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Energy consumption optimization belongs to the main agendas in sustainable industries. Here, cost‐saving opportunities in the pulp and paper industry as one of the largest industrial energy consumers worldwide are in the focus. Energy‐saving measures are proposed employing a large‐scale mathematical model of a paper machine based on mass and energy balances supported by real‐time experiments in paper machine operation. The presented measures are based on the optimization of paper stock pumping and a drying section operation. The total energy‐saving effect of the four proposed measures accounted for a reduction in specific heat and electricity consumption by more than 2 %. The proposed procedures require no or low investment costs with the overall simple rate of return of less than one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the earliest surviving Tibetan paper, from the Dunhuang cave library, using paper fibre analysis combined with codicological, palaeographical and textual information. The hypotheses tested by this method concern the regional origins and production centres of early Tibetan paper and methods for dating this material. Using overlapping typologies, we classify a sample of manuscripts into coherent groups, relating them to particular 'book cultures'. By linking three main manuscript groups to different geographical regions, we offer new insights into an important manuscript collection, and show that the method of overlapping typologies has the potential to yield further insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of paper brightness in multipage documents is a practice of forensic document examiners when there is a question of a page insertion or substitution. This article demonstrates that occasional errors occur in the manufacturing process that affects the consistency of paper brightness. The inconsistency of paper brightness may therefore influence conclusions reached in authenticating documents. Reams of multipurpose paper, from 21 manufacturers, were examined. When assessing the individual pages of each package with an ultraviolet light, approximately 30% of the reams revealed differences in paper brightness. A study of the paper-manufacturing process was conducted to determine where variations originate. It is concluded that brightness differences occur when one incompatible roll of paper is mistakenly placed with others used for one production run. It was also determined that brightness variations (when present) are patterned throughout individual reams. When the authenticity of a document is in question, consideration of these findings is essential to assure an accurate assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the history of paper. Invention of paper in year 105 A.D. in China; Materials used to manufacture paper; Spread of paper-making throughout the world; Technological innovations in paper-making.

A novel algorithm has been developed and validated to isolate individual papermaking fibres in micro-computed tomographic images of paper handsheets as a first step to characterize the structure of the paper. The three-step fibre segmentation algorithm segments the papermaking fibres by (i) tracking the hollow inside the fibres via a modified connected component methodology, (ii) extracting the fibre walls using a distance transform and (iii) labelling the fibres through collapsed sections by a final refinement step. Furthermore, postprocessing algorithms have been developed to calculate the length and coarseness of the segmented fibres. The fibre segmentation algorithm is the first ever reported method for the automated segmentation of the tortuous three-dimensional morphology of papermaking fibres within microstructural images of paper handsheets. The method is not limited to papermaking fibres, but can be applied to any material consisting of tortuous and hollow fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and sixty-nine fibre samples from books in the Korean collection and 68 samples from books in the Japanese collection at the British Library were analysed. A further 15 samples of Korean paper from a private collection were also examined. The analysis confirmed that most of the papers contained mulberry species (Moraceae family) as the main papermaking material, and other materials, such as hemp, rice straw and reed, which have been commonly known as supplements to traditional Korean papermaking. However, 15 Korean papers and one Japanese paper dating betweenad 1498 and 1798 appeared to include coniferous wood fibres. This substantial find supports a previous single find of a coniferous wood fibre in Korean paper. The dates of most of these papers containing wood fibres precede the use of wood pulps in European paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Rice straw contains cellulose as its main carbohydrate component, which is the major constituent for making rice straw paper as an alternative use of the residue. The objectives of this study were to determine a rice straw paper-making process incorporating activated carbon (AC) and the effect of AC and the glucomannan (GLU) content on the physical and mechanical properties, including the ethylene adsorption capacity of rice straw paper containing AC. The results showed that AC was an effective ethylene scavenger, and it was possible to incorporate it into the rice straw paper-making process. Increasing the AC content increased the ethylene adsorption capacity but decreased the strength of the AC-rice straw paper. GLU maintained the strength of the rice straw paper but did not affect the ethylene adsorption capacity. Incorporation of 30% AC content with 0.3% GLU in the AC-rice straw paper produced the maximum level of ethylene scavenging (77%). Moreover, AC-rice straw paper is an environmentally friendly material owing to its reusability, and it has the potential for applications in food and agricultural packaging because it can act as an ethylene scavenger and also provide protection against mechanical damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed