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The frog genus Odorrana is distributed across east and southeastern Asia. Based on morphological differences and molecular phylogenetics, a new species of the genus occurring from Leigong Mountain in Guizhou Province, China is described. Phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and ND2 genes supported the new species as an independent lineage. The uncorrected genetic distances between the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and ND2 genes between the new species and its closest congener were 5.0%, 4.9%, and 16.3%, respectively. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 39.1–49.4 mm in males, 49.7 mm in female); head width larger than head length; tympanum distinctly visible; small rounded granules scattered all over dorsal body and limbs; dorsolateral folds absent; heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between eye to nostril when leg stretched forward; vocal sacs absent in male and nuptial pads present on the base of finger I.

The advancement in electrocatalysis, particularly in the development of efficient catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER), is crucial for sustainable energy generation through processes like overall water splitting. A notable bifunctional electrocatalyst, CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3, has been engineered to facilitate both OER and HER concurrently, aiming to reduce overpotentials. In the pursuit of further enhancing catalytic efficiency, a morphological transformation has been achieved by introducing a sulphur source and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the catalyst system, resulting in S–CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs. This modification has significantly improved the activity for both OER and HER. An onset overpotential of 250 mV@10 mAcm−2 for the OER and 270 mV@50 mAcm−2 for the HER, indicating efficient catalytic activity at relatively low overpotentials. S–CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs display an outstanding long-term stability in alkaline electrolytes, with minimal Tafel slopes of 77 mV/dec for the OER and 70 mV/dec for the HER, suggesting sustained catalytic performance over extended periods. Furthermore, when employed as both the cathode and anode in the context of complete water splitting, S–CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs demonstrate an impressive cell voltage of 1.52 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in a 1 M KOH solution, showcasing its viability for practical applications. Given its cost-effectiveness and superior activity, S–CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs hold significant promise for widespread applications in overall water splitting electrocatalysis, contributing to the advancement of cleaner and sustainable fuel generation technologies.

BackgroundAn easily accessible real-time Web-based utility to assess patient risks of future emergency department (ED) visits can help the health care provider guide the allocation of resources to better manage higher-risk patient populations and thereby reduce unnecessary use of EDs. ObjectiveOur main objective was to develop a Health Information Exchange-based, next 6-month ED risk surveillance system in the state of Maine. MethodsData on electronic medical record (EMR) encounters integrated by HealthInfoNet (HIN), Maine’s Health Information Exchange, were used to develop the Web-based surveillance system for a population ED future 6-month risk prediction. To model, a retrospective cohort of 829,641 patients with comprehensive clinical histories from January 1 to December 31, 2012 was used for training and then tested with a prospective cohort of 875,979 patients from July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2013. ResultsThe multivariate statistical analysis identified 101 variables predictive of future defined 6-month risk of ED visit: 4 age groups, history of 8 different encounter types, history of 17 primary and 8 secondary diagnoses, 8 specific chronic diseases, 28 laboratory test results, history of 3 radiographic tests, and history of 25 outpatient prescription medications. The c-statistics for the retrospective and prospective cohorts were 0.739 and 0.732 respectively. Integration of our method into the HIN secure statewide data system in real time prospectively validated its performance. Cluster analysis in both the retrospective and prospective analyses revealed discrete subpopulations of high-risk patients, grouped around multiple “anchoring” demographics and chronic conditions. With the Web-based population risk-monitoring enterprise dashboards, the effectiveness of the active case finding algorithm has been validated by clinicians and caregivers in Maine. ConclusionsThe active case finding model and associated real-time Web-based app were designed to track the evolving nature of total population risk, in a longitudinal manner, for ED visits across all payers, all diseases, and all age groups. Therefore, providers can implement targeted care management strategies to the patient subgroups with similar patterns of clinical histories, driving the delivery of more efficient and effective health care interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this prospectively validated EMR-based, Web-based tool is the first one to allow real-time total population risk assessment for statewide ED visits.

Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a common subtype of functional neurological disorder (FND), mainly manifested as gait abnormality, tremor, dystonia, postural abnormality, and so on. In recent years, researchers have adopted multi⁃ disciplinary team (MDT) to improve the treatment effect of FMD, among which cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been widely used as an effective psychotherapy program. This article reviews the research progress of CBT for FMD in order to provide guidance for clinical treatment.

