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This paper takes the opportunity of the current child welfare system change in Ireland to promote the value of learning from history to better understand the interface between family support and child protection. The paper draws from the histories of child protection and family support to illuminate the commonalities and differences that have come to define the two practices. Using findings from two historical studies - one on family support and the other on child protection - the paper demonstrates the unique features and the many integrated elements of family support and child protection in Ireland. It is argued that students and practitioners need to be provided with a stronger sense of the historical developments that have shaped the present. This will enable comprehension of the complex context within which current relations between 'protection' and 'support' are negotiated and help to avoid operating in a vacuum of a present only viewpoint. The paper concludes with reference to the need for students and practitioners to navigate the complex relationship between family support and child protection at practice, policy and organizational level through a well-informed knowledge of the historical as well as the present context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have traditionally framed debates over Irish policy in the early 1840s between London and Dublin Castle in sectarian terms. Robert Peel's 'liberal-minded' attitudes towards Catholics have been portrayed as conflicting with his lord lieutenant's, which were supposedly anti- Catholic, sectarian and 'Orange'. Using the Earl de Grey's political papers in addition to Peel's for the first time in historical analysis, this article shows this is a misinterpretation which has concealed the actual nature of the policy debates between Peel and De Grey during the 'Repeal Year' period. Conflict arose, not along sectarian or ideological lines, but over the cause of the sudden rise in popular support for the Repeal Association and the nature of public policy which would best counteract this. De Grey thought the 'Repeal Year' crisis was the result of economic grievances, while Peel considered it a religious issue. In the resulting disagreement over the most effective policy, De Grey favoured policies based upon economic conciliation, and Peel prioritized religious concessions towards Irish Catholics. This anticipated debates in Irish policy much later in the nineteenth century between constructive unionists, who advocated economic conciliation to combat the rise of Irish nationalism, and those who supported religious and constitutional reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to promote thinking about care leave leaving from a historical perspective. It suggests that Bronfenbrenner's social ecological modelling of human development provides a promising conceptual framework for doing that. It not only provides a micro to macro layered systemic perspective but also draws attention to the 'chronosystem', covering both biographical and historical changes. The potential use of the historical dimension to Bronfenbrenner's modelling will be illustrated by considering the development of care leaving within Northern Ireland over a 50‐year period (1968–2018). Reflecting the historical trajectory of recent political conflict in this UK jurisdiction, the dynamics of the chronosystem of care leaving within two periods will be described and discussed: the 'Troubles' (1968–1998) and 'Post Conflict' (1998–2018). It will be concluded that there is a need for further work of this type because acknowledging history in this way as part of social ecology provides a deeper understanding of the systemic dynamics of care leaving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional studies of elites, both sociological and historical, have focused on male elite schooling to the exclusion or elision of female elite schooling. This leaves us with subtly different literatures on female and male lines of both contemporary elites and their forebears, and this represents a challenge for those working on elite education. Judith Okely noted back in 1978 that even if the education of boys and girls can be separate and asymmetrical, they are nevertheless ‘ideologically interdependent’. Likewise, Claire Maxwell and Peter Agglestone advocate the study of reproduction and privilege in contemporary British elite education for girls within a holistic framework that seeks to understand the complex relations between each student’s home, social milieu and school. Taking the idea of ideological interdependence as a starting point, this paper seeks to explore the history of nineteenth-century Catholic female education in Ireland, drawing on feminist critiques of power theory, to move beyond current narrowly defined debates on the utility and purpose of elite female education. An exclusive focus on the disempowering effects of official curricula obscures other socialising aspects of the schooling experience, especially those that enabled or empowered. This article takes the concept of cosmopolitanism as a way of understanding the benefits accompanying an education at a Catholic convent boarding school in Ireland. The graduates of these schools could lay claim to an associational culture maintained in adulthood through