Search

The variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) has long been servicing as an essential avenue of exploring the accretion physics of a black hole (BH). There are two commonly used methods for analyzing AGN variability. First, the AGN variability, characterized by the structure function (SF) of a single band, can be well described by a damped random walk (DRW) process on timescales longer than ∼weeks, shorter than which departures have been reported. Second, the color variation (CV) between two bands behaves timescale dependent, raising challenges to the widely accepted reprocessing scenario. However, both the departure from the DRW process and the timescale-dependent CV are hitherto limited to AGNs, mainly quasars, at the supermassive scale. Here, utilizing the high-cadence multiwavelength monitoring on NGC 4395 harboring an intermediate-mass BH, we unveil at the intermediate-mass scale for the first time, prominent departures from the DRW process at timescales shorter than ∼hours in all three nights and bands, and plausible timescale-dependent CVs in the two longest nights of observation. Furthermore, comparing SFs of NGC 4395 to four AGNs at the supermassive scale, we suggest a new scaling relation between the timescale (τ ; across nearly 3 orders of magnitude) and the BH mass (M BH): τ ∝ M BH γ where the exponent γ is likely ≃0.6–0.8. This exponent differs from most previous measurements, but confirms a few, and is consistent with a recent theoretical prediction, suggesting a similar accretion process in AGNs across different mass scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a deep optical imaging campaign on the starburst galaxy NGC 4631 with CFHT/MegaCam. By supplementing the HST/ACS and Chandra/ACIS archival data, we search for the optical counterpart candidates of the five brightest X-ray sources in this galaxy, four of which are identified as ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). The stellar environments of the X-ray sources are analyzed using the extinction-corrected color–magnitude diagrams and the isochrone models. We discover a highly asymmetric bubble nebula around X4 that exhibits different morphology in the H α and [O iii ] images. The [O iii ]/H α ratio map shows that the H α -bright bubble may be formed mainly via the shock ionization by the one-sided jet/outflow, while the more compact [O iii ] structure is photoionized by the ULX. We constrain the bubble expansion velocity and interstellar medium density with the MAPPINGS V code and hence estimate the mechanical power injected into the bubble as P w ∼ 5 × 1040 erg s−1 and the corresponding bubble age as ∼7 × 105 yr. Relativistic jets are needed to provide such a level of mechanical power with a mass-loss rate of ∼10−7 M ⊙ yr−1. Besides the accretion, the black hole spin is likely an additional energy source for the super-Eddington jet power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the matter from a companion star is accreted towards the central compact accretor, i.e. a black hole (BH) or a neutron star (NS), an accretion disc and a jet outflow will form, providing bight X-ray and radio emission, which is known as X-ray binaries (XRBs). In the low/hard state, there exist disc–jet couplings in XRBs, but it remains uncertain whether the jet power comes from the disc or the central accretor. Moreover, black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) have different properties compared with neutron star X-ray binaries (NSXRBs): quiescent BHXRBs are typically two to three orders of magnitude less luminous than NSXRBs in X-ray, whereas BHXRBs are more radio loud than NSXRBs. In observations, an empirical correlation has been established between radio and X-ray luminosity, |$L_{\rm R} \propto L_{\rm X}^b$|⁠ , where b ∼ 0.7 for BHXRBs and b ∼ 1.4 for non-pulsating NSXRBs. However, there are some outliers of BHXRBs showing unusually steep correlation as NSXRBs at higher luminosities. In this work, under the assumption that the origin of jet power is related to the internal energy of the inner disc, we apply our magnetized, radiatively efficient thin disc model and the well-known radiatively inefficient accretion flow model to NSXRBs and BHXRBs. We find that the observed radio/X-ray correlations in XRBs can be well understood by the disc–jet couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GRB 170817A, detected by Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor 1.7 s after the merger of a neutron star (NS) binary, provides the first direct evidence for a link between such a merger and a short-duration gamma-ray burst. The X-ray observations after GRB 170817A indicate a possible X-ray flare with a peak luminosity |$L_{\rm peak} \sim 2\times 10^{39}\, {\rm erg\, s}^{-1}$| near day 156. Here we show that this