AbstractContext Kazinol B (KB), an isoprenylated flavan derived from Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. (Moraceae) root, has long been used in folk medicine.Objective This study examines the protective effects of KB and its underlying mechanisms in hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiac injury in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts.Materials and methods H9c2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of KB (0, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 μM) for 2 h and then subjected to H/R insults. The protective effects of KB and its underlying mechanisms were explored.Results KB significantly elevated cell viability (1 μM, 1.21-fold; 3 μM, 1.36-fold, and 10 μM, 1.47-fold) and suppressed LDH release (1 μM, 0.77-fold; 3 μM, 0.68-fold, and 10 μM, 0.59-fold) in H/R-induced H9c2 cells. Further, 10 μM KB blocked apoptotic cascades, as shown by the Annexin-V/PI (0.41-fold), DNA fragmentation (0.51-fold), caspase-3 (0.52-fold), PARP activation (0.27-fold) and Bax/Bcl-2 expression (0.28-fold) assays. KB (10 μM) downregulated reactive oxygen species production (0.51-fold) and lipid peroxidation (0.48-fold); it upregulated the activities of GSH-Px (2.08-fold) and SOD (1.72-fold). KB (10 μM) induced Nrf2 nuclear accumulation (1.94-fold) and increased ARE promoter activity (2.15-fold), HO-1 expression (3.07-fold), AKT (3.07-fold) and AMPK (3.07-fold) phosphorylation. Nrf2 knockdown via using Nrf2 siRNA abrogated KB-mediated protective effects against H/R insults. Moreover, pharmacological inhibitors of AKT and AMPK also abrogated KB-induced Nrf2 activation and its protective function.Discussion and conclusions KB prevented H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury via modulating the AKT and AMPK-mediated Nrf2 induction. KB might be a promising drug candidate for managing ischemic cardiac disorders.

Effects of Phaseoli Semen rubra Herbal-acupuncture at zusanli(ST-36), Quchi(LI-11) and Sanyinjiao(Sp-6) on lipid composition, liver function, oxidative capacity and molecular biological aspects were investigate in high fat diet induced obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 400g were divided into 4 groups according to body weight and raised four weeks with control, zusanli(ST-36), Quchi(LI-11) and Sanyinjiao(Sp-6) Herbal-acupuncture groups. 1. Plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed a low values in the (ST-36) and (LI-11) Herbal-acupuncture groups and HDL- cholesterol showed a high values in the (ST-36) Herbal-acupuncture groups. 2. Plasma triglyceride and glucose showed a low values in the (ST-36) and (LI-11) Herbal-acupuncture groups. 3. The contents of plasma free fatty acids showed a tendence to decrease in the Herbal-acupuncture groups, however in the Herbal-acupuncture groups, the values showed no significantly different. 4. The activities of AST and ALT showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. The contents of plasma β-lipoprotein and free fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease in the Herbal-acupuncture groups compared to those of control group. In the Herbal-acupuncture groups, the values of (ST-36) and (LI-11) Herbal-acupuncture groups showed a low in the acupuncture groups. 6. Liver total cholesterol and triglyceride showed a low values in the (ST-36) and (LI-11) Herbal-acupuncture groups. 7. Contents of plasma TBARS showed a low values in the (ST-36) and (LI-11) Herbal-acupuncture groups, however contents of liver TBARS showed no significantly different among treatment groups. 8. Values of liver glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity showed a tendency to increase in the (ST-36) and (LI-11) Herbal-acupuncture groups. Values of liver super oxide dismutase activity showed a high in the (ST-36) Herbal-acupuncture groups compared to those of other groups. 9. Expression of apo-B mRNA in liver cell showed a low in (ST-36) Herbal-acupuncture groups, however expression of apo-E mRNA showed a high in Herbal-acupuncture groups and TNF-α mRNA in adipose cell showed no different among all the treatment groups. Expression of Leptin mRNA showed a tendance to decrease in (ST-36) Herbal- acupuncture group. 10. Histological character of liver, those of (ST-36) Herbal- acupuncture group showed a good, however other treatment groups showed slight vasodilation and slight fat accumulation. These results indicated that Phaseoli Semen rubra Herbal-acupuncture at (ST-36) and (LI-11) suppressed adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant system.