intermarriage, alumna clubs and charitable associations. The evidence of cosmopolitanism, real or imagined, within conventual schools manifested itself in curricular choices, public exhibitions and the cultivation of refined dress, accent and manners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the intersecting roles of Catholic religious orders and psychiatrists in the development of residential care for people with an intellectual disability in Ireland during the fifty-year period after political autonomy from the UK in 1922. The context is the postcolonial development of the country and the crucial role played by the Catholic Church through several of its religious orders in developing and staffing intellectual disability services. The paper will consider the divergent positions of church and psychiatry in the foundation and contemporary position of what was originally known as the care of people with a mental handicap nursing in the 1960s. The development of this form of nursing during the mid-twentieth century can be seen as part of a wider postcolonial response to health and social care by the newly independent Irish state. The author argues that intellectual disability nursing in Ireland has been nuanced by association with the nation's struggle for self-determination from colonial oppression through adoption of a religious identity. This conflation of education and social care combined with a specific form of Catholic nursing has left an enduring legacy on the service provision to people with an intellectual disability in contemporary Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

fealy g.m. (2004) Journal of Advanced Nursing 46(6), 649–656 ‘The good nurse’: visions and values in images of the nurse The various ways in which the nurse has been publicly portrayed do not merely reflect the value of nursing in society, but also define the boundaries of nursing, and reveal the ideologies and systems of power-brokerage at work in shaping nursing. Therefore, it is of profound interest to the profession to continue to examine the ways in which the nurse is and has been portrayed. This paper aims to present a historical analysis of the image of the nurse in public discourses in Ireland. Using a framework of critical discourse analysis within the method of historical research, the paper draws on documentary primary sources to present an analysis of discourse concerning the ‘good nurse’. In exposing the diverse ways in which the nurse has been depicted in Irish public discourses, the origins of the ‘good nurse’ ideal are identified, the reasons for its continued promotion are critically examined, and the effects of the ideal on the development of nursing in Ireland are considered. While the ways in which Irish nurses have been depicted in public discourses have similarities with international nursing imagery, the ‘good nurse’ ideal has a uniquely Irish expression, indicating that the image of the nurse is both culture-specific and changes to reflect the underlying sociocultural context, and prevailing system of political power and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries with similar levels of economic development often implement different education ICT policies. Much of the existing research attributes such differences to economic and political factors. In this paper, we examine the development of ICT policy and implementation in the two parts of Ireland and in two Canadian provinces and find that historical, social and cultural differences also play an important role in the way ICT policies develop. In particular, we see differing historical perceptions of the role of the state and church in education playing a more important role than has hitherto been recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the experiences of one particular group of immigrants to Ireland -- the parents of Irish citizen children, whose residency is dependent on an ongoing, renewable form of residential status called IBC/05. This residency status was instituted in response to the constitutional changes that arose in the aftermath of Ireland's 2004 citizenship referendum. While this status category is valued in the short-term, we contend that immigrants whose residence in Ireland is dependent on this status are effectively living in-between their countries of origin and Ireland as a result of legislative specificities that separate their families and create an air of uncertainty about the continuance of the status category in the longer term. Immigrants with IBC/05 status operate across a number of transnational familial fields. Transnational economic fields are reinforced by immigrants' need to finance the lives of family members still resident in their country of origin but a range of hybridised personal and familial identity spaces are created outside this economic pattern and the experience of life in Ireland is anchored in the imaginaries that spring from such transnationalised experiences. Importantly, however, we find that this transnationalism is not operationalised 'from below' in this instance but 'from above' by the Irish state through the emphasis it places on this form of long-term temporary residency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from Fordism to post-Fordism has been accompanied by profound changes in the spatiality of west European states. The hierarchical, top-down