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As a method of family formation, cross-border surrogacy is controversial and beset by risks of exploitation. This article extends the literature on surrogacy by examining the way Australian surrogacy promotion and information events represent cross-border surrogacy. It examines the emerging phenomenon of surrogacy events held by a not-for-profit surrogacy organization to promote cross-border surrogacy in Australia—a country that prohibits commercial surrogacy. The article draws on observations from a series of surrogacy events in Australia and online during the 2019–21 time period. It examines the presentations given at these events by surrogacy facilitators, surrogate mothers, and intended parents. We observed four themes: (1) Intended parents are positioned as consumers, (2) the benefits of cross-border commercial surrogacy are highlighted relative to other methods of family formation, (3) the positive side of cross-border surrogacy is accentuated, and (4) reproductive rights are emphasized. These representations run counter to feminist framings of cross-border surrogacy as exploitative and risky. This paper understands that the framing of surrogacy that occurs at these promotion events to be neoliberal in nature. The conceptualization helps explain their consumerist peppiness and commodifying subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies (University of Toronto Press) is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Physiotherapy Canada is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To investigate the frequency of physiotherapy and occupational therapy assessment of the upper limb (UL) in people with Parkinson disease (PD) and to identify the impairments and activity limitations assessed and the methods used. Method: A custom-designed questionnaire was used to survey physiotherapists and occupational therapists with previous experience in managing people with PD, using targeted recruitment to invite physiotherapy conference attendees, clinicians employed in movement disorders programmes, and practitioners in neurology and gerontology to respond either on paper or online. Results: Of the 190 respondents (122 physiotherapists, 68 occupational therapists), 54% reported consistently assessing the UL. A majority (>60%) assessed impairments specific to PD, but few quantified these using standardized measures. Activity limitations, largely relating to manual dexterity, were assessed using observational analysis (61%), non-standardized timed activities (46%), and standardized outcome measures (61%), most generic or developed for evaluating other neurological conditions. More than 10% of respondents could not identify an appropriate standardized measure. Conclusions: Slightly more than half of respondents regularly assessed the UL. Respondents reported widespread use of non-standardized methods to assess PD-specific impairments. Standardized measures were more frequently used to evaluate activity limitations, but despite the unique movement disorders associated with PD, the clinimetric properties of most of the tools identified have not been established in this population. Education and further clinimetric investigation of measures in use are needed to facilitate evidence-based practice in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates gender differences in time on housework with relationship dissolution. Using longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (2001-2005) and a linear mixed modeling approach, we examine changes in housework hours before and after separation from marriage or cohabitation. The results indicate that relationship type affects change in housework hours of men and women following separation. Men's housework time increase with separation from marriage, but not from cohabitation. Women's housework time decrease after separation from both cohabitation and marriage. We also find evidence of anticipatory behavior where women who separate do less housework hours prior to separation than those who remain partnered. The paper concludes that gender equality is most likely in the absence of a co-residential partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine remittances as a currency of care from the perspective of migrants among the Indian diaspora in Australia. We focus particularly on seven "twice migrants" from Malaysia, Singapore, Kenya and the United Kingdom, and two cases where direct migration of the parental generation from India has led to multiple migration for their children as they moved from Australia to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. These nine cases of multiple migration enable us to delve into the greater complexity and longer history of migration. The paper thus adds a historical dimension to literature on migration, analyzing changes across generations to remittances and the transnational family. Following Fischer and Tronto (1990) we distinguish between "caring about," "taking care," "caregiving" and "care-receiving." Occasional and regular remittances, together with regular communication, visits home and gifts, express the migrants' continued "caring about" and "taking care" of the family left behind, usually the parents. The money sent home helps facilitate "caregiving," usually by the non-migrant siblings. The social value of money as a medium of relationships and belonging has been transmitted across generations, though parents are less likely to want to receive such care in Australia. Moreover, there are tensions inherent in caring. From the migrants' perspective, these tensions revolve around an inadequate valuing of the money sent home and conflicts around inheritance. Our focus on multiple migrants balances the linear notions