description of a vision system that detects and localizes the nonuniformities that appear on the paper slurry (wood fiber and water mixture) at the wet end of a paper machine. Specifically, the system monitors the paper slurry as it exits the headbox and alerts the operators of any event (e.g., streaks) that disrupts the otherwise homogeneous background. These events affect crucial product properties such as formation. A poor formation results in thick and thin spots on the sheet and impacts its strength and printability. This paper describes the vision system in terms of its hardware modules, as well as the image processing algorithms that it utilizes to perform its function. The system acquires intensity and topographic information from the scene. It uses texture-based features for the detection and facet-based descriptors for the localization of the nonuniformities. In addition to being tested in a laboratory environment, a prototype of this system was constructed and deployed to a paper mill, where its performance was evaluated under realistic conditions. Installed on a fourdrinier paper machine, running at 480 m/min and producing linerboard material, the vision system monitored about a 1 m wide area and successfully detected and localized slurry streaks. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 231–242, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine chemicals are co-products of papermaking that are upgraded into diverse products from inks to adhesives. They can also be utilized for energy purposes. This research investigates the carbon and energy life cycle assessment (LCA) of pine chemicals derived from crude tall oil (CTO). The study goals are to determine the cradle-to-gate carbon and energy footprint for CTO-derived chemicals, compare CTO-derived chemicals to their likely substitutes, and calculate the carbon and energy effects of shifting CTO resources from current chemical production to biodiesel production. The data collected represent 100% of the U.S. and 90% of the European CTO distillation industry for 2011. This analysis is the first industry-level LCA of pine chemicals. The carbon footprint for CTO-derived pine chemical products is 50% lower than the likely mix of alternative products, including hydrocarbon resins for rubber, ink, and adhesive, alkyl succinic anhydride for paper size, and heavy fuel oil for heat. Current and proposed European policies could result in CTO being classified as renewable biomass for energy production, creating incentive to convert CTO into fuel rather than chemicals. The differences in the carbon and energy footprints of utilizing CTO for biodiesel versus chemicals are not meaningful when comparing European CTO biodiesel, which displaces conventional diesel, to European CTO-derived chemicals, which displace the previously discussed substitutes. Therefore, there is no additional carbon or energy benefit that accrues by diverting CTO from current chemical feedstock applications to use for biodiesel production in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bifunctional and high‐efficiency solid acid catalyst(S‐SBC) was prepared from papermaking sludge by calcining and sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid. The monoclinic FePO4 was added to assist S‐SBC to improve HMF yield. The structure characterization of S‐SBC and its catalytic performance for 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) preparation from fructose, glucose and cellulose were investigated. Metal ions and −SO3H in the S‐SBC had synergistic effects on the HMF yield. The HMF yield from fructose, glucose and cellulose were respectively 90.3 %, 73.7 % and 28.8 % with S‐SBC alone. The combination of monoclinic FePO4 and S‐SBC could effectively improve the yield of HMF from glucose and cellulose. The highest yield of HMF from glucose and cellulose were respectively 89.5 % and 53.3 % with the binary catalysts. The mechanism of the synergistic action of the binary catalysts was proposed. Bronsted acid from metal ions hydrolysis and ‐SO3H, ‐COOH, ‐OH grafted on the surface of biochar promoted hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose, which was then coordinated with Lewis acids and isomerized to fructose. Finally, HMF was obtained by dehydrating from fructose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited labelled data is a challenge in the field of medical imaging and the need for a large number of them is paramount for the training of machine learning algorithms, as well as measuring the performance of image processing algorithms. The purpose of this study is to construct synthetic and labelled optical coherence tomography (OCT) data to solve the problems of having access to accurately labelled data and evaluating the processing algorithms. In this study, a modified active shape model is used which considers the anatomical features of available images such as the number and thickness of the layers as well as their associated brightness, the location of retinal blood vessels and shadow information with respect to speckle noise. The algorithm is also able to provide different data sets with the varying noise level. The validity of the proposed method for the synthesis of retinal images is measured by two methods (qualitative assessment and quantitative analysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black liquor, an industrial waste product of papermaking, is primarily used as a low‐grade combustible energy source. Despite its high lignin content, the potential utility of black liquor as a feedstock in products manufacturing, remains to be exploited. Demonstrated here in is the use of black liquor as a primary feed‐stock for synthesizing graphene quantum dots that exhibit both up‐conversion and photoluminescence when excited using visible/near‐infrared radiation, thereby enabling the photosensitization of ultraviolet‐absorbing TiO2 nanosheets. In addition, these graphene quantum dots can trap photo‐generated electrons to realize the effective separation of electron‐hole pairs. Together, these two processes facilitate the