and redistributive structures that typified the Fordist welfare state have been replaced by more complex spatial configurations as elements of economic and political power have shifted both downwards to subnational territorial levels and upwards to the supranational level. A major debate has developed around the nature of these emerging forms of state spatiality and of the processes underpinning their formation. This paper examines how these processes have operated in the particular case of the Republic of Ireland. Here, the spatiality of the state was founded on a peculiar post-colonial combination of a localised populist politics and a centralised state bureaucracy. While this arrangement was quite suited to the spatial dispersal of industrial branch plants which underpinned regional policy in the 1960s and 1970s, it has become increasingly problematic with the more recent emergence of new trends in the nature and locational preferences of inward investment. This is reflected in the profound conflicts that have attended the formulation and implementation of the National Spatial Strategy, introduced in 2002. The result is a national space economy whose increasing dysfunctionality may now be compromising the very development model upon which Ireland's recent spectacular economic growth has been built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irish newspaper collections are a rich source of information on historical droughts. Following a search of 250 years of such archives, this paper brings to light four newspaper articles describing three drought events that convey the cultural impacts and unusual societal responses to drought in nineteenth century Ireland. Amongst the archives we find two poems from 1806 and 1893, a call to pray for rain in 1887, and a suggestion for weather modification in 1893. These records demonstrate that, contrary to recent experience, Ireland is surprisingly prone to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Committee on Industrial Organisation was established in the early 1960s to evaluate the level of preparedness of Irish industry for the imminent dismantling of the country's protectionist trade barriers. The Committee's sectoral reports list the 900 or so manufacturing firms that it surveyed and that together accounted for more than half of Irish manufacturing employment. From a range of archival sources, this article identifies the nationality of ownership of most of these firms, alongside their date of establishment and level of employment in 1960. Industrial grants data are used to strip out export-oriented businesses that began to arrive in the 1950s. This makes it possible to estimate the employment share and sectoral presence of tariff-jumping foreign firms. The latter is analysed through the lens of modern perspectives on foreign direct investment. The article also enhances our understanding of the interest-group politics of the trade liberalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the uses made of print by the Irish Parliament between 1660 and 1782. Proceedings were made more widely available, initially with printed Votes and then with fuller Journals. Just how widely is considered. The record of the house of commons and the house of lords is compared. Also the authorised publication of statutes is traced. Sizes of format and editions and costs are considered, concluding that these seriously limited access to the publications. In contrast, varieties of unofficial print, generated either by individual members and candidates or by partisans, are discussed. The effect of these productions was to increase awareness of politics and, arguably, to generate more intense controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim of this paper is that the work of the Irish poet Brendan Kennelly offers a unique and creative exploration of some significant experiences of life in contemporary Ireland; these experiences include the effects of religious, educational and political influences on social and personal freedom and limitation, the paradoxical assumption of conservative and restrictive aims and methods by a newly established independent state, and the conflict between the private and complex experience of the individual and the publicly and historically accepted portrayal of Irish life. This aspect of Kennelly’s poetry is examined with reference to philosophical and psychoanalytic thought, and, in particular, the work of Freud and Nietzsche. Through a close reading of selected poems and prose extracts, the author asserts that Kennelly’s poetry enables an insightful analysis of concepts and experiences that are relevant and challenging to the individual in contemporary Ireland; however, the author also argues that such concepts and challenges are not exclusive to the Irish experience, but may be recognized and acknowledged across the contemporary Western world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For 10 years, select Irish nurses and midwives who pass a rigorous 6 month theory and practical program can prescribe medications and other medicinal products. Given the need for timely, accessible, and affordable health‐care services in all countries, this nursing/midwifery education and practice development is worthy of examination. Irish nurse/midwife prescribing occurred following long‐term deliberative nursing profession