal laboratory process, the transportable carbonization equipment produced IPWC with a fixed carbon content of 79.82%, and ash content of 1.14% and a moisture content of 7.83%, which meets the requirements of EN 1860-2:2005(E) standard. The economic efficiency of incineration (T1 mode), crushing (T2 mode), and transportable carbonization (T3 mode) was evaluated. For each ton of IPW treatment, the profit generated was −75.48 USD in T1 mode, 26.28 USD in T2 mode, and 51.91 USD in T3 mode. T3 mode had the highest economic efficiency. These findings will be helpful to provide guidance for the control of PWD and value-added utilization of IPW. Highlights: A transportable carbonization equipment was designed for in-situ treatment of IPWs The transportable carbonization equipment killed all PWNs of IPW when carbonization temperature was up to 200 °C. In the transportable carbonization mode, the income generated from treating each ton of IPW was 51.91 USD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal is a common material for radiocarbon dating. Meanwhile, it is underestimated as an object of dendrochronological analysis used to date natural and historical–archaeological events with an accuracy of up to a year. The new approach to charcoal sample preparation developed by the authors makes it possible to remove previous restrictions on this fragile material imposed in the dendrochronological studies and to use it as an efficient information source in paleoecology, paleoclimatology, paleogeography, and archaeology. This new method has been applied to construct a 377-year tree-ring chronology using archaeological charcoals from ancient iron-smelting furnaces in the Chuya–Kurai ferrous metallurgy province of the Russian Altai. This tree-ring chronology of charcoal is the first in Russia and the longest in dendrochronological practice throughout the world. Further analysis will provide new information on the nature and archaeological events of the high-mountain region located in the center of Eurasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera L .) is the 'tree of life' and known as 'porcupine wood'. All parts of the coconut wood can be manufactured into commercial products. The wood is hard and durable; volumetric shrinkages are mostly smaller. The tree is non-branching and free of knots and can be used as decorative wood. No distinguishable separation between sapwood and heartwood. The logs are cut into 4-6 m length depending on height and soundness of the tree. Most efficient and least expensive system of log extraction is the use of agricultural tractor with a towing bar fitted to the hydraulic lift arms. Loading may be done by manually and by cross hauling with a skidding tractor or with a hydraulic front-end loader. Timber should be graded as hard, intermediate or soft corresponding to high, medium and low densities. Coconut wood is used in construction, furniture, high-value products, charcoal, chemicals, pulp and paper. Coconut wood utilization can supplement the supply of raw materials for the wood industry and provide low-cost and durable construction materials for housing programmes in the state and for export. Due to the low price of coconut wood, it becomes popular among the middle and low-income groups, and used as a substitute for commercially known wood species to overcome the inadequate supply of logs and help to conserve the remaining forests in Kerala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the hydrocarbon source rock evaluation of the Subathu Formation exposed at Marhighat on Sarahan-Narag road in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Hydrocarbon potential of these sediments is estimated on the basis of palynofacies analysis and thermal alteration index (TAI) values based on the fossil spores/pollen colouration. The analyses are based on the classification and hydrocarbon generation potential of plant derived dispersed organic matter present in the sediments. The palynofacies analysis of Subathu Formation in the area reveal moderate to rich organic matter, with amorphous organic matter constituting the bulk of the total organic matter, followed by charcoal, biodegraded organic matter, fungal remains, spores/pollen and structured terrestrial organic matter. The TAI value for the organic matter in these sediments has been ascertained as 3.00. A dominance of the sapropelic facies (amorphous organic matter) and the measured TAI values for the Subathu sediments in the Marhighat area suggests a good source-rock potential for the hydrocarbon generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]