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The effect of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on the testicular function and factors related with the biosynthesis of testosterone gene expression were investigated in mice. Male C57BL/Jcl mice were exposed to clean air, low-dose NR-DE (Low NR-DE), high-dose NR-DE (High NR-DE) or filtered diesel exhaust (F-DE) for 8 weeks. We found that the mice exposed to High NR-DE had significantly higher testosterone levels than those in the control and F-DE groups. To determine the effects of NR-DE on testicular testosterone production, interstitial cells dissected from the male mice which were exposed to NR-DE, F-DE, or clean air for 8 weeks were incubated with or without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 0.1 IU/mL) for 4 h. The concentrations of testosterone in the culture media were measured. The testosterone production was significantly increased in with or without hCG of High NR-DE exposed group, and significantly decreased in both with or without hCG of F-DE exposed groups. Moreover, several genes, which is associated with testicular cholesterol synthesis, HMG-CoA, LDL-R, SR-B1, PBR, and P450scc, P450 17α, and 17β-HSD were determined in the testis of adult male mice. The results showed High NR-DE exposure significantly increased the expression of these genes. Whereas, the levels in the F-DE exposure group returned to those in the control group, implicating that the nanoparticles in DE contribute to the observed reproductive toxicity. We conclude that enhancement of testosterone biosynthesis by NR-DE exposure may be regulated by increasing testicular enzymes of testosterone biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) has potentially adverse effects on testicular steroidogenesis. However, it is unclear whether NR-DE influences steroidogenic systems in the brain. Objective: To investigate the effect of NR-DE on hippocampal steroidogenesis of adult male rats in comparison with its effect on the testis. Methods: F344 male rats (8-week-old) were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 8 or 9 per group) and exposed to clean air with 4.6 ± 3.2 μg/m3 in mass concentration, NR-DE with 38 ± 3 μg/m3 (a level nearly equivalent to the environmental standard in Japan (low NR-DE)), NR-DE with 149 ± 8 μg/m3 (high NR-DE), or filtered diesel exhaust with 3.1 ± 1.9 μg/m3 (F-DE), for 5 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 1, 2 or 3 months. F-DE was prepared by removing only particulate matters from high NR-DE with an HEPA filter. Results: Exposures to the high NR-DE for 1 month, and low NR-DE for 2 months, significantly increased or tended to increase plasma and testicular testosterone levels compared to clean air exposure, which might have resulted from the increased expression of mRNA of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and its protein in the testes of rats. In the hippocampus, high NR-DE exposure for 1 month significantly increased the androstendione level compared to the clean air exposure, while no significant difference was observed in the steroidogenesis between fresh air exposure and any exposure to NR-DE or F-DE. Conclusion: NR-DE may influence steroidogenic enzymes in the testis, but not those in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study which explores the vasodilatory substances in sodium bicarbonate extract which identifies the bioactive substances in diesel exhaust particles (DEP). It states that sodium bicarbonate extract is made of aromatic carboxylic acid. Moreover, reverse-phase chromatography successfully isolates the several acidic substances including vasodilative materials, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-4- nitrobenzoic acid.

The article presents a study on an acid-base extraction procedure for the analysis of nitrophenols from diesel exhaust particles (DEP). It states that a systematic separation procedure involving successive solvent extractions, followed by repeated column chromatoraphy resulted in the isolation of vasoladitory active nitrophenols, which shows that the stimation ofthe amount of nitrophenols in the environment is necessary to evaluate their effort on human health. It discusses that the present method involving an acid-base extraction, in situ derivatization, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis has demonstrated to be a simple, efficient and reliable method for the isolation and identification of the chemical substance DEP.

