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In order to achieve China's energy conservation and emission reduction goal of peaking carbon dioxide emissions around 2030, it is of great significance. An important means of building energy conservation and emission reduction is the fine management of building energy consumption, which is based on the accurate prediction of building energy consumption, so as to support the optimal management of building operation and achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper puts forward the evaluation indexes of the results of the building energy consumption prediction model, uses MAPE and RMSE indexes to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction results of the model, and uses the prediction time and input parameter dimensions to evaluate the time cost of the prediction model. Then, using the three building energy consumption prediction models based on machine learning algorithm established above, the prediction of energy consumption of four types of public buildings in different seasons is completed, and the prediction results are evaluated and analyzed. According to the prediction results and the requirements of related work on the accuracy of building energy consumption prediction model, the adaptation relationship between different types of buildings and different machine learning algorithm prediction models is summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the requirement of energy savings and emission reduction in China, building energy consumption, which occupies a rising proportion of the total energy consumption in society, has become the focus of energy conservation research. Public buildings with a high-energy consumption level have become the most important part of energy conservation research. It is of great practical significance and social value to study energy conservation in large public buildings. In this paper, a large office building is taken as an example. First, a simulation model is constructed by using the energy consumption simulation analysis method, and the reliability of the model is verified by a comparison with the actual energy consumption. Second, based on the model, the thermal design parameters of six building envelope structures, including the external wall heat transfer coefficient, are analyzed in the order of energy-saving sensitivity. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, suggestions for each factor are presented. Finally, considering the mutual influence of each parameter on the building energy consumption, the orthogonal design method is used to arrange the test, and the optimal scheme combination of the energy-saving effect is analyzed, which can provide decision support for the energy saving of public building envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to extreme climate change, China has set a goal of reaching emission peak by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Energy conservation and emission reduction of building heating in northern China are key to achieving this goal. Based on building area prediction and energy consumption intensity, this paper establishes a model for calculating heating energy consumption and carbon emissions in northern residential buildings at the macro level, which provides a basis for formulating policies related to heating and emission reduction in northern buildings. Based on the research method of scenario projection, combining the carbon emission subsets and future heating energy mix projections in northern China, the heating energy consumption in northern China decreases to 175, 149 and 135 Mtce in 2050 under the baseline, medium control and strict control scenarios, respectively. The heating energy consumption in the northern region should be controlled at least under the medium control scheme. Under this scenario, building heating carbon emissions in the north could be reduced to 450 MtCO2 by 2050, or 280 MtCO2 if more stringent abatement technologies are adopted. In order to achieve this goal, a combination of energy-saving technologies must be used. The use of biomass and solar technologies should be emphasized in rural heating, while envelope renovation makes the greatest contribution to heating energy savings, with envelope renovation contributing up to 92 Mtce to urban heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to theoretically explore the technological systems of tropical island zero-carbon building (TIZCB) to scientifically understand the characteristics of these buildings in terms of energy utilization, energy conservation, energy production, and intelligent system mechanisms. The purpose is to address the inefficiencies and resource wastage caused by the traditional segmented approach to building energy consumption management. Thus, it seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding and application of the zero-carbon building (ZCB) technology system. This article focuses on the demands for energy-efficient comfort and innovative industrialization in construction. Through an analysis of the characteristics of TIZCB and an explanation of their concepts, it establishes a theoretical framework for examining the system mechanisms of these buildings. Additionally, it delves into the energy utilization, energy conservation, energy production, and intelligent system from macro, meso, and micro perspectives. This approach results in the development of an implementation strategy for studying the mechanisms of energy usage, conservation, and intelligent production systems in TIZCB. The results show that: (1) this study delves into the theoretical underpinnings of TIZCB, emphasizing their evolution from a foundation of low-carbon and near-zero energy consumption. The primary goal is to achieve zero carbon emissions during building operation, with