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Abstract: This paper examines two paths by which the work of Herbert Simon has influenced the development of ecological and evolutionary economics: bounded rationality and hierarchical complexity. It argues that there is scope for further consideration of the implications of these ideas, particularly their inter-relation. This is illustrated through some recent ideas on the co-evolution of technologies and institutions. This is related to understanding transitions of technological systems, and how these might be steered or modulated towards greater sustainability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]