Summary: Despite the development of an increasing number of multi-kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), improvement in cancer survival remains limited due to their similar structures and targets. Natural products (NPs) maintain diverse structures and activities and are important sources of drug discovery. Currently, most of active NPs exhibit ambiguous binding targets and mechanisms. Herein, we proposed the CIPHEN (compound-protein interactions prediction based on the heterogeneous network) to predict potential antihepatoma NPs and their targets. The evaluation of canonical compound-protein interactions (CPIs) databases and independent test demonstrated the good ability of CPIHN to reveal known and unreported CPIs. Both prediction and experiment results indicated that CIPHEN could unveil relationships between actively antihepatoma sesquiterpenoid dimers (SDs) and anti-HCC targets. In conclusion, the CIPHEN provides a promising choice to investigate the mode of action of compounds, which will help to accelerate the process of drug research and development against HCC.

Abstract Fluoro‐ and chlorofluorocabons (FC/CFCs) are important refrigerants, solvents, and fluoropolymers in industry while being toxic and carrying high global warming potential. Detection and reclamation of FC/CFCs based on adsorption technology with highly selective adsorbents is important to labor safety and environmental protection. Herein, the study reports an integrated method to combine capture, separation, enrichment, and analysis of representative FC/CFCs (chlorodifluoromethane(R22) and 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (R134a)) by using the highly stable and porous Zr‐MOF, DUT‐67. Gas adsorption and breakthrough experiments demonstrate that DUT‐67 has high R22/R134a uptake (124/116 cm3 g−1) and excellent R22/R134a/CO2 separation performance (IAST selectivities of R22/CO2 and R134a/CO2 ranging from 51.4 to 33.3, and 31.1 to 25.8), even in rather low concentration and humid conditions. A semi‐quantitative analysis protocol is set up to analyze the low concentrations of R22/R134a based on the high selective R22/R134a adsorption ability, fast adsorption kinetics, water‐resistant utility, facile regeneration, and excellent recyclability of DUT‐67. In situ single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, theoretical calculations, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra have been employed to understand the adsorption mechanism. This work may provide a potential adsorbent for purge and trap technique under room temperature, thus promoting the application of MOFs for VOCs sampling and quantitative analysis.

BackgroundFor IgA nephropathy (IgAN), tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis is the most important prognostic pathological indicator in the mesangial and endocapillary hypercellularity, segmental sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy, and presence of crescents (MEST-C) score. The identification of non-invasive biomarkers for tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis would aid clinical monitoring of IgAN progression and improve patient prognosis.MethodsThe study included 188 patients with primary IgAN in separate confirmation and validation cohorts. The associations of miR-92a-3p, miR-425-5p, and miR-185-5p with renal histopathological lesions and prognosis were explored using Spearman correlation analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase experiments were used to identify hub genes for miR-185-5p. The fibrotic phenotypes of tubular epithelial cells were evaluated in vivo and in HK-2 cells.ResultsmiRNA sequencing and cohort validation revealed that the expression levels of miR-92a-3p, miR-425-5p, and miR-185-5p in urine were significantly increased among patients with IgAN; these levels could predict the extent of tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis in such patients. The combination of the three biomarkers resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.742. The renal prognosis was significantly worse in the miR-185-5p high expression group than in the low expression group (P=0.003). Renal tissue in situ hybridization, bioinformatics analysis, and dual luciferase experiments confirmed that miR-185-5p affects prognosis in patients with IgAN mainly by influencing expression of the target gene tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) in renal tubular epithelial cells. In vitro experiment revealed that an miR-185-5p mimic could reduce TJP1 expression in HK-2 cells, while increasing the levels of α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen III; these changes promoted the transformation of renal tubular epithelial cells to a fibrotic phenotype. An miR-185-5p inhibitor can reverse the fibrotic phenotype in renal tubular epithelial cells. In a unilateral ureteral obstruction model, the inhibition of miR-185-5p expression alleviated tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis.ConclusionUrinary miR-185-5p, a non-invasive biomarker of tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis in IgAN, may promote the transformation of renal tubular epithelial cells to a fibrotic phenotype via TJP1.

