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Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor occurring in the oral cavity. Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the biomarkers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), p53 and Ki67 expression in OSCC cases, and its correlation with other well-established clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: Seventy cases of OSCC cases diagnosed between 2015 and 2019 were included in the study. A technique of manual tissue microarray was employed for the analysis of expression of IHC markers such as EGFR, HER2/neu, p53, and Ki67 in all cases. Results were subjected to the statistical analysis. Results: A statistically significant positive association was noted between EGFR expression and tumor grade, tumor stage, and p53 immunoexpression in OSCC cases. Increased EGFR expression was noted insignificantly in OSCC cases with lymph node (LN) metastasis and Ki67 positive cases. Statistically significant positive association was noted between HER2/neu expression and tumor grade and stage of oral SCC cases. Increased HER2/neu expression was noted insignificantly in OSCC cases with LN metastasis, p53 and Ki67 positive OSCC cases. A statistically significant positive association was noted between percent of tumor cells expressing EGFR, HER2/neu, p53 and Ki67, and grade of OSCC. Conclusion: This study intends to document prognostic utility of EGFR and HER2/neu expression in OSCC cases in the Indian setting and contribute to the data pool which could aid in formulating individual tailored therapy that includes targeted therapy in oral SCC cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BCA) is the second most common cancer among women in India and accounts for 7% of global burden of BCA. The axillary lymph node status is an independent prognostic factor. The combined estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu biomarker expression is a predictor of BCA status for therapeutic guidance. Studies have demonstrated that these biomarkers are unstable throughout their tumor progression. Varying concordance and discordance rates in the biomarker expression between primary breast carcinoma (PBC) and metastatic axillary lymph node (MALN) status are reported.Aim: This study was conducted for studying and comparing the expression of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, i.e., ER, PR, HER2/neu, p53, and Ki67 between PBC and their corresponding MALN for prognostication and therapeutic purpose.Methods: Sixty cases of PBC with metastasis to axillary lymph nodes diagnosed between years 2008 and 2014 were included in the study. A technique of manual tissue array was employed for cases subjected to IHC. Analyses of the expression of IHC markers were attempted between the PBC and their corresponding synchronous MALN and classified as concordant or discordant. Results were subjected to statistical analysis.Results: Substantial agreement was observed for biomarker ER, PR, HER2/neu, p53, and Ki67 expression between PBC and MALN with k-value 0.79, 0.75, 0.89, 0.7, and 0.6, respectively.Conclusion: There was high concordance for the IHC markers: ER, PR, HER2/neu, p53, and Ki67 expression in matched pairs of PBC and corresponding synchronous MALN. However, the discordance noted in small subgroups cannot be overlooked. Thus, there is a need to perform ER, PR, HER2/neu, p53, and Ki67 IHC studies routinely in both PBC and MALN to help design therapies that are tailored to target the specific tumor clones and render maximum benefit to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian cancer is the third leading site of cancer among women, trailing behind cervix and breast cancer. Aim: This study was undertaken to analyze the immunohistochemical (IHC) profile of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), Ki-67, and p53 in various ovarian epithelial tumors and attempt correlation with clinical and histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of 4 years. A technique of manual tissue array was employed for cases subjected for IHC. The primary antibodies used were ER, PR, p53, and Ki-67. A correlation was attempted between histopathological and IHC findings. Results were subjected to statistical analysis. Software program "the primer of biostatistics 5.0" was used for calculation of interrelationships between the analyzed ER, PR, p53, and Ki-67 expression and histological factors by Pearson's Chi-square test. The results were considered to be significant when the P < 0.05. Results: There were 110 cases of surface epithelial ovarian tumors (SEOT) encountered over the period of 4 years. The expression of ER was more in malignant tumors (13/16, 81.25%) than borderline (9/12, 75%) and benign (20/82, 24.39%). As compared to ER, the expression of PR was more in benign (51/82, 62.19%) than borderline (8/12, 66.67%) and malignant tumors (9/16, 56.25%). The expression of PR was more in benign tumors than borderline and malignant tumors. However, this was not statistically significant (Chi-square = 0.335 with 2 degrees of freedom; P = 0.846). The expression of p53 was less in benign (5/82, 6.1%) than borderline (9/12, 75%) and malignant tumors (13/16, 81.25%). The expression of Ki-67 was more in malignant (4/82, 4.88%) than borderline (10/12, 83.33%) and benign tumors (15/16, 93.75%). In all the above cases, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was statistically significant difference in the expression of ER, PR, p53, and Ki-67 in the patients with age <40 years and above 40 years (P = 0.912). A positive correlation was observed in p53 expression and tumor grade. Similar correlation was seen in Ki-67 and tumor grade. It was also noted that mean Ki-67 labeling index (Li) had also increased with tumor grade. In the case of serous tumors, ER was expressed in all high- and low-grade tumors. The expression of PR was more in low-grade tumors than high-grade ones. P53 expression was seen in all highgrade tumors and 33.34% of low-grade tumor. The Ki-67 Li was more in high-grade tumors than low-grade tumors. Expression of ER, p53, and Ki-67 was higher in tumor showing metastasis. The mean Ki-67 Li was also higher in metastasizing tumors. However, PR expression was less in metastasizing tumors than nonmetastasizing tumors. Conclusion: IHC marker report of ER, PR status, and Ki-67 if included in each pathology report will pave the way for better understanding of biological behavior and modify treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merkel cell carcinoma also known as neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin is a very rare skin tumor. It commonly presents in the old age and the common sites are head, neck and extremities. The diagnosis requires histopathological examination with immunohistochemical correlation. We report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma stage IIIB with bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy that on FNAB showed metastatic deposits of the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant soft tissue chondromas (STCs) of the wrist are seldom encountered in clinical practice. Precise diagnosis of benign STC may pose diagnostic difficulties on clinical and radiological findings alone. We encountered a slowly growing soft tissue neoplasm in the radial aspect of the wrist joint of the right hand in a 52-year-old male, masquerading as a calcified hematoma, as suggested by magnetic resonance imaging. On cytohistopathological examination, it turned out to be a rare giant STC. The variable cellularity, in conjunction with cellular immaturity and atypia, could mislead one to a malignant pathological interpretation. Diagnosis is based on both radiological and cytohistological evaluation, which is indispensable for determining the tumor type. The detailed clinical, radiological, cytomorphological, and immune-histopathological study was carried out, which has prompted us to report this case along with a review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) family of tumors is an uncommon group of malignant neoplasms that may present in both skeletal and extraskeletal sites. PNET outside the central nervous system is called peripheral PNET (pPNET) developing from migrating embryonal cells of the neural crest. Very few cases of pPNET of the maxilla are reported in English literature. These tumors may be difficult to diagnose due to their primitive morphology. These tumors occur predominantly in infancy or early childhood. The occurrence of extraskeletal ES/PNET in the maxillary sinus in an old age is very rare. We report a case of extraskeletal ES/PNET developing in maxillary sinus in a 60-year-old woman. The ES/ PNET should be included in the differential diagnosis of a small round cell tumor and immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of immunomarkers should be done for correct diagnosis and proper treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary giant cell tumors of soft tissues (GCT-ST) are extremely rare soft tissue tumors, located in both superficial and deep soft tissues. They resemble osseous giant cell tumors morphologically and immunohistochemically. The tumor exhibits strong positive immunoreactivity for cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) within multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells and focal staining of mononuclear cells. Case reports describing the cytohistological features of this entity are very few. We report a case of GCT-ST of low malignant potential diagnosed on fine needle aspiration (FNA) and confirmed on histological and immunohistochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women in many developing countries. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix spreads principally by lymphatics and less commonly through blood vessels. The most frequent sites for those who develop distant metastasis include lungs (21%), lumbar and thoracic spine (16%), and para-aortic lymph nodes (7%). Metastasis to the kidney is extremely rare with <10 previously reported cases. We report a case of renal metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix detected in end-stage kidney due to hydronephrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Giant Pilomatricoma of the arm: A diagnostic challenge for cytopathologist" by Siddhi Gaurish in the 2015 issue.

Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens is the least common of the three conditions included in the follicular occlusion triad. It is one of the causes of scarring alopecia in adult males. Clinically it has to be differentiated from other causes of folliculitis affecting the scalp. The histopathology is diagnostic. The treatment is prolonged and the clinical course is characterized by remissions and relapses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cylindromas are very rare primitive sweat gland tumours differentiating towards eccrine or apocrine line. We present a case of cylindroma of tragus of external ear in a 50-year-old female. It was diagnosed clinically as keloid. After excision, histopathological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies confirmed diagnosis of solitary cylindroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hematological malignancy is a well-known complication following breast carcinoma (BC), but the type of malignancy that occurs and treatment regimens followed are still under evaluation. The literature mostly describes therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome associated with BC. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is extremely rare following BC and is mostly described in patients treated with radiotherapy. Herein, we present a rare case of CLL detected at the time of recurrence in a 61-year-old female patient with a previous history of BC solely treated with surgery. She presented simultaneously with metastatic recurrent carcinoma and CLL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a rare case of ascariasis of gall bladder. The unusual features in this case were the presence of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in the lumen. Some of the eggs had evoked a foreign body reaction indicating chronicity. The bladder wall was unevenly thickened with yellowish white nodules and showed maximum thickness around the neck region. Microscopy showed predominantly xanthogranulomatous inflammation in the thickened parts of the wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 13-year-old boy who was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder alongwith predominant hand-mirror cell morphology. He was presented with cough, breathlessness, and chest pain for eight days which developed to severe respiratory distress and mediastinal widening. His examinations showed bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy and right-sided pleural effusion with mediastinal mass widening. He succumbed to the disease in the hospital within two days.

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses a case study of an 18-year-old female with painless swelling over her right knee joint which ultrasonography confirmed to be a cystic lesion.

The article presents a case study of a 27-year-old woman with gradually erupting itchy papules and open pores behind her left ear. Cystically dilated hair follicles with retention of small hair shafts and keratinous material within the dermis were revealed during light microscopy. The article discusses trichostasis spinulosa (TS) is a common but underdiagnosed disorder of the pilosebaceous follicle. TS presents a raised follicular spicules on the face, nose of middle and older individuals.