of migration implicit in the literature on migration, remittances and the transnational family. Overtime, the definition of kin in the transnational family narrows as there is a dilution of family communication. With multiple migrations, there are possible shifts in the geographic centre of the transnational family. As the younger generation migrates further, this dilution is accompanied by a greater diffusion of the transnational family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Work life, family life and care are all being substantially re-shaped in Australia as in other post-industrial societies. Concern about work/life balance has increased as domestic gender relations slowly change, the breadwinner/homemaker model becomes less dominant and families undertake more demanding and flexible modes of employment and care. Using data from a qualitative study of nurses and their families this paper explores how families are managing the contemporary intersection of flexible family life and flexible labour. Family values emerged as an important mediating factor in the organisation of work and care. The couples valued parental care and time with children and used shift work to enable family life. We argue that just as the breadwinner model is being modified in Australia so too is the maternalist culture of care. In most of the families in the study the women are important but secondary breadwinners and the men are important but secondary carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great deal of research attention has been directed to understanding why marriages last or end in separation. Far less attention has been extended to cohabiting relationships, where couples live together without being registered as married. As in other developed countries, couple formation patterns in Australia have changed dramatically over the last few decades, with most "living-together" unions now beginning with cohabitation rather than marriage, and with an increasing proportion of babies now being born to cohabiting couples. This paper uses longitudinal data to track what happens to cohabiting relationships: whether the partners subsequently marry each other, separate or continue to cohabit over a two-year period. It then investigates the role of each partner's relationship satisfaction and fertility aspirations in influencing the pathway taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores associations between social and policy context and how parents of young children allocate time to work and family, using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Time Use Survey (TUS) 1997 and 2006. Over the period, Australia's economy was growing and unemployment was low. Political rhetoric supported 'traditional' family values, family tax policy favoured single income or 'modified male-breadwinner' households, and part time work was the most common 'family- friendly' workplace measure. Against this background, we investigate the market labour supply and intra-household time use of mothers and fathers in couple-headed households with at least one child aged 0 - 4 years (N=747 in 1997 and 626 in 2006). We identify associations between household labour supply and total (paid and unpaid) work, the way paid work, domestic labour and childcare is divided between mothers and fathers, and their subjective feelings of time pressure, at each time point. We find that by 2006, there was lower average maternal market work and a higher proportion of families with young children conformed to the one-and-a-half earner family form than in 1997. In the main there was increased total household work, increased gender specialisation in paid work and caring labour, and much higher subjective time pressure, especially for fathers and the relatively few mothers who were employed full time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of a rise in divorce rates coupled with an increased prevalence of cohabitation, a growing percentage of the population has experienced or will experience the breakdown of a relationship and also the possibility of forming another new relationship. This paper explores the impact of previous relationship and fertility histories on repartnering. Using a longitudinal approach we compare the nature of repartnering behaviour in the United Kingdom and Australia, countries with similar policy and legislative frameworks. Using prospective panels surveys (British Household Panel Survey and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamic in Australia), we find that within five years of becoming single, an estimated 49 per cent of the United Kingdom sample and 43 per cent of the Australian sample had entered a new relationship, most commonly cohabitation. Event history analysis reveals strong repartnering patterns by age, and residency of children. The effect of previous relationship type suggests that people who have previously cohabited are more likely to repartner that those who did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores claims by Elisabeth Beck-Gemsheim that we are living in an era of post-familial families. The demographic evidence to support these claims is clearly evident in relation to changing patterns of family formation and dissolution, as well as the movement of married women into paid employment. But what is less evident is a decline in traditional patterns of gender stratification within families. This paper uses national data from Australia to examine the relationship between post-familial status, as indicated by marital status and employment and time spent on housework. The results show that gender is still a clear predictor of time spent on housework. However, there is evidence that gender inequality may be declining in non-traditional households.