Objective To compare the tooth drift differences between different types of patients after orthodontic extraction for 1.5 months (45 days) without return to the clinic on time for some reasons. Methods This study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent has been obtained from patients. A total of 84 patients had bilateral premolars extracted but were not bonded the bracket for some reasons. The upper and lower jaw dental models were cast, scanned, and reconstructed in 3D. Patients were divided into 12 groups based on extraction positions (first premolar or second premolar), jaw types (maxilla or mandible) and vertical facial types (average angle, high angle, or low angle). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the changes in the following five indicators in different types of patients who were interrupted for 1.5 months after extraction: anterior tooth crowding, width between canines, width between first molars, tooth extraction space, and overbite of anterior teeth. Results The tooth extraction position, jaw type and vertical facial type had an effect on the reduction in tooth extraction space and anterior tooth crowding before and after the sudden emergent state (1.5 months after tooth extraction) (P

A kind of fourth-order boundary value problem with eigenparameter-dependent boundary and transmission conditions is investigated. By constructing the characteristic function, we prove that the problems consist of a finite number of eigenvalues. We obtain that the number of eigenvalues of the problems not only depend on the order of the equation but also depend on the partition of the domain interval, the boundary conditions, and the eigenparameter-dependent transmission conditions.

A highly efficient separation method for trace plutonium from high uranium plutonium ratio samples was established by combining two Reillex anion exchange chromatographic columns. The effects of resin type, wash condition, valence state adjustment on plutonium separation were investigated, and the conditions of separation process were determined. When the mass ratio of uranium to plutonium in the feed liquid is 106, after two-stage Reillex column separation, the average yield of plutonium is 99.35% and the decontamination factor of uranium is greater than 107. Using this process, high purity trace 239Pu is separated from irradiated uranium target, and the atomic ratio of (238U+238Pu)/239Pu is (3.60±1.15)×10-5(n=6).

Abstract Lignin is the main component of lignocellulose and the largest source of aromatic substances on the earth. Biofuel and bio‐chemicals derived from lignin can reduce the use of petroleum products. Current advances in lignin catalysis conversion have facilitated many of progress, but understanding the principles of catalyst design is critical to moving the field forward. In this review, the factors affecting the catalysts (including the type of active metal, metal particle size, acidity, pore size, the nature of the oxide supports, and the synergistic effect of the metals) are systematically reviewed based on the three most commonly used supports (carbon, oxides, and zeolites) in lignin hydrogenolysis. The catalytic performance (selectivity and yield of products) is evaluated, and the emerging catalytic mechanisms are introduced to better understand the catalyst design guidelines. Finally, based on the progress of existing studies, future directions for catalyst design in the field of lignin depolymerization are proposed.

In the future, high-speed vehicles will develop towards the integration of aviation and aerospace technologies, such as longer range and faster speed, and constantly break through the boundary of flight speed and cruising space. With the continuous increase of flight speed, the thermal load is becoming more and more severe. Meanwhile, the requirements of multi-function integrated design of thermal protection structures and strong constraints on structural quality have put forward new requirements and challenges for thermal protection. In response to these, new features and needs of thermal protection are emerged, and the demand for thermal protection has undergone significant changes. There are obvious gaps in existing technologies, design methods, and recognition of relevant scientific issues, so revolutionary technologies are urgently needed. Therefore, the concept of new thermal barrier was proposed in this paper. It analysed the research status of long time heating, non-ablative heat protection and refined thermal environment prediction, pointed out the specific connotation and important development direction of new thermal barrier, reviewed the new direction and new methods being explored in thermal protection technology, including low ablative/non-ablative technology, system genome material design method, channel-based innovative thermal protection technology, etc. It is believed that solving the new thermal barrier is a scientific and technological problem to break through the limit of existing thermal protection technology, and it is necessary to break through the bottleneck problem of thermal protection of high-speed aircraft with multi-approach combination, multi-method synthesis and multidiscipline crossing. It explores innovative solutions to the problem of new thermal barrier from the aspects of refined thermal environment prediction and control, multi-scale performance prediction of thermal protection materials, new design approach of thermal protection materials, innovative thermal structure, etc. The progress of related research was summarized.

