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This study aimed at evaluate the effects of different aperture-sized type I collagen/silk fibroin (CSF) scaffolds on the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). The CSF scaffolds were designed with 3D mapping software Solidworks. Three different aperture-sized scaffolds (CSF1–CSF3) were prepared by low-temperature deposition 3D printing technology. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical coherence tomography. The porosity, hydrophilicity and mechanical capacity of the scaffold were detected, respectively. HDPCs (third passage, 1 × 105 cells) were seeded into each scaffold and investigated by SEM, CCK-8, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and HE staining. The CSF scaffolds had porous structures with macropores and micropores. The macropore size of CSF1 to CSF3 was 421 ± 27 μm, 579 ± 36 μm and 707 ± 43 μm, respectively. The porosity was 69.8 ± 2.2%, 80.1 ± 2.8% and 86.5 ± 3.3%, respectively. All these scaffolds enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of HDPCs. The ALP activity in the CSF1 group was higher than that in the CSF3 groups (P  <   0.01). HE staining showed HDPCs grew in multilayer within the scaffolds. CSF scaffolds significantly improved the adhesion and ALP activity of HDPCs. CSF scaffolds were promising candidates in dentine-pulp complex regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biomaterial that can remove remaining oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and repair oral mucosal damage is urgently needed. This graphical abstract described a composite scaffold that would simultaneously kill OSCC cells and promote the regeneration of the oral mucosa. [Display omitted] • Quercetin acts as an inhibitor when heat shock proteins make tumor cells more resistant to photothermal therapy. • Ti 3 C 2 MXene and quercetin are effectively carried by scaffold made of collagen and silk fibroin. • The composite scaffold successfully limits tumor cells migration and promotes oral mucosal defects regeneration. The most prevalent oral and maxillofacial cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Patient survival is compromised by relapse due to post-operative tumor remnants and significant mucosal defects. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is used to ablate local malignancies, but the capacity of tumor cells to resist it is correlated with the overexpression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). In this work, PTT and tissue engineering scaffold were rationally integrated to construct a Ti 3 C 2 MXene, collagen, silk fibroin and quercetin composite scaffold (M-CSQ scaffold), a 3D printed biomaterial that simultaneously kill OSCC cells and promote the regeneration of the mucosal defects. The M-CSQ scaffolds were prepared by cryogenic 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques with sufficient pores that allow an abundant cell migration and provide a proliferation space. Ti 3 C 2 MXene has excellent photothermal conversion ability and stability. Quercetin targeted HSP70 to decrease its expression in OSCC cells, consequently weakening their resistance to high temperature and enhancing the effect of PTT. The M-CSQ scaffold effectively killed OSCC cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, the M-CSQ scaffold provided adhesion sites for Sprague-Dawley rat (SD rat) buccal mucosal fibroblasts and promoted the repair of buccal mucosal wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]