advocacy, nursing education planning, nursing administration and practice planning, interdisciplinary health‐care team support and complementary efforts, and government action. A review of documents, research, and other articles was undertaken to examine this development process and report evaluative information for consideration by other countries seeking to improve their health‐care systems. Nurse/midwife prescribing was accomplished successfully in Ireland, with the steps taken there to initiate and establish nurse/midwife prescribing of value internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of charity as a provider of relief was notably little discussed in the comprehensive English Poor Law Report of 1834. By contrast, however, the debate at the time in Ireland over whether any kind of Poor Law at all was desirable ranged much more broadly, with the respective roles of statutory and voluntary provision hotly contested. In fact, beyond the confines of the English Report itself, the topic of the place of charity in relief was exercising plenty of minds on both shores of the Irish Sea. This article examines aspects of the intellectual importance accorded to the role of individual charity and wider voluntary action in welfare provision across the British Isles by some of the central figures in the English and Irish Poor Law debates in the 1830s. It is a study of how justifications were forged to underpin charitable activity and specific policy proposals as advanced by the main proponents of Christian political economy from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries, including William Paley, Thomas Robert Malthus, John Bird Sumner, Edward Copleston, James Ebenezer Bicheno, Thomas Chalmers and Richard Whately. The discussions of Irish circumstances and problems furnish new insights into the substance and reach of a 'philosophy of charity' which was firmly in place by the 1830s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the Act of Union until 1884, the Irish electoral franchise was different from that in England or Scotland. The history of its reform also followed a different calendar: 1829, 1832, 1850, and 1868 were the waypoints on the path to homogenisation with the rest of the United Kingdom. But the Irish Reform Act of 1868 has received little attention, and is usually dismissed as a minor technical alteration of minimal political or social importance. When set against the changes in England the year before, this is true. But it is worthy of study, and this essay is the first to examine the 1860s campaign for Irish reform, its relationship to events in Britain, the expectations for the act, its various drafts, and its political consequences. It traces the short-lived alliance between the Catholic Church, the Irish Liberal Party and often secular working-class radicals in both Ireland and England, as well as the parallel, but quite distinct, campaign for reform on the part of working-class northern protestants, many associated with the Orange Order. Although political circumstance resulted in the abandonment of most of the projected reforms, the drafting process and accompanying debates reveal important aspects of Irish political realities and expectations, as well as the limits of parliamentary interest in Ireland. Even in its abbreviated form, the act had a significant impact on Irish politics, substantially increasing the borough electorate across the island and dramatically so in Ulster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geary and Stark find that Ireland's post-Famine per capita GDP converged with British levels, and that this convergence was largely due to total factor productivity growth rather than mass emigration. In this article, new long-run measurements of human capital accumulation in Ireland are devised in order to facilitate a better assessment of sources of this productivity growth, including the relative contribution of men and women. This is done by exploiting the frequency at which age data heap at round ages, widely interpreted as an indicator of a population's basic numeracy skills. Because Földvári, van Leeuwen, and van Leeuwen-Li find that gender-specific trends in this measure derived from census returns are biased by who is reporting and recording the age information, any computed numeracy trends are corrected using data from prison and workhouse registers, sources in which women ostensibly self-reported their age. The findings show that rural Irish women born early in the nineteenth century had substantially lower levels of human capital than uncorrected census data would otherwise suggest. These results are large in magnitude and thus economically significant. The speed at which women converged is consistent with Geary and Stark's interpretation of Irish economic history; Ireland probably graduated to Europe's club of advanced economies thanks in part to rapid advances in female human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews are provided for several articles which were published in periodicals in 2015, including "Early Medieval Settlement and Social Power: The Middle Anglo-Saxon 'Home Farm'" by D.W. Wright, "Medieval Coastal Sand Inundation in Britain and Ireland" by D. Griffiths, and "Commerce and Cult: Confronted Ideologies in 6th-9th-Century Europe" by M. Carver which appear in the "Medieval Archaeology" journal.