Abstract The spin degree of freedom is an important and intrinsic parameter in boosting carrier dynamics and surface reaction kinetics of photocatalysis. Here we show that chiral structure in ZnO can induce spin selectivity effect to promote photocatalytic performance. The ZnO crystals synthesized using chiral methionine molecules as symmetry-breaking agents show hierarchical chirality. Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopic and magnetic conductive-probe atomic force microscopic measurements demonstrate that chiral structure acts as spin filters and induces spin polarization in photoinduced carriers. The polarized carriers not only possess the prolonged carrier lifetime, but also increase the triplet species instead of singlet byproducts during reaction. Accordingly, the left- and right-hand chiral ZnO exhibit 2.0- and 1.9-times higher activity in photocatalytic O2 production and 2.5- and 2.0-times higher activities in contaminant photodegradation, respectively, compared with achiral ZnO. This work provides a feasible strategy to manipulate the spin properties in metal oxides for electron spin-related redox catalysis.

Abstract Surface reconstruction generates real active species in electrochemical conditions; rational regulating reconstruction in a targeted manner is the key for constructing highly active catalyst. Herein, we use the high-valence Mo modulated orthorhombic Pr3Ir1−x Mo x O7 as model to activate lattice oxygen and cations, achieving directional and accelerated surface reconstruction to produce self-terminated Ir‒Obri‒Mo (Obri represents the bridge oxygen) active species that is highly active for acidic water oxidation. The doped Mo not only contributes to accelerated surface reconstruction due to optimized Ir‒O covalency and more prone dissolution of Pr, but also affords the improved durability resulted from Mo-buffered charge compensation, thereby preventing fierce Ir dissolution and excessive lattice oxygen loss. As such, Ir‒Obri‒Mo species could be directionally generated, in which the strong Brønsted acidity of Obri induced by remaining Mo assists with the facilitated deprotonation of oxo intermediates, following bridging-oxygen-assisted deprotonation pathway. Consequently, the optimal catalyst exhibits the best activity with an overpotential of 259 mV to reach 10 mA cmgeo −2, 50 mV lower than undoped counterpart, and shows improved stability for over 200 h. This work provides a strategy of directional surface reconstruction to constructing strong Brønsted acid sites in IrOx species, demonstrating the perspective of targeted electrocatalyst fabrication under in situ realistic reaction conditions.

Abstract Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to prepare H2O2 in acidic medium has the advantages of green, safety, and portability, which shows broad development prospects. However, it still suffers from low catalyst activity, insufficient selectivity, and high cost. Herein, Pt1/CoSe2 with ultralow 0.01 wt.% Pt atomic distribution was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The Pt1/CoSe2 with ultralow Pt content exhibits high activity, high selectivity, and long‐term stability for ORR to H2O2 in O2‐saturated 0.1 M HClO4. The onset potential is as low as 0.75 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), H2O2 selectivity is as high as 84% (0.4 V vs. RHE), and the electron transfer number is 2.3 (0.4 V vs. RHE). Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide yield using the flow cell testing is 110.02 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 with high Faradaic efficiency of 78% (0 V vs. RHE) at 0.1 M HClO4, and the catalyst did not deactivate significantly after 60 h stability testing. Mechanistic studies and in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization confirm that the ultralow Pt content on CoSe2 can effectively regulate the electronic structure of Co as the real active site around the Pt site, which gives a suitable ∆dp value (the difference between the d‐band center of the active metal site and the p‐band center of the terminal oxygen in *OOH), provides an ideal *OOH binding energy, and inhibits the O–O bond breakage. This work successfully improves the intrinsic activity of the Co active sites around Pt in Pt1/CoSe2 for acidic ORR to H2O2 by constructing ultralow‐content Pt single atom.

Immunotherapy is a clinically effective method for treating tumors. Manganese can activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and induce an anti-tumor immune response. However, its efficacy is hindered by non-specific distribution and low uptake rates. In this study, we employed microfluidic technology to design and develop an innovative preparation process, resulting in the creation of a novel manganese lipid nanoparticle (LNM). The lipid manganese nanoparticle produced in this process boasts a high manganese payload, excellent stability, the capacity for large-scale production, and high batch repeatability. LNM has effectively demonstrated the ability to activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibit tumor development. Notably, LNM does not require combination chemotherapy drugs or other immune activators. Therefore, LNM presents a safe, straightforward, and efficient strategy for anti-tumor immune activation, with the potential for scalable production.