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The antimicrobial properties of copper ions can reduce the overgrowth of microorganisms to a certain extent. That reduces the amount of antibiotics used, to avoid superbugs and potential harm. The authors reviewed the antimicrobial mechanisms of copper and copper‐containing nanoparticles (NPs), focusing on the factors influencing their antimicrobial properties. They concluded that the antimicrobial properties were better in environments conducive to the precipitation of copper ions and exposure to microorganisms. Comparing copper with other metal ions leads to the question of why copper is such an important antimicrobial metal ion. In recent years, with the development of science and technology and the understanding of the microscopic world, scientists have skillfully applied the antimicrobial properties of copper in various settings, from direct contact with food to breeding and hygienic environments, and have confirmed the safety of the application. However, because of the toxic effect of NPs, the future goal is to synthesize a copper‐containing NP with good biocompatibility and antibacterial efficiency to benefit human society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Four different extraction methods were used to extract aroma compounds from flour. It was found that dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) was a better method for extracting aroma‐active compounds in flour. Hexanal, decanal, butanoic acid, 2,3‐pentanedione, 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrrolinoline, and 3‐octen‐2‐one were found to be the important aroma‐active compounds in flour by olfaction (O) in two‐dimensional gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry (GC×GC‐O‐MS). Dynamic headspace dilution analysis (DHDA), odour activity value (OAV), recombination and omission experiment further verified that these compounds can roughly simulate the overall aroma profile of flour. In this study, we determined the aroma‐active compounds in flour by molecular sensory science to improve the sensory preference of flour and enhance the quality of flour aroma, which will provide analytical ideas for future research on flour aroma and improve the production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Io, the closest of Jupiter's four Galilean moons, suffers from intense ion bombardment from Jupiter's magnetosphere. The constant atmospheric erosion by energetic ion precipitation, referred to atmospheric sputtering, serves as an important mechanism of Io's atmospheric escape. This study is devoted to a state‐of‐the‐art study of atmospheric sputtering at Io, with the aid of constantly accumulated understandings of Io's space environment and atmospheric photochemistry, as well as the updated laboratory measurements. A Monte Carlo model is constructed to track the energy degradation of incident S++ and O+ and atmospheric recoils from which the sputtering yields of different atmospheric species are determined. Our calculations suggest a total escape rate of 3 × 1029 atom s−1 on Io, and SO2 is the dominant sputtered species. Further investigations reveal that S++ is the most efficient species for atmospheric sputtering on Io, and sputtering yields increase substantially with increasing incident ion mass, energy, and incidence angle. The model sensitivity to different influence factors is also discussed, including scattering angle distribution, atmospheric column density, proton precipitation, inelastic process, and surface sputtering, of which the former two dominate. Plain Language Summary: As the closest Galilean moon of Jupiter, Io is strongly influenced by high energy ions from Jupiter's magnetosphere. The collisions between these high energy ions and background atmospheric particles can produce considerable high energy atmospheric recoils. A large portion of these particles are able to escape to space when their kinetic energies exceed local escape energy. Such a phenomenon is named atmospheric sputtering. In this study, we simulate this process on Io with the aid of parameters from laboratory measurements and a Monte Carlo model. Our calculations show that sputtering is the most important process driving atmospheric loss at Io. We also analyze the effects of various incident plasma populations and model setups on the atmospheric sputtering at Io. Key Points: Atmospheric sputtering is the most important mechanism driving atmosphere escape at IoOur calculations suggest a total escape rate of 3 × 1029 atom s−1 on IoSputtering yields vary substantially with incident plasma and atmospheric conditions, yet are insensitive to proton precipitation and inelastic process [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rutin, a flavonoid rich in buckwheat, is important for human health and plant resistance to external stresses. The hydrolysis of rutin to quercetin underlies the bitter taste of Tartary buckwheat. In order to identify rutin hydrolysis genes, a 200 genotypes mini‐core Tartary buckwheat germplasm resource was re‐sequenced with 30‐fold coverage depth. By combining the content of the intermediate metabolites of rutin metabolism with genome resequencing data, metabolite genome‐wide association analyses (GWAS) eventually identified a glycosyl hydrolase gene FtGH1, which could hydrolyse rutin to quercetin. This function was validated both in Tartary buckwheat overexpression hairy roots and in vitro enzyme activity assays. Mutation of the two key active sites, which were determined by molecular docking and experimentally verified via overexpression in hairy roots and transient expression in tobacco leaves, exhibited abnormal subcellular localization, suggesting functional changes. Sequence analysis revealed that mutation of the FtGH1 promoter in accessions of two haplotypes might be necessary for enzymatic activity. Co‐expression analysis and GWAS revealed that FtbHLH165 not only repressed FtGH1 expression, but also increased seed length. This work reveals a potential mechanism behind rutin metabolism, which should provide both theoretical support in the study of flavonoid metabolism and in the molecular breeding of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The rapid synthesis of structurally complicated electron donors & acceptors still remains a major challenge in organic solar cells (OSC). In this work, we developed a highly efficient strategy to access long‐chain oligomeric donor and acceptors for OSC applications. A series of cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) and benzothiadiazole (BT)‐based π‐conjugated oligomers, i.e., three oligomeric acceptors (BTDT)n‐IC (n = 1—3) and one long‐chain oligomeric donor (BTDT)4‐RD, are facilely synthesized by an atom‐ and step‐economical, and labor‐saving direct C—H arylation (DACH) reaction (i.e., C—H/C—Br cross coupling). Note that (BTDT)4‐RD involving five CPDT, four BT and two rhodamine (RD) building blocks is the longest oligomeric donor in the fullerene‐free OSC devices ever reported. The dependence of the structure‐property‐performance correlation of (BTDT)n‐IC (n = 1—3) and (BTDT)4‐RD on the π‐conjugation lengths is thoroughly investigated by opto‐electrochemical measurements, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OSC devices and microscopies. The (BTDT)1‐IC:PBDB‐T and (BTDT)4‐RD:Y6 BHJs achieve power conversion efficiencies of 9.14% and 4.51%, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that DACH reaction is a powerful tool to tune the opto‐electronic properties and device performances by regulating the lengths of π‐conjugated oligomers with varied numbers of repeating units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the challenges of time‐delay and low accuracy in online gas‐phase composition monitoring during olefin copolymerization processes. Three flowmeters based on different mechanisms are installed in series to measure the real‐time exhaust gas flow rate from the reactor. For the same gas flow, the three flowmeters display different readings, which vary with the properties and composition of the gas mixture. Consequently, the composition of the mixed gas can be determined by analyzing the reading of the three flowmeters. Fitting equations and three machine learning models, namely decision trees, random forests, and extreme gradient boosting, are employed to calculate the gas composition. The results from cold‐model experimental data demonstrate that the XGBoost model outperforms others in terms of accuracy and generalization capabilities. For the concentration of ethylene, propylene, and hydrogen, the