Exposure to air pollution containing diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with an increase in mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms by which DEP produces adverse cardiovascular effects at the cellular level are not elucidated. This study investigated the cytotoxic mechanisms underlying DEP-induced neonatal rat cardiac myocytes effects in vitro, focusing on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DEP extracts (DEPE) damaged cells in a concentration- and a time-dependent manner. Lactate dehydrogenase activity leaked to medium was also increased in a concentration-dependent manner after 24 h of DEPE exposure. DEPE-induced cytotoxicity was markedly reduced by treatment with superoxide dismutase, catalase, and N -(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine. Furthermore, superoxide was produced from both DEPE and myocardial cells. These results suggest that ROS such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical are involved in DEPE-induced cardiac cell damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the toxic effects of diesel exhaust (DE) on delivery in mice and on growth of young, C57Bl-strain females were exposed to 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg diesel exhaust particles (DEP)/m[sup 3] or filtered clean air (control) for 4 mo (12 h/day, 7 days/wk). After exposure, some females from each group were examined by necropsy, and the remainders were mated with unexposed males. Estrous females for necropsy who had been exposed to 1.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] had significantly lower uterine weights than the control estrous females. In the mated females, 9.1, 10.0, or 25.0% (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3]) of the pregnancies resulted in abnormal deliveries (abortion and unable delivery), but this was not significant. The rate of good nest construction by delivered females exposed to 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] was significantly lower. Young were weighed at 11, 14, and 21 days, and weekly from wk 4 to 9 after birth. Body weights of male young of dams exposed to 1.0 or 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] were significantly lower at 6 and 8 wk of age. Body weights of female young of dams exposed to 1.0 or 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] were also significantly lower at 6, 8, and 9 wk. Vaginal orifices of young female mice whose dams were exposed to 0.3 and 1.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] opened significantly earlier. The young were killed at 30 or 70 days during deep anesthesia, and their body weights, organ weights, and body lengths were measured. Anogenital distance (AGD) of 30-day-old males whose dams were exposed to 0.3 mg DEP/m[sup 3] was significantly shorter than that of the controls. Weights of thymus and ovary in 30-day-old females whose dams were exposed to 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] were significantly lower. In 70-day-old males of dams exposed to 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3], body weights were significantly lower and AGD was significantly shorter. Weights of adrenals, testes, and seminal vesicles in 70-day-old males with dams exposed to 1.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] were significantly lower. In 70-day-old females with dams exposed to DE, body weights in the 3.0-mg DEP/m[sup 3] group were significantly lower, and weights of adrenals, liver, and thymus in the 1.0-mg DEP/m[sup 3] group were significantly lower. Thymus weights in 70-day-old females with dams exposed to 0.3 mg DEP/m[sup 3] were significantly lower. Crown–rump length (CR) in 70-day-old females with dams exposed to 1.0 or 3.0 mg DEP/m[sup 3] was significantly shorter. These results show that toxic substances in DE might cause abnormal delivery in mice, and that exposed females affected the growth and sexual maturation of their young. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on pulmonary functions and consequent diseases are well known, but there have been few reports concerning involvement of the cardiovascular system. In order to assess a direct action of DEP on cardiac tissue, the effects on blood pressure of intravenous administration of 12 or 120 mg/kg DEP to anesthetized rats were studied for a 15-min period. DEP (120 mg/kg) significantly lowered blood pressure for 25 s with no signs of arrhythmia or mortality, a phenomenon seen in guinea pigs. After 25 s blood pressure gradually returned to control levels and was maintained for 15 min. The 12-mg/kg DEP concentration did not markedly affect rat blood pressure. Pretreatment with atropine (24 mg/kg) blocked the DEP-induced fall in blood pressure, while pretreatment with propranolol (48 mg/kg) proved ineffective against DEP, suggesting involvement of the parasympathetic system. Data show that the rat is less sensitive to DEP-induced effects on blood pressure and may be a poor model to reflect cardiovascular changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of diesel exhaust (DE) particles on the reproductive system, male Fischer 344 rats at 13 mo of age were exposed to clean air or DE at particle concentrations of 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/m[sup 3] for 8 mo. DE did not markedly affect testicular and body weights. However, DE at 0.3 mg/m[sup 3] significantly decreased prostate and coagulating gland weights, accompanied by a reduction in thymus and adrenal gland weight. In contrast, there was a significant rise in the weights of prostate, seminal vesicles, and coagulating glands in the 3 mg/m[sup 3] DE group. In rats exposed to 0.3 or 1 mg/m[sup 3] DE, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone increased significantly, while a rise in testicular testosterone was noted with 3 mg/m[sup 3] DE. The concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and inhibin as well as the sperm head counts were not markedly altered in any treatment group. Positive staining with inhibin-α subunit and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were observed in Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, respectively. Immunolocalization of inhibin-α subunit and 3β-HSD was not changed by exposure to DE. In conclusion, DE appears to exert greater effects on accessory glands