An essay is presented on the identities of Koreans living in Beijing, China and Sydney, Australia. The relationship between Korean communities and host countries is explored through an examination of free Korean-language newspapers published in each location. The assimilation and hybridization of ethnic identities is discussed in relation to the social and political climates of China and Australia.

This article is a part of a larger project on the prevalence of intermarriage in Australia based on an analysis of census data. The primary aim of the article is to identify the extent of intermarriage between Italian-born migrants, people born in Australia and other birthplace groupings. The analysis focuses on the pattern of Italian intermarriage in Gippsland in order to demonstrate that the incidence differs from that in urban areas of Australia. Gippsland is a rural region in south-eastern Australia where the economy is based on brown coal power generation, a paper mill, timber extraction and dairying. Intermarriage in Gippsland will be compared with another rural area within the same state of Victoria and with the urban area of Melbourne. The rural area chosen for comparison with Gippsland was the statistical division of North East region in the state of Victoria. This area was selected because it contained a significant number of Italian immigrants who have been settled for a long period, primarily in the tobacco industry. In addition the state of Queensland, which has a high percentage of Italian immigrants, also in tobacco and sugar growing regions, was identified separately in the analyses. Cost considerations precluded the division of Queensland into rural and urban regions. Comparisons will also be made with intermarriage patterns among Italians in Melbourne, which has a long history of Italian settlement, and is the Australian city with the highest proportion of Italian immigrants.

This is part two of a study drawing on semi-structured interviews with twenty-one academics working in the humanities and social sciences at Australian universities. Part two explores why academics write books, who their target audience is, how they learned about publishing, and how they share their knowledge with others. I use self-determination theory to analyze their motives for publishing books. The interviews revealed that academics publish books primarily to share knowledge with other academics, to build their reputation, and to advance their career. These intrinsic motives (enjoyment and satisfaction) and extrinsic motives (success and reputation) are intertwined, and their relative importance evolves over an academic's career. In the past, authors learned about book publishing primarily from experience, but today there are more formal and informal opportunities to acquire publishing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the diversity of experiences by immigrant families in Australia by employing a political economy approach rather than a simplistic culturalist approach. The article further investigates the immigrant family in contemporary Australian society. It poses various questions relating to whereabouts of immigrants and their families. The paper first outlines the major features of Australian immigration, including the way in which immigration policy has unevenly shaped, along "race", ethnicity and gender dimensions, the process of immigrant family formation in Australia. The article then discusses some key features of immigrant family life in Australia, such as the degree of ethnic intermarriage, income distribution and occupational profiles. Next, the class relations as well as gender relations of immigrant families will be considered. The article then looks at the uneven impact of racism in shaping the daily lives of immigrant families in Australia today. Accordingly studies of immigrants and immigrant families have to take into account the complex interaction of several dimensions: the dynamics of emigration and immigration, including immigration and settlement policies, the way in which immigrant labor in utilized, and the social relationships of immigrants as a social group and social class, and the state.

The article presents a study that determines the part played by family and social networks in providing support to elderly Italian, most of whom settled in the early 1950s in Gippsland, a region in South-Eastern Australia where the economy is based on brown coal power generation, a paper mill, dairying and timber extraction. A number of studies from different parts of the world have thrown doubt upon this view. These focused primarily upon urban kinship structures and demonstrated that kinship groupings in modem societies are extremely diverse in form and function. Families who are geographically mobile across societal boundaries where cultural patterns vary significantly may be expected to experience a degree of isolation due to the need to adapt to a new set of institutions and the reduction in size of kin networks due to the fact that initially only a part of the kin network moves. In such a situation the new arrivals tend to rebuild informal support networks.