X-ray flare may be understood based on a slim disc around a compact object. On the one hand, there exists the maximal accretion rate |$\dot{M}_{\rm max}$| for the slim disc, above which an optically thick outflow is significant and radiation from the disc is obscured. Based on the energy balance analysis, we find that |$\dot{M}_{\rm max}$| is in the range of |${\sim } 4\dot{M}_{\rm Edd}$| and |${\sim } 21\dot{M}_{\rm Edd}$| when the angular velocity of the slim disc is between |$\rm (1/5)^{1/2}\Omega _K$| and |$\rm \Omega _K$| (where |$\dot{M}_{\rm Edd}$| is the Eddington accretion rate and ΩK is the Keplerian angular velocity). With |$\dot{M}_{\rm max}$|⁠, the slim disc can provide a luminosity ∼ L peak for a compact object of |$2.5 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$|⁠. On the other hand, if the merger of two NSs forms a typical neutrino-dominated accretion disc whose accretion rate |$\dot{M}$| follows a power-law decline with an index −1.8, then the system must pass through the outflow regime and enter the slim disc in ∼11–355 d. These results imply that a post-merger slim accretion disc could account for the observed late-time L peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the thick-disc model of Gu et al. to interpret the transition between soft ultraluminous state (SUL) and supersoft ultraluminous (SSUL) state in NGC 247. As accretion rate increases, the inner disc will puff up and act as shield to block the innermost X-ray emission regions and absorb both soft and hard X-ray photons. The absorbed X-ray emission will be re-radiated as a much softer blackbody X-ray spectrum. Hence NGC 247 shows flux dips in the hard X-ray band and transits from the SUL state to the SSUL state. The ∼200 s transition time-scale can be explained by the viscous time-scale. According to our model, the inner disc in the supersoft state is thicker and has smaller viscous time-scale than in the soft state. X-ray flux variability, which is assumed to be driven by accretion rate fluctuations, might be viscous time-scale invariant. Therefore, in the SSUL state, NGC 247 is more variable. The bolometric luminosity is saturated in the thick disc; the observed radius–temperature relation can therefore be naturally explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking into account photon absorption, we investigate the vertical structure of accretion flows with comparable radiation and gas pressures. We consider two separate energy equations for matter and radiation in the diffusion limit. In order to solve the set of radiation hydrodynamic equations in steady state and axisymmetric configuration, we employ self-similar technique in the radial direction. We need the reflection symmetry about the mid-plane to find gas density at the equator. For a typical solution, we assume that the gas pressure has 10–50 per cent portion of the total pressure. In this paper, since the radiation energy is involved directly, we are able to estimate how much energy of viscous heating is transported in the radial direction and advected towards the central object. Our results show that although the mass accretion rate does not approach the Eddington limit, the energy advection is rather high. Moreover, in a disc with greater accretion rate and less portion of gas pressure at the total pressure, more energy is advected to its centre. In addition, as we expect the accretion flow becomes thicker with greater values of gas pressure. Based on Solberg–Høiland conditions, we notice that the flow is convectively stable in all parts of such a disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrino-dominated accretion flows (NDAFs) around rotating stellar-mass black holes (BHs) are plausible candidates for the central engines of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). NDAFs are hyperaccretion disks with accretion rates in the range of around 0.001–10 M ⊙ s − 1 , which have high density and temperature and therefore are extremely optically thick and geometrically slim or even thick. We review the theoretical progresses in studying the properties of NDAFs as well as their applications to the GRB phenomenology. The topics include: the steady radial and vertical structure of NDAFs and the implications for calculating neutrino luminosity and annihilation luminosity, jet power due to neutrino-antineutrino annihilation and Blandford–Znajek mechanism and their dependences on parameters such as BH mass, spin, and accretion rate, time evolution of NDAFs, effect of magnetic fields, applications of NDAF theories to the GRB phenomenology such as lightcurve variability, extended emission, X-ray flares, kilonovae, etc., as well as probing NDAFs using multi-messenger signals such as MeV neutrinos and gravitational waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]