34 results
Search Results
2. Paws for thought? Developing dog projects for older people in prison.
- Author
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Codd, Helen
- Subjects
PRISON psychology ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,PET therapy ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDICAL care of prisoners ,MENTAL health ,HUMAN services programs ,HUMAN-animal relationships ,QUALITY of life ,LITERATURE reviews ,DOGS ,ANIMALS ,OLD age - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to assess the nature and scope of dog-based programmes in prisons, assessing critically the potential opportunities, benefits, challenges and risks of developing innovative dog-based programmes for older prisoners in England and Wales. This paper outlines the potential benefits and challenges of developing dog-based programmes for older prisoners and sets out next steps for future research and practice. Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on a scoping review of published research literature on prison dog programmes (PDPs) in the USA, the UK and other countries, with particular reference to older people in prison, followed by semi-structured interviews with six members of an expert advisory group. The literature review and data from the qualitative interviews were analysed thematically. Findings: There is a substantial body of published research literature which supports PDPs as having identifiable positive impacts for people and also dogs, and also published research which highlights the benefits to older people of dog ownership or participation in dog-based activities. However, much of this research is small-scale and qualitative, and it has been argued that there is a lack of a quantitative evidence base. This research concludes that findings from the literature review and the semi-structured interviews support further research and the creation of pilot projects to develop dog-based projects for older people in prison. Research limitations/implications: This study was small-scale, and the findings need to be approached with caution. The literature review searched a small number of databases and filtered out articles published in languages other than English, and the review of the grey literature focused on reports from the UK. The number of experts interviewed was small and there was no direct consultation with older people in prison nor with older people with recent personal lived experience of imprisonment and community resettlement. A more extensive future study would benefit from a more extensive literature review, a larger group of participants and the inclusion of service users, prison managers and government policymakers, subject to the appropriate ethical and security approvals. At the time the research took place, ongoing COVID-19 restrictions on prison research meant that research with current prisoners and prison managers would not have been approved by the HMPPS NRC. Practical implications: This research provides a research-based justification for future dog projects for older prisoners, leading potentially to improved well-being for older people in prison. Originality/value: This study brings together the published research literature on PDPs with the research literature on the needs and experiences of older people in prison for the first time, and identifies potential directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. Statistical Development of Animal Density Estimation Using Random Encounter Modelling.
- Author
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Jourdain, N. O. A. S., Cole, D. J., Ridout, M. S., and Rowcliffe, J. Marcus
- Subjects
ANIMAL development ,DENSITY ,PARAMETRIC modeling ,ANIMALS - Abstract
Camera trapping is widely used in ecological studies to estimate animal density, although these studies are largely restricted to animals that can be identified to the individual level. The random encounter model, developed by Rowcliffe et al. (J Anal Ecol 45(4):1228–1236, 2008), estimates animal density from camera-trap data without the need to identify animals. Although the REM can provide reliable density estimates, it lacks the potential to account for the multiple sources of variance in the modelling process. The density estimator in REM is a ratio, and since the variance of a ratio estimator is intractable, we examine and compare the finite sample performance of many approaches for obtaining confidence intervals via simulation studies. We also propose an integrated random encounter model as a parametric alternative, which is flexible and can incorporate covariates and random effects. A data example from Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, Bedfordshire, south England, is used to demonstrate the application of these methods. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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4. Soil health pilot study in England: Outcomes from an on-farm earthworm survey.
- Author
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Stroud, Jacqueline L.
- Subjects
EARTHWORMS ,SOIL management ,FOOD production - Abstract
Earthworms are primary candidates for national soil health monitoring as they are ecosystem engineers that benefit both food production and ecosystem services associated with soil security. Supporting farmers to monitor soil health could help to achieve the policy aspiration of sustainable soils by 2030 in England; however, little is known about how to overcome participation barriers, appropriate methodologies (practical, cost-effective, usefulness) or training needs. This paper presents the results from a pilot #60minworms study which mobilised farmers to assess over >1300 ha farmland soils in spring 2018. The results interpretation framework is based on the presence of earthworms from each of the three ecological groups at each observation (20 x 20 cm x 20 cm pit) and spatially across a field (10 soil pits). Results showed that most fields have basic earthworm presence and abundance, but 42% fields may be over-worked as indicated by absence/rarity of epigeic and/or anecic earthworms. Tillage had a negative impact (p < 0.05) on earthworm populations and organic matter management did not mitigate tillage impacts. In terms of farmer participation, Twitter and Farmers Weekly magazine were highly effective channels for recruitment. Direct feedback from participants included excellent scores in trust, value and satisfaction of the protocol (e.g. 100% would do the test again) and 57% would use their worm survey results to change their soil management practices. A key training need in terms of earthworm identification skills was reported. The trade-off between data quality, participation rates and fieldwork costs suggests there is potential to streamline the protocol further to #30minworms (5 pits), incurring farmer fieldwork costs of approximately £1.48 ha
-1 . At national scales, £14 million pounds across 4.7 M ha-1 in fieldwork costs per survey could be saved by farmer participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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5. The Contextual Cat: Human-Animal Relations and Social Meaning in Anglo-Saxon England.