This paper begins by suggesting an estimate of 200,000 (or 1 1/4 per cent of the total population) of the number of Chinese in Australia in 1988, but makes the point that the aggregate number is not very salient because of the great diversity in the backgrounds of the 'Chinese' in the country. The various categories of people who in one way or another identify (or are identified as Chinese) are briefly discussed in the historical context of their arrival. The Chinese survivors of the White Australian Policy numbered only 12,094 in 1947, of whom 6,678 were Australia born (only 3,778 of those being 'full Chinese', according to the census). With the abandonment of all such immigration restrictions in 1966, the arrival of educated, largely Anglophone Chinese increased greatly, and in 1981 there were estimated to have been 13,750 from China and Taiwan, 10,100 from Hong Kong, 11,350 from Malaysia, 3,000 from Singapore, 2,500 from Papua New Guinea, and some 8,500 from elsewhere in the world apart from refugees from Timor (6,000) and Indochina (30,000). Australian-born Chinese numbered 12,000 in the same year. Over 10 per cent of the total of nearly 90,000 were students, principally from Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, or transients who did not have the right to remain in Australia. Student numbers continued to grow to 15,000 in 1985, as did the numbers of Indochinese refugees in particular, 60 to 80 per cent of whom have been ethnic Chinese. These trends have continued, producing the overall guess as to the number of last year noted at the beginning of this abstract. Various factors other than the national origins of immigrant and locally born Chinese that might differentiate among them, such as wealth and class, occupation, residence patterns, and religious affiliations, are then examined. However, their various cultural backgrounds acquired in their countries of birth or rearing, not their ancestral origins in different parts of China, from the primary basis for the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cartographica is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Australian and Canadian pension funds have been pioneers in infrastructure investing since the early 1990s. They also currently have the world's highest asset allocation to infrastructure. The article compares and contrasts the experience of institutional investors in the two countries, looking at factors such as infrastructure policies, the pension system, investment strategies, and the governance of pension funds. The respective organizational models of infrastructure investing in the two countries pose a challenge to the traditional 'private equity model' that still dominates in Europe and the United States. The Australian and Canadian experiences offer important lessons for both policy makers and investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the performance of diasporic subjectivity in relation to both the form and content of polycharacter monodrama. Using three plays (one each from New Zealand, Canada, and Australia) as exemplars, it argues that two complementary features of polycharacter monodrama (split characterization and oral storytelling) provide a contrapuntal space uniquely suited to the representation and negotiation of the defining tensions of diasporic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores an issue that has been neglected in Australia, the intertwined fates of the scholarly book and the university press. These institutions face two significant threats: the commercialization of the university, which has left academics with less time for the patient research and writing needed to produce a monograph, and the 'tyranny of the journal article' (in contrast to that of the monograph, which has been noted in American debates), which has devalued the monograph and thus reduced some of the incentive for academics to write one. After examining the decline of university presses in Australia, the article concludes that they, and the monographs they publish, will best flourish with increased philanthropic, governmental, and university funding; careful list diversification; creative commissioning; cross-subsidization; and the savvy use of electronic and traditional forms of publishing and dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Harper government and most national political parties are committed to a federal act for dealing with accessibility rights for persons with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to identify progressive lessons from countries with similar legislation for consideration by Canadian authorities. Countries surveyed are the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. While disability rights legislation is widely accepted to be a necessary policy initiative in light of ongoing barriers and exclusion, experience suggests that such laws are far from a sufficient response to promote access. Other policy instruments required include supportive employment programs, tax incentives, and the direct provision of basic supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in investment performance measurement and cost analysis are applied to suggest ways to improve Australian pension management. Using empirical data collected by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority in 2006, we show that investment performance of different types of Australian pension firms is significantly correlated with their average costs. We identify benefits from increased scale (fund size), better fee negotiation, more direct investing, less active management, and better fund alignment with member interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (University of Toronto Press) is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the differential degrees and methods of adaptation to the host society and engagement with the homeland by successive groups of migrants and their second- and third-generation descendants hailing from the Greek island of Castellorizo and settled in Perth, Western