determination coefficients (R2) were 0.9852, 0.9882, and 0.9518, respectively, with corresponding normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) values of 0.0352, 0.0312, and 0.0706. The effectiveness of the online monitoring device is further validated through gas phase copolymerization experiments involving ethylene and propylene. The yield and composition of the ethylene and propylene copolymers are successfully predicted using the online measurement data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive measurements made over the past two decades have indicated the widespread and frequent occurrence of gravity waves in the atmosphere of Mars. Gravity waves are able to significantly modify the atmospheric structure and potentially affect atmospheric escape. This study is devoted to examining the hot O escape variability on Mars in the presence of gravity waves with the aid of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation and the multi collision model as well as the multi‐instrument MAVEN data set. Our calculations suggest that the hot O escape probability tends to be enhanced or suppressed in the presence of gravity waves near the Martian exobase and the impacts vary substantially with the ejection angle and nascent energy of hot O, and gravity wave characteristics. Further study indicates that although gravity waves play a negligible role in the averaged hot O escape probability, they are able to enhance hot O escape flux by 20% via altering the hot O production rate rather. Since gravity waves are omnipresent on any planetary body with a permanent atmosphere, they are expected to affect the non‐thermal escape on solar system and extrasolar bodies. Key Points: We evaluate the impacts of gravity waves on the non‐thermal escape of oxygen on Mars for the first timeGravity waves can alter local oxygen escape probabilities for some conditions yet have little effect for the average conditionGravity waves are able to enhance oxygen by ∼20% primarily via enhancing hot oxygen production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichloro‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT) analogs, classified as environmental endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), have been extensively employed as potent insecticides that can cause endocrine system disruption. However, the precise dynamic structural characteristics and interactions between human estrogen‐related receptor gamma (hERRγ) and DDT analogs are not yet fully understood. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the impact of these EDCs (DDT, dichloro‐diphenyl‐dichloroethane (DDD), 2,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), O,P′‐DDT (2,4′‐DDT), 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP), and 4‐hydrotamoxifen (4‐OHT) on the structural changes of hERRγ and their interaction mechanisms by employing multiple molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with MM‐PBSA and SIE approaches. The consequence manifested that overall structures of these six complexes did not transform markedly, but these compounds can affect the local hERRγ structure, leading to essential changes in interactions with pivotal residues nearby L268, V313, L309, Y326, and F435. And van der Waals interactions are the key to how these EDCs interact with hERRγ. These outcomes contribute to our comprehension the risks of DDT analogues to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the influence of postoperative body mass index (BMI) change on postoperative quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) plus modified single stoma cutaneous ureterostomy (MSSCU) or ileal conduit (IC). Methods: Patients were divided into two groups according to different BMI change patterns: patients experiencing an elevated postoperative BMI level, along with a clinically significant increase in their BMI (an increase of more than 10%) were categorized as Group 1, while patients experiencing a decrease postoperative BMI level, along with a clinically significant reduction in their BMI (a decrease of more than 5%) were categorized as Group 2. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations between quality‐of‐life scores and postoperative clinical parameters. Results: Spearman correlation analysis showed that postoperative BMI, late complications and catheter‐free state were significantly associated with postoperative global QoL and symptom scale in MSSCU and postoperative global QoL and physical scale in IC patients. Additionally, postoperative BMI, catheter‐free state and the use of adjuvant therapy were associated with bad performance in many scales of QoL like body image, future perspective, social scale, future perspective (MSSCU), and abdominal bloating (IC) (Table 2, p<0.05). Patients in Group 2 with significant weight loss had a better Global QoL, a lower rate of stomal stricture and a higher catheter‐free state compared with those in Group 1 in both IC and MSSCU patients. MSSCU patients in Group 2 could achieve a comparable Global QoL as to IC patients in Group 1. Conclusion: Controlling the substantial increase in body weight after surgery contributes to improving QoL, reducing the occurrence of stomal stricture, and ensuring a postoperative catheter‐free state in BCa patients undergoing MSSCU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in power consumption of integrated circuits, thermal interface materials (TIMs) attract significant attention. Liquid metal (LM) is an emerging high thermal conductive TIM, because of its excellent rheological properties which are helpful to fill micro gaps existing in a thermal interface. However, due to the apparent leakage hazard of pure LM, they are usually mixed with other materials for applications. In this work, the thermal resistance of silicone oil mixed with LM is about five times lower than that of it mixed with AlN powder of the same volume. This is a counterintuitive fact as the intrinsic thermal conductivity of LM is ≈20 Wm−1 K−1, which is more than ten times lower than AlN's thermal conductivity of 260–320 Wm−1 K−1. In this study, it is suggested that the reason can be attributed to deformed LM and their wetting process on the interface. Moreover, when introducing high load (83 vol%) LM or simultaneously introducing LM and AlN (sum‐load 83 vol%) in silicone oil, these composites achieve high thermal conductivity, low thermal resistance, and good compressibility. In practical application, the SO + LM + AlN composites also show much better heat‐dissipation ability than commercial thermal grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lifespan of schizophrenia patients is significantly shorter than the general population. Olanzapine is one of the most commonly used antipsychotic drugs (APDs) for treating patients with psychosis, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Despite their effectiveness in treating positive and negative symptoms, prolonged exposure to APDs may lead to accelerated aging and cognitive decline, among other side effects. Here we report that dysfunctional mitophagy is a fundamental mechanism underlying accelerated aging induced by olanzapine, using in vitro and in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans) models. We showed that the aberrant mitophagy caused by olanzapine was via blocking mitophagosome–lysosome fusion. Furthermore, olanzapine can induce mitochondrial damage and hyperfragmentation of the mitochondrial network. The mitophagosome–lysosome fusion in olanzapine‐induced aging models can be restored by a mitophagy inducer, urolithin A, which alleviates defective mitophagy, mitochondrial damage, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. Moreover, the mitophagy inducer ameliorated behavioral changes induced by olanzapine, including shortened lifespan, and impaired health span, learning, and memory. These data indicate that olanzapine impairs mitophagy, leading to the shortened lifespan, impaired health span, and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, this study suggests the potential application of mitophagy inducers as therapeutic strategies to reverse APD‐induced adverse effects associated with accelerated aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical indications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in immunosuppressed patients are not clear. This study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of ECMO and to identify the risk factors for the mortality of ECMO in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure. Methods: This retrospective, cohort study included 46 confirmed immunocompromised patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure treated with ECMO between July 2014 and August 2020. The clinical features and outcomes of the survival group and the non‐survival group were statistically analysed. Results: The mean age of the enrolled patients was 60.0 (50.0, 66.0) years; male patients accounted for 60.9% of patients, and the mean CD4 level was 213 cells/μL (150.3, 325.3). The hospital mortality rate of the cohort was 67.4% (31/46 patients). Patients in the survival group showed a higher rate of receiving awake ECMO (11/15 vs. 4/31; p = 0.006), a lower rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (1/15 vs. 12/31; p = 0.035), fewer platelet transfusion units (0/15 vs. 2/31 units; p = 0.039) and a lower rate of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2/15 vs. 19/31; p = 0.006). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis model, intubated ECMO (hazard ratio = 1.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.34–2.32, p < 0.001) and AKI requiring CRRT (1.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.14–1.61, p = 0.003) were identified as independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: In‐hospital mortality has remained high in ECMO‐treated immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure. Intubated ECMO and AKI receiving CRRT during ECMO treatment may predict ECMO failure in immunocompromised patients with ARF. A primarily awake ECMO strategy seems feasible in some selected immunocompromised patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Io, the closest of Jupiter's four Galileo moons, experiences intense volcanic activity that is induced by Jupiter's powerful tidal forces. The active volcanisms consequently create a tenuous SO2‐dominated atmosphere on Io, from which energetic particles can be easily lost due to the weak gravity field. The photolysis of SO2 triggers a complicated network of chemical reactions, which may be a significant source of atmospheric escape on Io. This study, for the first time, is devoted to evaluating the role of the chemically induced escape of S‐ and O‐containing species on Io by combining previous photochemical results and Monte Carlo model calculations. Different atmospheric conditions are compared, including high‐density volcanic and low‐density quiet scenarios, in which various chemical channels are considered. Our calculations suggest that the escape rates driven by photochemistry on Io are (1.1 − 2.0) × 1027 s−1 for total O and (1.5 − 6.7) × 1026 s−1 for total S, occurring mainly in the atomic form. The escape rates are found to vary extensively with the atmospheric conditions, especially in terms of the intensity of volcanic eruption. In general, photochemical escape is more important than Jeans escape for both atomic O and S for the quiet atmosphere scenario, whereas for the volcanic scenario, it is likely important for atomic S only. Plain Language Summary: Volcanic eruption is a frequent phenomenon on Io due to the strong tidal forces exerted by Jupiter, and this process produces substantial SO2 in Io's atmosphere. The photolysis of SO2 is able to produce a large amount of sulfur‐ and oxygen‐containing particles, which may be sufficiently energized to escape. Combining existing chemical model results and Monte Carlo calculations, we evaluate the importance of this escape process on Io for the first time. The volcanic and quiet states on Io are also compared, to evaluate the influences of different atmospheric conditions. Our calculations show that photochemistry is able to drive substantial escape on Io and that the escape rates are enhanced during periods of volcanic eruption. Key Points: We evaluated for the first time the chemically driven escape of sulfur‐ and oxygen‐containing species on IoChemical escape on Io increases by up to a factor of 5 during periods of volcanic eruptionPhotochemistry is an important escape channel on Io, especially under the condition of no volcanic eruption [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi‐layer multi‐pass welding is required for complicated welding of the intersecting seam in the jacket. Traditional manual welding of intersecting curves with low efficiency and poor consistency has been gradually replaced by robotic welding. However, this process cannot eliminate the defects during the welding forming process, resulting in welding deviations. It is difficult to meet the requirements in all‐position welding of intersecting curves. To achieve accurate layering and routing for robotic welding, it is necessary to study the weld forming control and prediction method in the jacket. Response surface methodology adhering to central composite design is used to establish a mathematical model to correlate the effects of input process parameters (voltage, current, speed, weaving amplitude) on response variables, i.e., aspect ratio, cross‐sectional area, and side wetting angle. The confirmation experiments and analysis of variance results validate that the percentage error between the predicted and actual values is less than 5%, which demonstrates the developed models are reliable. Prediction of filling weld forming changes of intersecting joints in jackets can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accurate endoscopic optical prediction of the depth of cancer invasion is critical for guiding an optimal treatment approach of large sessile colorectal polyps but was hindered by insufficient endoscopists expertise and inter‐observer variability. We aimed to construct a clinically applicable artificial intelligence (AI) system for the identification of presence of cancer invasion in large sessile colorectal polyps. Methods: A deep learning‐based colorectal cancer invasion calculation (CCIC) system was constructed. Multi‐modal data including clinical information, white light (WL) and image‐enhanced endoscopy (IEE) were included for training. The system was trained using 339 lesions and tested on 198 lesions across three hospitals. Man–machine contest, reader study and video validation were further conducted to evaluate the performance of CCIC. Results: The overall accuracy of CCIC system using image and video validation was 90.4% and 89.7%, respectively. In comparison with 14 endoscopists, the accuracy of CCIC was comparable with expert endoscopists but superior to all the participating senior and junior endoscopists in both image and video validation set. With CCIC augmentation, the average accuracy of junior endoscopists improved significantly from 75.4% to 85.3% (P = 0.002). Conclusions: This deep learning‐based CCIC system may play an important role in predicting the depth of cancer invasion in colorectal polyps, thus determining treatment strategies for these large sessile colorectal polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary strategy has attracted extensive attention for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ OSCs) owing to their potentially improved light harvesting, cascaded energy levels, and optimized film morphology of binary BHJs. Herein, three novel star‐shaped unfused ring electron acceptors (SSUFREAs), i.e., H1–3, with and without fluorine‐substituent in phenyl core or peripheral group are designed and synthesized as third components via direct C–H arylation to incorporate into PM6:Y6 BHJ films. The structure–property–performance dependence study reveals that the isotropic charge transfer, complementary star‐shape structure and light absorption, and energy‐level cascades of H1–3 with PM6 and Y6 allow ternary BHJs to have higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to the PM6:Y6 binary BHJ. Among them, the ternary BHJ involving fluorine‐free H1, i.e., H1:PM6:Y6, possesses the highest PCE (16.57%) owing to the high‐lying frontier molecular orbital and the enlarged torsion angle, which enhances open‐circuit voltage, inhibits the excessive crystallization of Y6, and facilitates exciton dissociation as well as collection. The findings indicate that SSUFREAs have great potential to serve as third components to optimize morphology and improve the open‐circuit voltage of BHJ OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant voice research has focused mainly on the conditions under which employees speak up, but we have limited knowledge about how employees speak up. This study examines voice tactics or the various ways in which employees express concerns to or share suggestions with their managers. Based on the notion that voice is a deliberative behavior, we draw upon a cost–benefit framework and propose