reliance on renewable energy sources. Design considerations prioritize adaptation to high-temperature and high-humidity conditions, integrating regional culture along with the utilization of new materials and technologies. (2) A comprehensive technical framework for TIZCB is proposed, encompassing energy utilization, conservation, production capacity, and intelligent systems. Drawing from systems theory, control theory, and synergy theory, the research employs a macro–meso–micro analytical framework, offering extensive theoretical support for the practical aspects of design and optimization. (3) The research implementation plan establishes parameterized models, unveiling the intricate relationships with building performance. It provides optimized intelligent system design parameters for economically viable zero-carbon operations. This study contributes theoretical and practical support for the sustainable development of TIZCB and aligns with the dual carbon strategy in China and the clean energy free trade zone construction in Hainan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the challage of energy conservation and emission reduction in the building sector, most energy saving strategies of central heating only focus on the performance improvement of building envelope, ignoring the impact of energy use behavior. This paper proposed a building energy conservation strategy based on energy use behavior analysis, which provides a perspective for in-depth exploration of building energy conservation. After investigating a typical university in the northern China, the energy use behaviors were characterized and two different DeST energy consumption models before or after considering energy use behavior were established. By comparing the results calculated by these two models, the impact of energy use behavior analysis on building energy consumption was quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the heating energy consumption and carbon emission can be reduced by 23.28% and 23% respectively through the proposed strategy based on energy use behavior. Therefore, the analysis of energy use behavior can provide a theoretical basis for heating operators to make decisions on energy supply regulation. With central cooling and heating further popularizing in the future, the research methodology of this paper has more extensive reference value for energy conservation and emission reduction strategies in the building sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China building energy consumption (BEC) has been gradually derived and also sparked attention. However, something worth discussing is estimating the BEC based on the definition of life cycle or building operation. In addition, there exists discrepancy in the previous studies and the real status of BEC has not been known well. In order to settle the disputes over the calculation of BEC, this paper establishes an appropriate accounting method of building energy to present the BEC situation in China and lays the foundation for policymakers to develop appropriate energy saving policies. Meanwhile, this study attempts to clarify the BEC to help policymakers assess the effect of environmental policies. Using the method in this document, we find that the energy consumption of buildings just accounts for 15%–16% of the final total energy consumption in China; by contrast, the previous studies usually have double accounting through a top-down approach if central heat supply of buildings was taken into additional consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different regions in China have different energy consumption characteristics and changing trends. This paper focuses on analyzing trends in energy consumption changes along the timeline for 30 regions in China. Using the Hybrid Input-Output Model, this paper decomposes energy consumption in 30 regions in 2007, 2012 and 2016 into energy embedded of final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, inflow and outflow. We use these four dimensions as coordinates to draw a regional radar map. According to the changing characteristics of the radar map, 30 regions are divided into three groups. By analyzing the reasons for the changes in three regions, we draw the following conclusions. For regions where energy consumption is mainly inflow, the economically developed regions have to form a low energy consumption environment while achieving economic growth. The economically underdeveloped regions need to carry out energy conservation and emission reduction as well as ensuring the level of economic development. For some outflow regions with moderately economic development, it is necessary to balance the economic development and energy consumption control according to regional characteristics. For resource-rich regions which are in the process of transformation from agriculture to industrialization, they have to maintain the rapid development speed and strengthen their infrastructure with less energy consumption of buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The data requirements of quota methods are summarized, and a city-scale database containing 670 credible government office buildings is established. • By comparing the processes, the results and applicability, the selection basis of quota methods under different conditions is refined. • A flow chart of the formulation process and method selection of city-level building energy consumption quotas is constructed. • It is proposed that special attention should be paid to the outliers, and the characteristics of outliers in Chongqing are summarized. Energy consumption quota policies are effective management measures to promote energy conservation and emission reduction in China. Cities need to choose an appropriate method to formulate local energy consumption quota standards. This