Australia, since the beginning of the twentieth century. It examines how Mannheim' s historically grounded generations are reproduced in subsequent genealogical generations of Perth Castellorizians and how this phenomenon is linked to the current "return" of these generations to the ancestral homeland. The article demonstrates that the behavior and profile of each diasporic generation are linked to distinctive historical experiences, especially traumatic ones that their members shared throughout their lives. "Generational units," based on shared gender, age, and class, are shown to be instrumental in the maintenance, transformation, and transmission of identity. The article also examines the intersection between ethno-regional and ethnonational identity and shows how regional and national identification shift over time for the members of this diasporic group. Finally, the article demonstrates the importance of the family in the construction of diasporic identities. Perceiving themselves as links in a chain of family bonds, second- and third-generation Castellorizians "return" to the ancestral homeland both symbolically and physically to reclaim and revitalize it through their practices and imaginings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We speak often of ‘representative democracy’ and we tend to regard it as the dominant form of government in the modern West. But who or what is represented by the electoral systems of the modern democratic state? Although we may be tempted to regard contemporary democracies as embodying essentially the same underlying conceptions of representation, a careful examination of constitutional texts, legislative frameworks, and judicial interpretations reveals important differences from one country to the next. In particular, the problem of electoral apportionment has produced a line of constitutional cases in the United States, Canada, and Australia that raise very similar sets of issues, but with strikingly different results. This article compares the case law in the United States, Canada, and Australia on the question of electoral apportionment. While the ideas appealed to in each country are complex and contain sometimes overlapping elements, it is argued that they can be classified into three general types, which the article calls ‘individualist,’ ‘communitarian,’ and ‘federalist.’ Each approach presupposes a distinct conception of the political identity of the human person and has distinct implications for design of a democratic electoral system. And, while each conception finds a place in each of the three countries under examination, there is an important sense in which individualist conceptions have dominated much of the American jurisprudence, communal approaches have influenced most of the Canadian case law, and federalist conceptions have shaped the Australian cases at several decisive points. The article concludes by arguing that, although factors such as modalities of interpretation and conceptions of the relationship between the courts and the political branches of government have been important, significantly different underlying conceptions of democracy and of the political identity of the human person have been ultimately determinative of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (University of Toronto Press) is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discusses the postcolonial efforts of Australia and New Zealand to integrate its indigenous people to society. Characterization of post colonial movements in both countries; Discussion on the multiculturalism in Australia and biculturalism in New Zealand; Motivations behind racial amalgamation; Result of racial amalgamation according to commentator David Theo Goldberg.

Presents perspectives on developments and trends in scholarly book publishing in Australia from the late 1980s to early 2002. Categories of authors of Australian scholarly works; Overview of market conditions; Impact of the development of electronic publishing.

To study changes in Journal of Veterinary Medical Education ( JVME ) content, this article presents the results of an analysis of a purposeful sample ( n = 537) and demographic analysis of all 1,072 articles published from 2005 to 2019. The findings were compared to a prior analysis of articles from 1974 to 2004. Article length increased, as did the number of authors and institutions per article. Female first author numbers grew at a greater rate than the proportion of female faculty at AAVMC-accredited colleges. Close to 85% of articles were by authors in the US, UK, Canada and Australia, while 40 other countries contributed the remainder. The primary topics of papers published from 2005 to 2019 were student affairs (17.3%), professional skills (15.1%), courses and curricula (12.7%), specialty/disciplinary training (12.5%), and technology/information resources (11.5%). The prevalence of articles with an identified research methodology grew from 14.2% in 1974-2004, to 55.9% ( n = 300) in 2005-2019. Among research articles, 54.7% reported an intervention and 70.3% included a comparison. Random assignment to experimental or control conditions occurred in 32 articles (15.2%). Qualitative inquiry expanded, with 16.3% of research articles using this methodology alone. The most cited article was a review paper discussing the human-animal bond. Descriptions of courses and curricula constituted the majority of articles over the journal's lifespan, while no pattern was discerned between major reports in veterinary education and subsequent publications on that topic. Over the last 45 years, JVME has transitioned from a newsletter to a scholarly publication, with ongoing evolution.

The Post Graduate Foundation a has for 37 years been the major provider of continuing education opportunities for veterinarians in Australia. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Foundation's development, current offerings, and future, as well as to highlight the organization's philosophy of continuing professional development (CPD).