that voice tactics are influenced by messages' characteristics and managers' stable and temporal characteristics. Specifically, we examine the joint effects of issue importance, perceived managerial openness, and managers' positive mood on employees' public (vs. private) and formal (vs. informal) voice tactics. Across two independent studies, our findings demonstrate that employees tend to use public channels and formal procedures only when three conditions are met simultaneously: (a) the issue is important, (b) managers are perceived as being open to employees' voice, and (c) managers are in a positive mood at the time of voicing. In addition, we found that speaking up via public channels or formal procedures is positively related to the success of voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peripheral corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) has been reported to affect gastrointestinal motility through corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor located in enteric nervous system (ENS), but less is known about of the relationship between peripheral CRF and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Methods: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with CRF receptor agonists to determine their effects on colonic ICC. Chronic heterotypic stress (CHeS) was applied to mice to determine endogenous CRF‐CRF receptor signaling on colonic ICC. Results: We found that stressin1, a selective CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) agonist, significantly increased the expression of CRF1 but had no effect on the expression of CRF2 in the smooth muscles of murine colon. The protein expression of c‐Kit, Anoctamin‐1 (ANO1), and stem cell factor (SCF) in the colonic smooth muscles was significantly decreased in stressin1‐treated mice. Accordingly, 2‐(4‐Chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)‐N′‐(2‐methoxybenzylidene) acetohydrazide (Ani 9), a selective ANO1 blocker, had a less significant inhibitory effect on CMMC in stressin1‐treated mice compared to the saline‐treated ones. Similarly, we also found that ICC and ANO1 were reduced in the colonic smooth muscles of mice by treatment with sauvagine (ip), a CRF2 agonist. However, different with stressin1, sauvagine decreased the expression of CRF2 besides increasing CRF1 expression in the colonic smooth muscles. Similar results of CRF1 and c‐Kit expressions were also obtained from the colon of CHeS‐treated mice. Conclusion: All these results suggest that CRF may be involved in the abnormality of colonic motility through peripheral CRF1 to decrease the number and function of ICC, which provides a potential target for treating stress‐induced gastrointestinal motility disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room‐temperature liquid metals, such as galinstan, have become an emerging material in electronics requiring stretchability and deformability due to its excellent fluidity and conductivity. Eutectic gallium‐indium‐tin (galinstan)‐based composites with certain metallic fillers can obtain magnetism. However, the alloying reaction between galinstan and metals leads to the solidification and reduction in stability of the composite. In this study, Ni@SiO2 nanoparticles with the core–shell structure are used as fillers and galinstan as matrix. The obtained galinstan‐Ni@SiO2 paste is fairly stable and this is attributed to the silica shell, which acts as a barrier to isolate the direct contact between the Ni and galinstan. In addition, flexible circuits composed of as‐prepared galinstan‐Ni@SiO2 pastes are fabricated, which exhibited outstanding durability, retrievability, and self‐healing ability under the drive of magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acculturation and identity are two significant determinants of the psychological well‐being of migrants, but how they interactively affect psychological well‐being is still underexplored. This study proposes an interactional perspective that links acculturation and urban identity to the psychological well‐being of rural–urban migrants in China. Using data from the 2014 National Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey, the results of multilevel modeling indicate that both acculturation and urban identity significantly affect the psychological well‐being of rural–urban migrants. Migrants who adopt the integration and assimilation strategy show better psychological well‐being than those who adopt the separation and marginalization strategy. Rural–urban migrants who have a stronger sense of urban identity show better psychological well‐being than those with a weaker sense of urban identity. Meanwhile, urban identity and acculturation also interactively affect the psychological well‐being of rural–urban migrants. In particular, urban identity alleviates the negative pressure generated in the process of acculturation for those who adopt the acculturation strategy of separation. In addition, the effect of acculturation and urban identity on the psychological well‐being of rural–urban migrants varies by migration distance. The research contributes to the literature by demonstrating that cultural identity and place identity interactively affect the psychological well‐being of internal migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of loading rates on the seismic response of steel structures. A series of coupon tests under typical earthquake‐induced loading rates are carried out. In addition to the conventional monotonic tension test, the specimens are also tested under a discontinuous loading protocol that is analogous to the ramp‐and‐hold scheme employed in the pseudo‐dynamic hybrid simulations. The test results are used to develop a uniaxial steel material model to account for the strain rate effect and stress relaxation. The material model facilitates the reuse of existing steel hysteresis models and can be used to model different structural components, such as columns, beams, braces, etc. The material model is then used for a parametric study to evaluate the impact of various loading rates on the global seismic response of a single degree of freedom structural system with different structural periods, and types and intensities of ground motions. It is found that the impact of loading rates is more significant for structures with a period of 0.5 s or less and it thus requires a fast control of the physical specimen in pseudo‐dynamic hybrid testing. In addition, the material model is applied to a five‐storey buckling restrained braced frame (BRBF) building with a structural period of 1.2 s. It is found that the earthquake‐induced loading rates have a minor impact on the global response of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents lumped spring model parameters for nonlinear seismic analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. The modified Ibarra‐Medina‐Krawinkler (M‐IMK) hysteresis model is used as a lumped spring to simulate the inelastic behaviour of a RC frame element. The influence of loading protocols on the calibration of model parameters is investigated and compared with other hysteresis models, such as the original IMK and Bouc‐Wen‐Baber‐Noori (BWBN) models. Less dependent on the loading protocol used for model identification, the parameters of the modified IMK hysteresis model are calibrated to model a database of 383 rectangular RC columns. To simplify the calibration process, the model parameters that define the monotonic response are determined based on code and empirical equations, while the parameters that control the hysteretic degradations are calibrated against the experimental results. The calibrated model parameters are used to develop regression equations for the model parameters based on physical variables, such as loading, dimensions, and material properties. It is found that the model parameters obtained from the experimental calibration and regression equations generate similar hysteresis curves. The performance of the lumped spring model to nonlinear time history analysis of RC structures subjected to earthquakes is also evaluated through a series of pseudo‐dynamic hybrid simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This pilot study aims at exploiting machine learning techniques to extract color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) features and to build an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on these CDUS features for improving the diagnostic performance of thyroid cancer classification. Methods: A total of 674 patients with 712 thyroid nodules (TNs) (512 from internal dataset