- Author
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Poole, Kristopher
- Subjects
HUMAN-animal relationships ,SAXONS ,ARCHAEOLOGISTS ,SOCIAL context ,SOCIAL interaction - Abstract
The growing popularity of relational approaches to agency amongst archaeologists has led to increased attention on the specific contexts of interaction between humans and their material worlds. Within such viewpoints, non-humans are perceived as agents in their own right and placed on an equal footing with humans, with both acting to generate social categories in past cultures. However, to date, the focus of these interpretative models has been overwhelmingly directed towards inanimate objects. Animals are generally absent from these discussions, despite their ubiquity in past societies and the frequently central roles they held within daily lives and social relations. Moreover, living animals are set apart from material culture because, like humans, they are usually aware of their environs and are capable of physically responding to them. This ability to 'act back' would have made human-animal interactions extremely dynamic and thus offers different conceptual challenges to archaeologists than when faced with objects. This paper demonstrates that the notion of performativity, combined with understanding of animals themselves, can help to comprehend these relations. It does so by focusing on one particular species, the domestic cat, in relation to Anglo-Saxon England. The characteristics and behaviour of these animals affected the ways in which humans perceived and interacted with them, so that just one individual cat could be categorised in a range of different ways. The classification of animals was thus just as fluid, if not more so, as that of objects and highlights the need to incorporate the former into reconstructions of the social in archaeological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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6. Pet ownership and symptoms of depression: A prospective study of older adults.
- Author
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Sharpley, Christopher, Veronese, Nicola, Smith, Lee, López-Sánchez, Guillermo F., Bitsika, Vicki, Demurtas, Jacopo, Celotto, Stefano, Noventa, Vania, Soysal, Pinar, Isik, Ahmet Turan, Grabovac, Igor, and Jackson, Sarah E.
- Subjects
- *
OLDER people , *LONGITUDINAL method , *PANEL analysis , *ANHEDONIA , *ACQUISITION of property , *CATS , *MENTAL depression , *ANIMALS , *DOGS - Abstract
Background: This paper aims to examine associations between pet ownership and symptoms of depression in a large, population-based sample of older adults. Specifically, we tested whether: (i) people who report more depressive symptoms are more likely to own a pet; (ii) pet ownership protects against an increase in depressive symptoms over time; (iii) associations differ by symptom type.Methods: Data were drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a longitudinal panel study of men and women aged 50 and older (n = 7,617, 52.5% female). Pet ownership (dog/cat/other/none) was self-reported in 2010/11. Depressive symptoms were assessed in 2010/11 and 2016/17 using the 8-item centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. We analysed total CES-D score and derived symptom subscales (depressed mood, anhedonia, somatic symptoms) in relation to pet ownership, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates.Results: A one-symptom increase in total CES-D score was associated with 7% increased odds of dog ownership (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.11). Significant associations were observed between each subset of depressive symptoms and dog ownership, with models run on z-scores showing a slightly stronger association for symptoms of depressed mood (OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.21) compared with anhedonia (OR=1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17) or somatic symptoms (OR=1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.18). Prospectively, no significant associations were found.Limitations: Self-reported data; small sample size for some pet categories.Conclusion: Amongst older adults in England, those with more depressive symptoms are more likely to own a dog, but pet ownership is not significantly associated with change in depressive symptoms over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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7. Orwell's Animal Farm for the twenty-first century.
- Author
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Ue, Tom
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,DREAMS ,HAPPINESS - Abstract
The start of George Orwell's Animal Farm: A Fairy Story (1945) finds an assembly of animals gathered to hear the strange dream that Old Major had the night before. The 12-year-old boar prefaces his narrative with a polemic against the miserable and toilsome lives that they are living in Manor Farm: 'No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth' (5). Orwell traces the resultant revolution, revealing some of its flaws while resisting a monocausal reading for its failure. In what follows, I discuss this play with its most recent adaptor, Toronto-based theatre artist Anthony MacMahon. We examine the novella's resonance in the twenty-first century, and analyse the adaptation's treatment of, and response to, Orwell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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8. Natural Green Space and Planning Policy: Devising a Model for its Delivery in Regional Spatial Strategies.