than on testes in Fischer 344 rats, and the responsiveness of rats is less than that found in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate the effects of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on adrenocortical function, seven-week-old male mice were divided into four groups and exposed to either whole NR-DE at low (41.73μg/m3, 8.21×105 particles/cm3), high (152.01μg/m3, 1.80×106 particles/cm3) concentrations, filtered diesel exhaust (F-DE) or clean air for 8 weeks (5h/day, 5 days/week). After 8 weeks of exposure, the animals were euthanized under pentobarbital anesthesia and the blood samples were collected to detect serum progesterone and corticosterone. In addition, adrenal glands were excised, and adrenal cells were cultured in the absence or presence of rat adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (10−15 to 10−10 M) for 4h. There were no significant differences in the body weight, absolute and relative adrenal gland weight among the groups. Serum concentration of corticosterone and progesterone was not changed significantly. Administration of ACTH resulted in a dose-dependent increase in corticosterone and progesterone release in mice-exposed to low-concentration NR-DE and clean air. Moreover, corticosterone and progesterone concentrations in adrenal cells increased significantly in mice-exposed to low-concentration NR-DE basal and administrated with ACTH (10−15 to 10−11 M for corticosterone; 10−14 to 10−11 M for progesterone) compared with the control mice. In contrast, the concentration of corticosterone and progesterone decreased significantly in mice-exposed to high-concentration NR-DE or F-DE basal and administrated with ACTH (10−12 to 10−10 M for corticosterone; 10−15 to 10−10 M for progesterone) compared with the control mice. These results suggest that exposure to NR-DE or F-DE may disrupt adrenocortical function in adult male mice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We previously reported that exposure to low (22.5±0.2nm in diameter, 15.4±1.0μg/m3 in mass weight, 2.27×105/cm3 in mean number concentration), and medium (26.1±0.5nm, 36.4±1.2μg/m3, 5.11×105/cm3) concentrations of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) for 1 and 2 months (5h/day, 5 days/week) significantly increased plasma testosterone in male Fischer 344 rats, whereas exposure to a high concentration (27.1±0.5nm, 168.8±2.7μg/m3, 1.36×106/cm3) did not. The present study attempts to clarify the mechanism of this elevation. Low and medium exposures to NR-DE for 1 and 2 months significantly increased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)- and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc)-mRNA and their protein expressions in the testis of rats, in which the elevation pattern was very similar to that of plasma testosterone levels. Interestingly, both exposure levels for 1 month significantly increased growth hormone (GH) receptor expression in the testis, and low exposure also increased testicular insulin-like growth factor I-mRNA levels and hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 2C11-mRNA and their protein levels in rats. These two factors are thought to be related to growth hormone secretion. Disruption of testosterone biosynthesis by NR-DE exposure may be a mode of action for reproductive toxicity, which may, in part, be regulated by increasing StAR and P450scc expressions via GH signalling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are considered to be one of the most important air pollutants. In this study, the protective effect of quercetin, an antioxidant flavonoid, on oxidative damage of testicular cells was studied by analysis of the intracellular antioxidant system of embryonic chickens after treatment with 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC) derived from DEP. Testicular cells from 18-day-old embryos were cultured in serum-free McCoys’5A medium and challenged with PNMC (10−7 to 10−5 M) alone or in combinations with quercetin (1.0μg/ml) for 48h. Results showed that exposure to PNMC (10−5 M) induced condensed nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm, a decrease in testicular cell viability and spermatogonial cell number. Exposure to PNMC induced lipid peroxidation by an elevation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as well as decreasing glutathione peroxidation activity and superoxide dismutase activity. However, simultaneous supplementation with quercetin restored these parameters to the similar levels as the control. PNMC is therefore concluded to have induced the oxidative stress of the spermatogonial cells, which can be attenuated by combined quercetin treatment. Our results support the therapeutic use of quercetin in the prevention or treatment of the reproductive toxicity by environmental toxicant PNMC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigated the effects of in utero exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on reproductive function in male rats. Pregnant F344 rats were exposed to NR-DE (148.86μg/m3, 1.83×106 particles/cm3, 3.40ppm CO, 1.46ppm NOx), filtered diesel exhaust (F-DE; 3.10μg/m3, 2.66particles/cm3, 3.30ppm CO, 1.41ppm NOx), or clean air (as a control) from gestation days 1 to 19 (gestation day 0=day of sperm-positivity). Male offspring were examined on postnatal day 28. The relative weights of the seminal vesicle and prostate to body weight were decreased after exposure to NR-DE or F-DE compared with controls. Serum concentrations of testosterone, progesterone, corticosterone, and follicle stimulating hormone and testicular concentrations of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA were decreased after exposure to NR-DE or F-DE compared with control levels. In contrast, serum concentrations of immunoreative inhibin were increased after exposure to NR-DE or F-DE compared with control levels, whereas transcription of follicle stimulating hormone receptor mRNA was increased in the NR-DE exposure group only. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to NR-DE or F-DE leads to endocrine disruption after birth and suppresses testicular function in male rats. Because both the NR-DE and F-DE-exposed groups reacted to the same extent, the nanoparticles in DE did not contribute to the observed reproductive toxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]