and 200 from external dataset) were randomly selected in this retrospective study. We used ANN to build a model (TDUS‐Net) for classifying malignant and benign TNs using both the automatically extracted quantitative CDUS features (whole ratio, intranodular ratio, peripheral ratio, and number of vessels) and gray‐scale ultrasound (US) features defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI‐RADS). Then, we compared the diagnostic performance of the model, the performance of another ANN model based on the gray‐scale US features alone (TUS‐Net), and that of radiologists. Results: The TDUS‐Net (0.898, 95% CI: 0.868–0.922) achieved a higher area under the curve (AUC) than that of TUS‐Net (0.881, 95% CI: 0.850–0.908) in the internal tests. Compared with radiologists, TDUS‐Net (AUC: 0.925, 95% CI: 0.880–0.958) performed better than radiologists (AUC: 0.810, 95% CI: 0.749–0.862) in the external tests. Conclusions: Applying a machine learning model by combining both gray‐scale US features and CDUS features can achieve comparable or even higher performance than radiologists in classifying TNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facile synthesis without involvement of toxic reagents is of great significance in the practical application of photovoltaic materials. In this work, four acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A−D−A) type unfused‐ring acceptors (UFRAs) with stepwise extension in π‐conjugation, i. e. CPFB‐IC‐n (n=1–4), involving cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) and 1,4‐difluorobenzene (DFB) as cores, are facilely synthesized by an atom‐, step‐economic and labor‐saving method through direct arylation of C−H bond (DACH). Among them, CPFB‐IC‐4 has the longest conjugation lengths among the molecular UFRA ever reported. The dependence of optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performances of CPFB‐IC‐n (n=1–4) on conjugation length were systematically investigated. CPFB‐IC‐2 with near zero highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) offsets (ΔEHOMO=0.06 eV) achieves the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE), due to the significantly enhanced open voltage (VOC) and short current (JSC) caused by the balanced frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and complementary light absorption. Our work demonstrates that the optical properties and FMOs of UFRAs can be finely tuned by the stepwise elongation of conjugation lengths. Meanwhile, DACH coupling as a powerful tool here established will be a promising candidate for synthesizing high‐performance oligomeric UFRAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal injury repair is a complex process during which the maintenance of the proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) exert a crucial role. MicroRNAs have been proven to exert an essential function in repairing skin burns. This study delves into the regulatory effects of miR‐24‐3p on the migration and proliferation of HSFs that have sustained a thermal injury, thereby, providing deeper insight into thermal injury repair pathogenesis. The PPAR‐β protein expression level progressively increased in a time‐dependent manner on the 12th, 24th and 48th hour following the thermal injury of the HSFs. The knockdown of PPAR‐β markedly suppressed the proliferation of and migration of HSF. Following thermal injury, the knockdown also promoted the inflammatory cytokine IL‐6, TNF‐α, PTGS‐2 and P65 expression. PPAR‐β contrastingly exhibited an opposite trend. A targeted relationship between PPAR‐β and miR‐24‐3p was predicted and verified. miR‐24‐3p inhibited thermal injured HSF proliferation and migration and facilitated inflammatory cytokine expression through the regulation of PPAR‐β. p65 directly targeted the transcriptional precursor of miR‐24 and promoted miR‐24 expression. A negative correlation between miR‐24‐3p expression level and PPAR‐β expression level in rats' burnt dermal tissues was observed. Our findings reveal that miR‐24‐3p is conducive to rehabilitating the denatured dermis, which may be beneficial in providing effective therapy of skin burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen escape is a metric of water loss on Mars, which controls the long‐term evolution of the planet. While the Jeans formulism has been traditionally used to evaluate hydrogen escape on Mars, here we propose that this escape could be significantly enhanced by horizontal winds near the exobase. The enhancement reaches 20% for H and 100% for H2, and presents solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations well correlated with the variations of the horizontal wind velocity. Physically, the enhancement is driven by the departure of the particle velocity distribution from ideal Maxwellian and is critically controlled by the Mach number as the ratio of the horizontal wind velocity to the thermal velocity. A larger Mach number (due to a larger wind velocity, a lower temperature, a larger particle mass, or any combination of the three) implies a stronger degree of departure and consequently more enhanced escape over the Jeans case. Plain Language Summary: Hydrogen escape is a metric of water loss on Mars which plays a crucial role in the long‐term climate evolution of the planet. The traditional Jeans formulism, proposed one century ago, has been widely used to evaluate hydrogen escape on Mars, but previous experiences with atmospheric escape of light species on both the Earth and Titan imply that the Jeans escape flux may be seriously underestimated due to the neglect of horizontal winds in the upper atmosphere. In this study, we perform simple kinetic calculations that confirm the scenario of significantly enhanced hydrogen escape on Mars as driven by the presence of horizontal winds. The degree of such an enhancement is surprisingly large, which could reach 20% for H escape and even 100% for H2 escape, urging reassessment of water loss from Mars both at the current epoch and over the history. Physically, the enhancement of hydrogen escape is linked to a significant departure of the particle velocity distribution from ideal Maxwellian. Meanwhile, the horizontal wind field in the Martian upper atmosphere is known to demonstrate interesting solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations, which are well inherited by the predicted variations of the wind‐driven enhancement of hydrogen escape. Key Points: Horizontal winds near the Martian exobase can enhance the H and H2 escape fluxes by up to 20% and 100%Wind‐driven enhancement of hydrogen escape is more prominent for fast horizontal winds and low temperatures near the exobaseWind‐enhanced hydrogen escape presents significant solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramic was successfully fabricated without doping sintering additive by the pressureless sintering method. Γ‐Al2O3 nano‐powder that can be assimilated by the AlON matrix was used for promoting the densification of AlON during the sintering. The sintering behavior of AlON and the effects of γ‐Al2O3 nano‐powder on the phase, hardness, and transmittance of AlON have been investigated in detail. The mechanisms of γ‐Al2O3 nano‐powder on the AlON green body modifying and the sintering promoting are revealed. The transmittance of the AlON ceramic is dramatically enhanced by doping γ‐Al2O3 nano‐powder and the 2 mm thick sample doped with 2.5 wt% γ‐Al2O3 nano‐powder shows an inline transmittance above 81% at 1500 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in cancer progression. Nonetheless, the role and mechanism of circ_0040705 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unclear. The aberrantly expressed circRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) in HCC tissues were screened by bioinformatics. Circ_0040705, miR‐557, SRY‐box transcription factor 2 (SOX2), E‐cadherin, and N‐cadherin expressions were determined using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) or Western blot. Cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU), and Transwell experiments were utilized to examine the changes in HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion after circ_0040475 was overexpressed or knocked down. Lung metastasis assay was used to validate the effects of circRNA_0040705 on the lung metastasis of HCC cells in vivo. Binding sequences between circ_0040705 and miR‐557 and between miR‐557 and SOX2 were verified using dual‐luciferase reporter gene experiments. The expression levels of circ_0040705 and SOX2 mRNA were markedly increased in HCC tissues, but miR‐557 expression was