- Author
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Stubbs, Michael
- Subjects
LAND use ,AGRICULTURE ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection ,BOTANY ,ANIMALS - Abstract
Provision of natural green space within the broader umbrella of green infrastructure is now a matter of increasing importance to policy makers and decision takers in the land-use planning system. This paper examines the evolution of this new policy area. Reference is made to research studies dealing with attitudes to such spaces and consideration is given to the 'quality of life' agenda when addressing both growth and regeneration strategies. A methodology for the future development and appraisal of such policy is advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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9. ANIMALS AND SCIENCE: ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES.
- Author
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Degnen, Cathrine
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,SCIENCE & civilization ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,CULTURE ,ETHNOLOGY - Abstract
Highlights the topics discussed at the "Animals and Science: Anthropological Approaches" conference held at the University of Manchester, England from June 24 to 26, 2005. Connection between animals and science; Different ways of knowing, across cultures and through history; Presentation of papers that drew on ethnographic fieldwork from the Andes, the Arctic, Australia, Central Asia, the United States and contemporary Europe.
- Published
- 2005
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10. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a cohort of Labrador retrievers in England.
- Author
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Woolley, Charlotte S. C., Handel, Ian G., Bronsvoort, B. Mark, Schoenebeck, Jeffrey J., and Clements, Dylan N.
- Subjects
LABRADOR retriever ,COVID-19 pandemic ,VETERINARY medicine ,FOURTH of July ,DOG owners - Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have affected the welfare and health of dogs due to surges in adoptions and purchases, changes in the physical and mental health and financial status of dog owners, changes in dogs' lifestyle and routines and limited access to veterinary care. The aims of this study were to investigate whether COVID-19 restrictions were associated with differences in Labrador retrievers' lifestyle, routine care, insurance status, illness incidence or veterinary attendance with an illness, who were living in England and enrolled in Dogslife, an owner-based cohort study. Longitudinal questionnaire data from Dogslife that was relevant to the dates between the 23rd of March and the 4th of July 2020, during COVID-19 restrictions in England, were compared to data between the same dates in previous years from 2011 to 2019 using mixed regression models and adjusted chi-squared tests. Results: Compared with previous years (March 23rd to July 4th, 2010 to 2019), the COVID-19 restrictions study period (March 23rd to July 4th 2020) was associated with owners reporting increases in their dogs' exercise and worming and decreases in insurance, titbit-feeding and vaccination. Odds of owners reporting that their dogs had an episode of coughing (0.20, 95% CI: 0.04–0.92) and that they took their dogs to a veterinarian with an episode of any illness (0.58, 95% CI: 0.45–0.76) were lower during the COVID-19 restrictions compared to before. During the restrictions period, owners were less likely to report that they took their dogs to a veterinarian with certain other illnesses, compared to before this period. Conclusions: Dogslife provided a unique opportunity to study prospective questionnaire data from owners already enrolled on a longitudinal cohort study. This approach minimised bias associated with recalling events prior to the pandemic and allowed a wider population of dogs to be studied than is available from primary care data. Distinctive insights into owners' decision making about their dogs' healthcare were offered. There are clear implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions for the lifestyle, care and health of dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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11. HEAVENLY CREATURES? VISIONS OF ANIMAL AFTERLIFE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND.
- Author
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Strickland, Lloyd
- Subjects
AFTERLIFE ,SEVENTEENTH century - Abstract
This article offers an extensive study of the idea of an animal afterlife in seventeenth-century England. While some have argued that the idea of an animal afterlife became prevalent at the time due to increased awareness of animals' mental abilities, others have suggested it was due to greater sensitivity to animal suffering and the perceived need to square this suffering with divine justice. I show that both views are incorrect, and that seventeenth-century thinking about an animal afterlife was first and foremost grounded in, and shaped by, speculations about end times and the restored creation based on a literal reading of a key passage in Paul's letter to the Romans (8:19-22), which thus served as the sedes doctrinae throughout the seventeenth century. Lastly, I show that those who entertained a future life for beasts also supposed that animals would have a functional role therein, considering animals as being present in the restored creation to serve some spiritual end rather than as being true beneficiaries in their own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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12. Animals and Cotswold-Severn Long Barrows: a Re-examination.
