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The work of adhesion at the interface of electrospunmembrane andrigid substrate is measured by a shaft-loaded blister test (SLBT).Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were electrospun with an averagefiber diameter of 333 ± 59 nm. Commercial cardboard with inorganiccoating was used to provide a model substrate for adhesion tests.In SLBT, the elastic response PVDF was analyzed and its adhesion energymeasured. The average value of the adhesion work is 206 ± 26mJ/m2. Elastic modulus of electrospun membrane obtainedby SLBT is found to be 23.42 ± 2.69 MPa, which is consistentwith the value obtained from standard tensile tests. The results showSLBT presented a viable methodology for evaluating the adhesion energyof electrospun polymer fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic backsheets are exposed to harsh outdoor weathering conditions throughout their service lives that can compromise their protective function, through adhesive debonding between their constituent layers and between the backsheet and the module. A large-scale study on adhesive degradation was conducted on 37 field-exposed modules, that spanned 19 different module manufacturers, that were deployed among six Köppen–Geiger climatic zones, and that were fielded between 0 and 28 years. Six outer layer polymer classes were identified among the backsheets: polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluoroethylene vinyl ether copolymer (FEVE), and tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer (THV). Two adhesion tests were used to measure the adhesive strength: the wedge test and the width-tapered single-cantilever beam (SCB) test. Adhesion energies were compared across exposure time and Köppen–Geiger climatic zone. Many of the PET-, PVF-, and PVDF-based backsheets experienced degradation of the adhesive layer between the backsheet outer and core layers. A consistent trend of decreasing adhesion energy with exposure time was observed in five out of the six backsheet types. Trends among adhesion energy and climatic zone, while expected, were not observed, possibly due to broad ranges in temperature, humidity, and precipitation defining Köppen–Geiger climatic zones. The cantilever beam measurements produced an upper cutoff of approximately 100 J/m2, above which no modules exhibited field delamination. The results are part of a two-part study quantifying adhesion in both field-weathered and indoor-exposed PV backsheets. • Thirty-seven (37) PV modules were retrieved from various regions around the world • Two adhesion tests were used to characterize backsheet adhesion • Adhesion energy decreased with number of years of field exposure • Backsheets with adhesive tie layers often showed failure in an adhesive layer • Modules with adhesion energies greater than 100 J/m2 showed no field delamination [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) backsheets provide critical moisture, mechanical, and electrical insulation to the backside of PV modules, but their continued functionality depends upon their ability to remain well adhered over years of harsh environmental exposure. A study of adhesive strength was conducted on several PV backsheet types exposed to indoor accelerated weathering. Two adhesion tests – the wedge test and single cantilever beam test – were used to measure adhesion energy in four backsheets: two with fluoropolymer-based outer (airside) layers – polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) – and two with non-fluoropolymer-based outer layers–polyamide (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The effects of changes in temperature, ultraviolet (UV) irradiance, relative humidity, and a periodic water spray were studied. The PET-, PVF- and PVDF-based backsheets all showed instances of debonding in an adhesive layer, which is commonly reported. For the PA-, PET-, and PVDF-based backsheets, adhesion energy dropped fairly rapidly with exposure, reaching very low levels by 4000 h. The PVF-based backsheet was relatively robust to weathering. Pull-off of an outer chalking layer in the PA- and PET-based backsheets suggested a sensitivity to UV. Adhesion in these two backsheets was also highly sensitive to changes in moisture level. Changes in UV irradiance and temperature did not show a statistically significant effect on adhesion loss for the exposure levels used. The present work is part of a two-part adhesion study on both field-weathered and indoor-exposed backsheets, and forms a basis for understanding adhesion degradation across a variety of backsheet types and degradation factors. • Four indoor-exposed backsheet types were adhesion-tested using two different methods. • Adhesion in the PVF-based backsheet was relatively stable. • The PA-, PET- and PVDF-based backsheets exhibited substantial decrease after 4000 hours. • The PA- and PET-based backsheets exhibited sensitivity to changes in moisture level. • The PET-, PVF-, and PVDF-based backsheets all exhibited debonding in an adhesive layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]