down‐regulated. Circ_0040705 overexpression enhanced the growth, migration, invasion, and the expressions of E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin of HCC cells and promoted lung metastasis in vivo, whereas circ_0040705 knockdown exerted the opposite effects in HCC cells. Circ_0040705 worked as a sponge for miR‐557 to down‐modulate miR‐557 expression, and miR‐557 could specifically down‐modulate SOX2 expression. Circ_0040705 facilitates HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion by down‐modulating miR‐557 expression and up‐modulating SOX2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin wound repair is a multistage process involving multiple cellular and molecular interactions, which modulate the cell behaviors and dynamic remodeling of extracellular matrices to maximize regeneration and repair. Consequently, abnormalities in cell functions or pathways inevitably give rise to side effects, such as dysregulated inflammation, hyperplasia of nonmigratory epithelial cells, and lack of response to growth factors, which impedes angiogenesis and fibrosis. These issues may cause delayed wound healing or even non‐healing states. Current clinical therapeutic approaches are predominantly dedicated to preventing infections and alleviating topical symptoms rather than addressing the modulation of wound microenvironments to achieve targeted outcomes. Bioactive materials, relying on their chemical, physical, and biological properties or as carriers of bioactive substances, can affect wound microenvironments and promote wound healing at the molecular level. By addressing the mechanisms of wound healing from the perspective of cell behaviors, this review discusses how bioactive materials modulate the microenvironments and cell behaviors within the wounds during the stages of hemostasis, anti‐inflammation, tissue regeneration and deposition, and matrix remodeling. A deeper understanding of cell behaviors during wound healing is bound to promote the development of more targeted and efficient bioactive materials for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members compare their differential leader‐member exchanges (LMXs) to understand the triadic relationship (Member A, Member B, and their common leader); this will affect how members interact. Prior research based on balance theory assumes that the two members have a consensus on the structure of the triadic relationship, to argue that when Member A perceives their LMX to be lower than that of Member B, such an LMX imbalance would drive Member A to interact negatively with Member B. Comparison of LMX, however, reflects one's subjective perception, which may not be shared by the other. Therefore, we draw on social comparison theory to examine both members' comparisons of LMX simultaneously and suggest that when they both perceive the other's LMX as better than their own, they may engage more in affiliative behaviors and develop a higher‐quality coworker exchange (CWX). The results of two studies consistently supported these hypotheses. This research extends our understanding of LMX in triadic relations and demonstrates that mismatched perceptions of LMX dyadic comparison between two members (i.e., both perceive an LMX imbalance) could motivate members to develop a positive relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) among patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to increase. Here, we identified potential risk factors for in‐hospital mortality among HIV‐negative patients with PCP admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 154 non‐HIV‐infected PCP patients admitted to the ICU at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and China‐Japan Friendship Hospital (CJFH) from October 2012 to July 2020. Clinical characteristics were examined, and factors related to in‐hospital mortality were analyzed. Results: A total of 154 patients were enrolled in our study. Overall, the in‐hospital mortality rate was 65.6%. The univariate analysis indicated that nonsurvivors were older (58 vs. 52 years, P = 0.021), were more likely to use high‐dose steroids (≥1 mg/kg/day prednisone equivalent, 39.62% vs. 55.34%, P = 0.047), receive caspofungin during hospitalization (44.6% vs. 28.3%, P = 0.049), require invasive ventilation (83.2% vs. 47.2%, P < 0.001), develop shock during hospitalization (61.4% vs. 20.8%, P < 0.001), and develop pneumomediastinum (21.8% vs. 47.2%, P = 0.001) and had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores on ICU admission (20.32 vs. 17.39, P = 0.003), lower lymphocyte counts (430 vs. 570 cells/μl, P = 0.014), and lower PaO2/FiO2 values (mmHg) on admission (108 vs. 147, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.06; P = 0.024), use of high‐dose steroids (≥1 mg/kg/day prednisone equivalent) during hospitalization (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.07–4.90; P = 0.034), and a low oxygenation index on admission (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99–1.00; P = 0.014) were associated with in‐hospital mortality. Conclusions: The mortality rate of non‐HIV‐infected patients with PCP was high, and predictive factors of a poor prognosis were advanced age, use of high‐dose steroids (≥1 mg/kg/day prednisone equivalent) during hospitalization, and a low oxygenation index on admission. The use of caspofungin during hospitalization might have no contribution to the prognosis of non‐HIV‐infected patients with PCP in the ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their excellent dielectric properties and energy storage performance, polymer‐based composites have shown great potential in the application of pulse energy storage capacitors and electrostatic capacitors. In this study, BaTiO3 (BT) particles with different sizes were modified with dopamine to prepare core–shell structured BT particles (PDA@BT), and then the poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN)‐based PDA@BT/PEN composites were prepared. As a common biological material, dopamine has a variety of functional groups which can be used to improve the compatibility between the fillers and the matrix. Moreover, the movement of the carriers at the interface of the composites is limited and the loss is reduced. The composites with an optimized filler size illustrate a high energy density of 1.37 J/cm3 at 160 kV/mm, which nearly reaches up to the energy density of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) at low electric field. In addition, the composites have the superior power density of 1.88 MW/cm3 with a fast discharge time of 0.138 μs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous study indicated that streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes leads to colonic platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α‐positive (PDGFRα+) cell proliferation accompanied by slow colonic transit in mice; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. The present study used western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative PCR to investigate whether proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) mediates PDGFRα+ cell proliferation. Our results showed that PDGFRα, PAR2, and Ki‐67 coexpression was increased in the diabetic colonic muscle layer. PDGFRα and PAR2 mRNA and protein expression levels were also markedly enhanced in the diabetic colonic muscle layer. Mice treated with 2‐furoyl‐LIGRLO‐amide (2‐F‐L‐a), a PAR2 agonist, exhibited significant colon elongation and increased smooth muscle weight. In the 2‐F‐L‐a‐treated mice, PDGFRα, PAR2, and Ki‐67 coexpression was increased and PDGFRα and PAR2 mRNA and protein expression was significantly enhanced in the colonic smooth muscle layer. 2‐F‐L‐a also increased proliferation and PDGFRα expression in NIH/3T3 cells cultured in high glucose, while LY294002, a PI3K antagonist, decreased cell proliferation and PDGFRα expression. PI3K and Akt protein and mRNA expression and p‐Akt protein expression in diabetic and 2‐F‐L‐a‐treated mice were markedly reduced in colonic smooth muscle. 2‐F‐L‐a also reduced PI3K, Akt, and p‐Akt protein expression in NIH/3T3 cells, while the PI3K antagonist LY294002 increased this expression. The results indicate that PAR2 is involved in the proliferation of PDGFRα+ cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the colon of STZ‐induced diabetic mice, which may contribute to the slow transit and constipation that are associated with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC clades dominate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics in China. Both clades have been identified in the men who have sex with men (MSM) population in Guangdong province, raising a serious concern of possible complex recombination events ahead. Here, we report the first case of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC recombinant sampled from a MSM patient in southern China. The genomic structure of this case is a mosaic with some regions resembling the CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC clades. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the two parental lineages of this recombinant virus were mainly found in the MSM population. This case has a different genomic composition compared with other recombinants descended from the same parental clades CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Our finding suggests that the MSM populations have become a hotspot for expanding viral diversity through the viral recombination mechanism. Therefore, further epidemiologic surveillance and monitoring should be conducted within the MSM populations to help advance our knowledge of viral transmission mechanisms. Additionally, these measures will serve to enhance the control and prevention of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low melting gallium‐based liquid metal (LM) is showing tremendous potential in many technologies due to its unique properties. However, the high surface tensions as well as oxidations result in poor wetting capability on most solid surfaces, which limits its practical application. In this work, a simple chemical method is utilized to enable spontaneous wetting of LM on various metal surfaces, such as copper, nickel, and iron. It is found that LM can spread rapidly on the metal substrates treated with CuCl2 solution through reactive‐wetting and metallic bond‐enabled wetting mechanism. The redox reaction between Ga and copper compound and the formation of intermetallic compound via LM phagocytosis help drive LM to wet metal substrates spontaneously. Many factors affecting the wetting behaviors of LM, including surface roughness, crystal size, and ambient environment, are systematically studied. This finding provides a novel strategy to solve the wetting problem of LM and will enable wider applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular magnetic refrigerating material is a kind of green and environmentally friendly materials, which achieve the purpose of cooling by its magnetocaloric effect. Magnetic density is crucial to the magnetocaloric effect of the complexes, and it is usually described by the parameters of Mw/NGd or metal/ligand mass ratio, which represents the content of Gd (III) in the complexes. In order to establish the functional relation between these parameters and magnetocaloric effect, doping is a credible method without changing the coordination environment of the system, which is realized by the process of increasing Gd (III) gradually in the diamagnetic complex. Hence, a diamagnetic dinuclear Y2, four doped samples Gd0.24Y1.76, Gd0.51Y1.49, Gd1.04Y0.96, and Gd1.46Y0.54, and a pure dinuclear Gd2 were synthesized and characterized. Through the measurement of magnetic properties and data fitting, the functional relations were obtained between these parameters and −ΔSm in this dinuclear system. It is the first time that the relationships are set up via experimental design, and it will contribute to observation and comprehension of how magnetic density affects the magnetocaloric effect. In addition, the −ΔSm of dinuclear Gd2 is 29.96 J kg−1 K−1, which is higher than most of the reported dinuclear Gd (III)‐based complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development, implementation and application of an integrated simulation method for non‐linear soil‐structure interaction (SSI) analysis of nuclear structures. The integrated simulation method allows decomposition of the soil‐structure system into three subsystems: the superstructure, the soil‐foundation interface, and the soil domain. Each decomposed subsystem can be modelled independently using a proper finite element analysis program to accurately represent its non‐linear behaviour as per the current guideline for non‐linear SSI analysis of nuclear structures. The integrated simulation method is applicable to both static and dynamic analysis cases. The method was applied to the detailed SSI analysis of a realistic nuclear containment structure. The analysis was benefited by using different analysis tools for the three subsystems to capture both material and geometrical nonlinearities such as sliding and gapping at the soil‐foundation interface. The integrated model was compared with the model based on the fixed‐base assumption. Different results address the importance of non‐linear SSI analysis for seismic performance assessment of nuclear structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Recent studies have shown that global metabolic reprogramming is a common event in plant innate immunity; however, the relevant molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a pathogen‐induced glycosyltransferase, UGT73C7, that plays a critical role in Arabidopsis disease resistance through mediating redirection of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Loss of UGT73C7 function resulted in significantly decreased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, whereas constitutive overexpression of UGT73C7 led to an enhanced defense response. UGT73C7‐activated immunity was demonstrated to be dependent on the upregulated expression of SNC1, a Toll/interleukin 1 receptor‐type NLR gene. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that UGT73C7 could glycosylate p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid, the upstream metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Mutations that lead to the loss of UGT73C7 enzyme activities resulted in the failure to induce SNC1 expression. Moreover, glycosylation activity of UGT73C7 resulted in the redirection of phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acids and coumarins. The disruption of the phenylpropanoid pathway suppressed UGT73C7‐promoted SNC1 expression and the immune response. This study not only identified UGT73C7 as an important regulator that adjusts phenylpropanoid metabolism upon pathogen challenge, but also provided a link between phenylpropanoid metabolism and an NLR gene. Significance Statement: Global metabolic reprogramming is a common event in plant innate immunity; however, the relevant molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we identified that the pathogen‐induced glycosyltransferase UGT73C7 is an important regulator that adjusts phenylpropanoid metabolism upon pathogen challenge and promotes SNC1‐dependent Arabidopsis immunity, thus providing a link between phenylpropanoid metabolism and an NLR gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Limited information exists about the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Objective: To evaluate the hospital mortality of patients with ARDS in relation to BMI. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study including patients with ARDS. ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Body weight and height were obtained to calculate BMI. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) free days within 28 days and length of stays in the ICU and hospital. Results: Among 523 patients, 28 (5%) were underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), 299 (57%) were normal weight (BMI 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2), 159 (30%) were overweight (BMI 25‐29.9 kg/m2) and 37 (7%) were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Increasing BMI was associated with younger age (P = 0.017), hypertension (P = 0.003) and diabetes (P = 0.02). Compared with normal weight, being overweight and obese resulted in lower mortality regardless of whether in the hospital (P = 0.019) or ICU (P = 0.044). However, after risk adjustment, only obesity was associated with lower hospital mortality (OR 0.393, 95% CI 0.169‐0.914, P = 0.030). With the increase of BMI, the in‐hospital mortality and ICU mortality of ARDS dropped gradually (from 57.1% to 24.3%, P = 0.021, and from 53.6% to 24.3%, P = 0.035). Conclusions: Obesity is associated with lower mortality in patients with ARDS. With the increase of BMI, the mortality of ARDS drops gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Elucidating the biochemical and molecular basis of premature abscission in fruit crops should help develop strategies to enhance fruit set and yield. Here, we report that LcERF2 contributes to differential abscission rates