- Author
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THOMAS, RICHARD and MCFADYEN, LESLEY
- Subjects
MOUNDS (Archaeology) ,ANIMALS ,TEETH ,HUMAN-animal relationships - Abstract
Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
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13. Background exposure rates of terrestrial wildlife in England and Wales
- Author
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Beresford, N.A., Barnett, C.L., Jones, D.G., Wood, M.D., Appleton, J.D., Breward, N., and Copplestone, D.
- Subjects
- *
ANIMALS , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Abstract: It has been suggested that, when assessing radiation impacts on non-human biota, estimated dose rates due to anthropogenically released radionuclides should be put in context by comparison to dose rates from natural background radiation. In order to make these comparisons, we need data on the activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in environmental media and organisms of interest. This paper presents the results of a study to determine the exposure of terrestrial organisms in England and Wales to naturally occurring radionuclides, specifically 40K, 238U series and 232Th series radionuclides. Whole-body activity concentrations for the reference animals and plants (RAPs) as proposed by the ICRP have been collated from literature review, data archives and a targeted sampling campaign. Data specifically for the proposed RAP are sparse. Soil activity concentrations have been derived from an extensive geochemical survey of the UK. Unweighted and weighted absorbed dose rates were estimated using the ERICA Tool. Mean total weighted whole-body absorbed dose rates estimated for the selected terrestrial organisms was in the range 6.9×10−2 to 6.1×10−1 μGyh−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
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14. Writing the region: Jonathan Couch and the Cornish fauna.
- Author
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Naylor, Simon
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
The county of Cornwall was the subject of an early nineteenth century attempt to compile an exhaustive regional fauna, Jonathan Couch's three volume A Cornish Fauna (1838-44). Although the Fauna was part of a much broader contemporary impulse to document the natural history of Britain, it was a very early example of a zoological study organised by geography rather than faunal group. It therefore required the author to make an explicit defence of its geographical approach and focus. According to Couch the region was the best place from which to build a better understanding of nature and, ultimately, of nature's creator. In particular, careful observations of a naturalist's local fauna could contribute to mid-nineteenth century debates over the distribution and migration of animals, their extinction, and their value to human industry. According to Couch, the county of Cornwall was especially suited to this sort of investigation. Indeed, although little had been done on the Cornish fauna before Couch's own study, his work was the catalyst for a number of other Cornish naturalists over the latter half of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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15. TROPICAL GROUP.
- Subjects
CONFERENCES & conventions ,ECOLOGY ,TEMPERATURE ,ANIMALS ,FORESTS & forestry ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
Information about the British Ecological Society's Tropical group meeting held at the Westfield College in London, England on November 2, 1965 is presented in which the topic for discussion was the temperature as a factor in tropical ecology. Also, the event gave emphasis on the main contributions in ecology which include, papers about river fauna and forests.
- Published
- 1966
16. STARLINGS, WHALES AND HERRINGS: ANIMALS AS PORTENTS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND.
- Author
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Rutkowski, Paweł
- Subjects
WHALES ,SIGNS & symbols ,SUPERNATURAL ,PACIFIC herring - Abstract
The present article explores the early modern preoccupation with omens - extraordinary occurrences observed both on earth and in the sky - which were universally believed to presage some future events and/or provide humans with providential signs and messages. Animals apparently formed a category of particularly common portents, due to their ubiquity and traditional links with the supernatural. Numerous examples of such omens demonstrate that animals and their behaviour were capable of evoking a variety of interpretations (moral, political, religious, etc.) and were indispensable in upholding the emblematic vision of the world, which, providentially, was supposed to be full of signs that could be deciphered by careful observers for their own benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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17. What are the factors driving antimicrobial resistance? Perspectives from a public event in London, England.
- Author
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Castro-Sánchez, Enrique, Moore, Luke S. P., Husson, Fran, and Holmes, Alison H.