solar‐powered generation of H2 from H2O, and CO from H2O–CO2, using broadband solar radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black liquor, an industrial waste product of papermaking, is primarily used as a low‐grade combustible energy source. Despite its high lignin content, the potential utility of black liquor as a feedstock in products manufacturing, remains to be exploited. Demonstrated here in is the use of black liquor as a primary feed‐stock for synthesizing graphene quantum dots that exhibit both up‐conversion and photoluminescence when excited using visible/near‐infrared radiation, thereby enabling the photosensitization of ultraviolet‐absorbing TiO2 nanosheets. In addition, these graphene quantum dots can trap photo‐generated electrons to realize the effective separation of electron‐hole pairs. Together, these two processes facilitate the solar‐powered generation of H2 from H2O, and CO from H2O–CO2, using broadband solar radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an innovative data-driven non-linear dynamical system modelling method, ALS-SVR-ARMA2K, is proposed for a high consistency refining (HCR) process in papermaking to online estimate the freeness index. First, to completely capture the non-linear dynamics of the process, the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model is constructed by modelling system output as a non-linear dynamical function of the past system inputs (moving average) and past system output (autoregression). Then, the non-parametric kernel learning method, least squares support vector regression (LS-SVR), is presented for learning of the ARMA model. Moreover, to increase the modelling accuracy and make the model has both good interpolation and extrapolation abilities, improvements of multi-kernel learning and adaptive output regulation are implemented. Finally, to further enhance the modelling accuracy and efficiency of the constructed ALS-SVR-ARMA2K model, the adaptive mutation particle swarm optimisation (AMPSO) is proposed to optimise the hybrid model parameters. Industrial experiments and comparative studies have been carried out on an industrial HCR process, where it has been demonstrated that the developed AMPSO-ALS-SVR-ARMA2K model produces a better modelling accuracy, stronger generalisation capability and sparsity, and faster learning speed than the other methods. Moreover, these superiorities are especially true in the case of small samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an innovative data‐driven non‐linear dynamical system modelling method, ALS‐SVR‐ARMA2K, is proposed for a high consistency refining (HCR) process in papermaking to online estimate the freeness index. First, to completely capture the non‐linear dynamics of the process, the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model is constructed by modelling system output as a non‐linear dynamical function of the past system inputs (moving average) and past system output (autoregression). Then, the non‐parametric kernel learning method, least squares support vector regression (LS‐SVR), is presented for learning of the ARMA model. Moreover, to increase the modelling accuracy and make the model has both good interpolation and extrapolation abilities, improvements of multi‐kernel learning and adaptive output regulation are implemented. Finally, to further enhance the modelling accuracy and efficiency of the constructed ALS‐SVR‐ARMA2K model, the adaptive mutation particle swarm optimisation (AMPSO) is proposed to optimise the hybrid model parameters. Industrial experiments and comparative studies have been carried out on an industrial HCR process, where it has been demonstrated that the developed AMPSO‐ALS‐SVR‐ARMA2K model produces a better modelling accuracy, stronger generalisation capability and sparsity, and faster learning speed than the other methods. Moreover, these superiorities are especially true in the case of small samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-based black liquor from fiber pulping for papermaking creates challenging waste disposal issues. By substituting NaOH with KOH in the pulping process, the resulting black liquors may be land applied as an environmentally beneficial disposal alternative. Incubation studies examined the effect of KOH-based black liquor on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), microbial biomass, CO2 evolution, and soil enzyme activities in a silt loam soil. Amended soils with black liquor at rates up to 67.2 mL kg-1 soil, corresponding to 1200 kg K ha-1 were incubated at 24°C for 60 d. Increasing application rates increased soil pH, indicating that black liquor has potential as a fluid liming material. Soil EC increased with black liquor application rates, but only up to 1.04 dS m-1, suggesting that black liquor application at these rates would not cause a salinity problem. Carbon dioxide evolution rate peaked at 2 d of incubation, and then gradually declined until the end of incubation. Metabolic quotient significantly increased with increasing application rates. Soil microbial biomass, CO2 evolution, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase activities generally increased with increasing application rates throughout the incubation period. In contrast, increasing soil pH with KOH alone generally decreased CO2 evolution and soil dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase activities, indicating that this liquor effects in increasing soil microbial activity were possibly attributable to organic constituents contained in this liquor rather than its high pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Synthese von Graphenquantenpunkten aus dem industriellen Abfallprodukt Schwarzlauge wird von W. Sun, J. Chen, G. A. Ozin et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 14992 beschrieben. Die GQDs werden genutzt, um die photokatalytische Aktivität von TiO SB 2 sb in der H SB 2 sb O- und CO SB 2 sb -Reduktion zu steigern. [Extracted from the article]

Editorial. Introduces a series of articles on plants used in papermaking. Plant species; Plant characteristics; Uses.