and responses to ethylene in Litchi chinensis (litchi). Reduced LcERF2 expression in litchi was observed to reduce fruit abscission, concurrent with enhanced pedicel growth and increased levels of hexoses, particularly galactose, as well as pectin abundance in the cell wall. Ecoptic expression of LcERF2 in Arabidopsis thaliana caused enhanced petal abscission, together with retarded plant growth and reduced pedicel galactose and pectin contents. Transcriptome analysis indicated that LcERF2 modulates the expression of genes involved in cell wall modification. Yeast one‐hybrid, dual‐luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays all demonstrated that a UDP‐glucose‐4‐epimerase gene (LcUGE) was the direct downstream target of LcERF2. This result was further supported by a significant reduction in the expression of the A. thaliana homolog AtUGE2‐4 in response to LcERF2 overexpression. Significantly reduced pedicel diameter and enhanced litchi fruit abscission were observed in response to LcUGE silencing. We conclude that LcERF2 mediates fruit abscission by orchestrating cell wall metabolism, and thus pedicel growth, in part by repressing the expression of LcUGE. Significance Statement: This study shed light upon the critical role of LcERF2 in regulating organ abscission by repressing the expression of LcUGE and thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis and organ growth. In addition, our work revealed the role of LcUGE in pedicel development and fruit abscission in litchi, and demonstrated that LcERF2 repressed the expression of LcUGE by binding to a region 800–850 bp upstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor vasculature blockade therapy (TVBT), including angiogenesis inhibition, vascular disruption, and vascular infarction, provides a promising treatment modality for solid tumors. However, low selectivity, drug resistance, and possible severe side effects have limited the clinical transformation of TVBT. Engineered nanoparticles offer potential solutions, including prolonged circulation time, targeted transportation, and controlled release of TVBT agents. Moreover, engineered nanomedicines provide a promising combination platform of TVBT with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, ultrasound therapy, and gene therapy. In this article, we offer a comprehensive summary of the current progress of engineered nanomedicines for TVBT and also discuss current deficiencies and future directions for TVBT development. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic DiseaseTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saltmarsh‐mangrove ecotones occur at the boundary of the natural geographic distribution of mangroves and salt marshes. Climate warming and species invasion can also drive the formation of saltmarsh‐mangrove mixing communities. How these coastal species live together in a "new" mixed community is important in predicting the dynamic of saltmarsh‐mangrove ecosystems as affected by ongoing climate change or human activities. To date, the understanding of species interactions has been rare on adult species in these ecotones.Two typical coastal wetlands were selected as cases to understand how mangrove and saltmarsh species living together in the ecotones. The leaves of seven species were sampled from these coastal wetlands based on their distribution patterns (living alone or coexisting) in the high tidal zone, and seven commonly used functional traits of these species were analyzed.We found niche separation between saltmarsh and mangrove species, which is probably due to the different adaptive strategies they adopted to deal with intertidal environments.Weak interactions between coexisting species were dominated in the high tidal zone of the two saltmarsh‐mangrove communities, which could be driven by both niche differentiation and neutral theory.Synthesis. Our field study implies a potential opportunity to establish a multispecies community in the high tidal zone of saltmarsh‐mangrove ecotones, where the sediment was characterized by low salinity and high nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrowband photodetector (NB‐PD) with selective light detection is critical for artificial vision and imaging. Intrinsic (optical‐filter‐free) NB‐PDs using conjugated organics or halide perovskite materials have been developed for eliminating the current complex filtering systems in NB‐PDs. However, the poor performance and external driving circuit of organic NB‐PDs as well as complex doping and uncontrollable recombination reactions in typical perovskite NB‐PDs have limited their applicational diversification. A p‐type self‐doped perovskite for intrinsic NB detection is reported which exhibits unique unbalanced electron–hole transfer kinetics. In conjunction with the optical field distribution, an unbalanced charge transport within the self‐doped perovskite triggers a wavelength‐dependent photo‐carrier collection, resulting in a novel spontaneous internal quantum efficiency narrowing mechanism. As a result, by reverting the device architectural polarity, an NB detection at a monochromic light of either red or UV is observed. Using such a revertible asymmetric device design, self‐powered NB‐PDs are successfully achieved. Briefly, the corresponding NB‐PDs exhibit excellent narrow response with a response window of ≈100 nm, high detectivity ≈1011 Jones, and fast response speed (f−3dB ≈ 60 kHz) at zero bias. These results demonstrate a new strategy of manipulating internal charge transport to realize power‐free and filter‐free intrinsic NB‐PDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intermolecular hydroalkylative dearomatization of naphthalenes with commercially available α‐amino acids is achieved via visible‐light photoredox catalysis. With an organic photocatalyst, a series of multi‐substituted 1,2‐dihydronaphthalenes are obtained in good‐to‐excellent yields. Intriguingly, by tuning the substituents at the C2 position of naphthalenes, formal dearomative [3+2] cycloadditions occur exclusively via a hydroalkylative dearomatization–cyclization sequence. This overall redox‐neutral method features mild reaction conditions, good tolerance of functionalities, and operational simplicity. Diverse downstream elaborations of the products are demonstrated. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the involvement of a radical–radical coupling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partitioned methods have been widely used in multiphysics and large‐scale structure‐media problems since they allow decomposition of a complex system into smaller subsystems. Although they have been considered to be superior to monolithic methods in terms of software reuse, difficulties still exist in the implementation process. This paper addresses these difficulties and proposes a new method to ease the coupling of the dynamic subsystems analyzed with different finite element codes. This is enabled by the development of a new staggered approach such that each involved program acts as a black box that is accessible only through model input and output, that is, displacements and forces, at the interface boundary. The accuracy and stability of the proposed method are numerically evaluated. A practical method to determine the maximum time step for stable solutions is also proposed. Two application examples are presented to verify the algorithm and demonstrate potential of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense image matching (DIM) is a critical technique when computing accurate 3D geometric information for many photogrammetric applications. Most DIM methods adopt first‐order regularisation priors for efficient matching, which often introduce stepped biases (also called fronto‐parallel biases) into the matching results. To remove these biases and compute more accurate matching results, this paper proposes a novel post‐filtering method by adjusting the surface orientation of each pixel in the matching process. The core algorithm formulates the post‐filtering as the optimisation of a global energy function with second‐order regularisation priors. A compromise solution of the energy function is computed by breaking the optimisation into a collection of sub‐optimisations of each pixel in a local adaptive window. The proposed method was compared with several state‐of‐the‐art post‐filtering methods on indoor, aerial and satellite datasets. The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed method obtains the highest post‐filtering accuracies on all datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]