It is largely agreed among scholars of social history and history of medicine that the medicalisation of maternity was slow to evolve in Ireland as it was beleaguered by competing professional, denominational and political agendas. Such discourses have dominated Irish history of medicine and hindered the progress of the medicalisation debate. A notable feature of the birthing process in Ireland is that for centuries handywomen, or untrained midwives, played a crucial role yet they have not been subject to the attention of historians. This article traces references to them in Irish Folklore Commission (1935-71) manuscripts and places them in wider social contexts to contend that their slight representation was a result of medico-legal awareness and a desire to protect the identity of women who, after 1918, were operating outside the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To document the evolution over 40 years (from 1973 to 2013) of Coolmine Therapeutic Community (Ireland's first voluntary drug treatment service) against a background of broader drug policy developments in the Republic of Ireland and elsewhere during this period. Methods Data were gathered by means of archival research within Coolmine, complemented by semi-structured interviews with former clients, current and former Coolmine management and staff, and representatives of outsider stakeholder interests. Results Coolmines's history has three phases: (1) an early and uncontentious phase, in which external authorities provided financial support for Coolmine without questioning its work practices or outcomes; (2) a middle, controversial phase, in which Coolmine struggled for survival in an external policy environment now dominated by harm reduction strategies; and (3) a final phase in which, through the use of conventional corporate governance, Coolmine management sought to repair its damaged reputation by introducing evidence-based clinical practices. Conclusions Coolmine Therapeutic Community was established when drug treatment services in Ireland were in their infancy, and its changing fortunes over subsequent decades reflected changing perceptions of what constitutes appropriate addiction treatment-and in particular the role to be played by former addicts within addiction treatment systems-as well as changing perceptions of funding relationships between statutory authorities and voluntary providers of health and social services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New evidence from a series of 11 Bristol customs accounts indicates that Irish consumption patterns underwent significant changes over the course of the sixteenth century. This article considers the use of the Bristol 'particular' accounts and port books as a source for Irish material culture and consumption studies and uses the customs data as a statistical framework on which to establish how, why, and to what extent patterns of consumption changed in Ireland. It considers who was consuming the increasing range of commodities that were imported into Ireland from Bristol towards the end of the century, and what changing consumption patterns may reveal about the nature of Ireland's economy, society, and culture during this critical period in Irish history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses case-study research to explore pupil perceptions of Ireland and its impact on learning an aspect of Irish history. The topic is linked to multicultural perspectives within both history and citizenship. Survey data is used to provide an insight into pupil knowledge and perceptions of Ireland by comparing it with their perceptions of England, Scotland and Wales. This is related to diary and focus study responses given by the children when studying a unit of work. The research suggests that the historical knowledge of the pupils registered poorly against other forms of knowledge, and is often related to recent events reported in the media; also, that family influences are as important as school. This does not appear to have adversely affected the children's response to studying about Ireland's past with respect to this particular study, although it is possible that family links could have some impact on pupil discourses. The overall conclusion is that the study of Ireland's past has the potential to enhance the quality of history and citizenship education in the context of our multicultural society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the political career of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, with a focus on his involvement in the political and governmental affairs of Ireland from 1837 to 1868. Conservative politics promoted in the country; Career history; Historian's lack of studies on Disraeli's role in Irish politics; Content of Disraeli's letter to the Duke of Marlborough on Irish politics.

Discusses the contribution of the Old Testament to the laws of the kingship of Ireland from the 7th to the 9th century. Division of inheritance between sons; Rights of senior sons; Relationship between qualifications and legal rights; Difference between lords and commoners.

Analyzes the franchise and electoral politics in England and Ireland during 1832-1885. Problems of focus and nomenclature inherent in British politics during the 19th century; Dominant political parties during the period; Differences between the electoral systems of the two countries; Factors affecting politics in the countries during the period; Peculiarities of the Irish electoral system; Legislation passed during the period that influenced the countries' electoral politics.

Reviews Irish literature on economic and social history since 1968 until 1980. Books which contain surveys of economic history; Works about Irish agrarian history; Publications dealing with textile industries.

The article lists publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland. They include, "Population in the Past: Family Reconstruction by Computer," by R.S. Schofield, "The History of the Dutch Slave Trade: a bibliographical Survey," by P.C. Emmer, "Sixteenth-century fiscal sources for the social and economic history of the Flemish countryside," by N. Maddens, and "The socialist trade unions after the First World War (1919-21)," by M. Nauwelaerts.

The health of a nation tells much about the nature of a social contract between citizen and state. The way that health care is organised, and the degree to which it is equitably accessible, constitutes a manifestation of the effects of moments and events in that country's history. Research around health inequalities often focuses on demonstrating current conditions, with little attention paid to how the conditions of inequality have been achieved and sustained. This article presents a novel approach to inequalities research that focuses on examining powerful historical discourses as legitimising processes that serve to sustain unequal conditions. The use of this Foucauldian historical genealogical approach in a study of the Irish health care system is explored and proposed as a novel approach to the research of health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]