paper is based on the data of 670 government office buildings in Chongqing and the selected quantile method (QM), quota-level method (QLM) and multiple linear regression (MLR) method, which are widely used in the formulation of city-level energy quotas. By comparing their interpretability, evaluation, consistency and stability, the application conditions and applicability of each method are summarized. MLR has the strongest explanatory power but the highest requirements for the technology and information dimensions. The QLM is more explanatory and stable than the QM and is more suitable for the initial stage of energy quota management. When using the QLM, we should consider scientific classifications and reasonable quota levels. Special attention should be given to "outliers" with abnormal evaluations of the quota results. The outliers in Chongqing are characterized as buildings that have been used for more than 10 years and have an area of less than 5000 m2. Finally, this paper constructed a flow chart of the formulation process and method selection to help policymakers better understand how to choose the most appropriate method and identify inefficient buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is currently experiencing rapid urbanization. The building sector plays an important role in China's energy conservation and emission reduction. An increasing amount of energy will be steadily consumed in the building sector as the urbanization process accelerates. China's government attaches great importance to building energy efficiency (BEE). How does the urbanization process affect building energy consumption (BEC)? How much energy can be saved in the building sector through implementation of energy polices? These questions are critical for government development strategies and planning. Thus, in this paper, an econometric model (co-integration technique) is developed to analyze how China's BEC is affected by macroeconomic variables in the context of urbanization, and also forecast the BEC and BEE potential until 2020 under different scenarios. The research result shows that occupants’ lifestyles, residents’ living standards, and energy price have significant influences on BEC. The building sector is likely to contribute approximately 20% to China's energy conservation through electricity pricing reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Current energy designs for a building in China focus on the energy efficiency of the whole building and thus often neglect the energy difference between different housing units in apartment buildings. The best design technique in terms of energy savings is not only to decrease whole building energy demand, but also to reduce the energy difference between different housing units to a relatively low level. This paper introduces an important index “energy performance difference between housing units” (EDH) to evaluate the drawbacks of conventional designs on a typical residential building in hot summer and cold winter zone. Then nine improved design options were considered as the possible strategies to diminish the EDH, based on a number of building simulations with the program DeST-h. Results show that the option 9 (add movable shading for the east facing windows and west facing windows, and reduce the U-values of the east walls and west facing windows), an improved design strategy according to the EDH of the current design, reduces the EDH to less than 4% that is much lower than other options and meanwhile ensures a decrease in whole building energy demands. A case study was carried out to validate the effectiveness of this index in optimization. As a conclusion, EDH is a very useful index for optimizing energy designs of apartment buildings and can be used in China to improve conventional building designs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

China is committed to peaking its carbon emissions by 2030 and become a carbon-neutral society by 2060. The building sector that accounts for over one-third of the total carbon emissions is expected to face a great challenge in helping China achieve this goal. Shenzhen, as a low-carbon pilot city, whether its low-carbon work of urban buildings reaches the target is crucial. An attempt has been made in this study to assess the intensity of carbon emissions and associated reduction efficiency of urban buildings (operation stage) in Shenzhen by using the life cycle assessment method. The results show that the total carbon emissions generated from the buildings' operation stage have increased from 22 million metric tons (Mt) CO 2 eq in 2005 to 42 (±13%) Mt. CO 2 eq in 2019. Carbon emissions mainly result from the buildings' electricity use (79%), followed by refrigerant release emissions (12%). The energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction intensity in Shenzhen is at the middle level in China, and there is considerable space for improvement. According to scenario-based analysis, the carbon emission of the buildings sector can probably reach its peak by 2025 with the implementation of suitable policies – 5 years earlier than national target by 2030. Overall, this study makes a systemic analysis of the characteristics of urban buildings energy consumption and carbon emissions reduction, which can provide supportings for justifying the effectiveness of low-carbon activities in Shenzhen and beyond. • This paper evaluated the emissions reduction of civil buildings in Shenzhen city. • LCA method is employed to quantify the efficiency of emissions reduction. • Public buildings consume more energy per unit area than residential buildings. • Electricity use is the focus of buildings emission, accounting for 79% of the total. • Current efforts cannot meet the ambitious carbon peak and neutrality target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]