- Subjects
ANTI-infective agents ,VACCINE biotechnology ,ANIMAL health indicators ,VACCINE effectiveness ,IMMUNE response ,ANIMALS ,ANTIBIOTICS ,DRUG therapy ,DRUG resistance in microorganisms ,PUBLIC opinion - Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is driven by multiple factors. Resolving the threat to human and animal health presented by drug-resistant infections remains a societal challenge that demands close collaboration between scientists and citizens. We compared current public views about key contributing factors to antimicrobial resistance with those expressed by experts.Methods: Overarching factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance were identified following a review of literature. The factors were then described in plain language and attached to ballot boxes at a public engagement event organised by a university. Responses to each factor were counted at the end of the event.Results: Four hundred five responses were received from 3750 visitors (11 % response rate). Nearly half of responses (192/405, 47 · 4 %) considered the misuse/overuse of antibiotics in humans as the main determinant of antimicrobial resistance. The misuse of antibiotics in animal health obtained 16 · 3 % (66/405) responses. However, the lack of quick tests to diagnose infections received 10/405 votes (2 · 47 %), and the lack of effective vaccines received one vote (0 · 25 %).Conclusions: The majority of responses ascribed the emergence of drug-resistant infections to the misuse of antibiotics in human and animals. Suboptimal dosing, availability of diagnostics and environmental contamination were considered less influential on the development of antimicrobial resistance. The growing recognition of broader multifaceted drivers of drug resistance by experts is not yet echoed in the public mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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18. What Plants and Animals Do Early Childhood and Primary Students' Name? Where Do They See Them?
- Author
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Patrick, Patricia and Tunnicliffe, Sue
- Subjects
PLANTS ,ANIMALS ,CHILDREN & the environment ,OBSERVATION (Educational method) - Abstract
Children from England and the United States of America have a basic similar knowledge of plants and animals, which they observe during their everyday life. Nine children of ages 4, 6, 8, and 10 years, in each country, were asked to free-list plants and animals. Afterwards, they were interviewed individually about the plants and animals they listed to determine where they were seen. Additionally, children were asked to name animals they knew that were found in specific habitats or had specific characteristics. The results showed that children from the earliest years notice the animals in their everyday lives and 8 year olds were able to name the most animals. Plants were not named as often as animals and children in the USA found it difficult to name plants when questioned. This study shows that children are in touch with their everyday environment to varying extents, and that rich experiences can greatly contribute to their knowledge about plants and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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19. The Aulacostephanidae (Ammonoidea) of the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary beds (Upper Jurassic) of southern England.
- Author
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WRIGHT, JOHN K.
- Subjects
AMMONOIDEA ,ANIMALS ,ANIMAL species ,BIOSTRATIGRAPHY - Abstract
Four areas in southern England centred on Swindon and Westbury (Wiltshire), Bourton (north Dorset) and the Dorset coast near Weymouth (south Dorset) have yielded well-preserved late Oxfordian and early Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) ammonites in abundance. These ammonites belong principally to the aulacostephanid genera Ringsteadia and Pictonia, and their microconch equivalents Microbiplices and Prorasenia. Systematic descriptions of these genera are included herein. Within the zonal and subzonal sequence of the English Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian Stage boundary beds, the established subdivision of the Late Oxfordian Pseudocordata Zone into Pseudoyo, Pseudocordata and Evoluta Subzones is confirmed. In the Early Kimmeridgian Baylei Zone, however, the evidence is that the sequence throughout much of southern England is incomplete compared with more complete sequences such as that at Staffin in the Isle of Skye, with the presence of only one faunal biohorizon, the densicostata horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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20. A SPALACOLESTINE SPALACOTHERIID (MAMMALIA, TRECHNOTHERIA) FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS (BARREMIAN) OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND AND ITS BEARING ON SPALACOTHERIID EVOLUTION.
- Author
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SWEETMAN, STEVEN C.
- Subjects
MAMMALS ,FOSSILS ,CRETACEOUS stratigraphic geology ,ANIMALS - Abstract
Bulk screening of Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wealden Group strata of the Wessex Formation exposed on the south-west and south-east coasts of the Isle of Wight, southern England, has resulted in the recovery of fragmentary remains pertaining to a new spalacolestine spalacotheriid mammal, Yaverlestes gassoni gen. et sp. nov. These represent the first European record of the Spalacolestinae. The remains comprise a dentulous incomplete dentary and isolated upper and lower molariforms, the former representing the most substantial mammal remains yet recovered from the Wealden Group. Hitherto, six species of spalacotheriid mammal were known from the Lower Cretaceous of Europe. All are referred to the genus Spalacotherium but in the case of taxa diagnosed on the basis of isolated lower teeth and other specimens where the post-canine dentition is incompletely known, it is now evident that these referrals should be treated with caution. Furthermore, the new Wessex Formation spalacotheriid and recently described spalacotheriids from the ?Barremian of Japan, and the Barremian and Aptian of China exhibit combinations of characters that suggest that spalacotheriids were more diverse and that their evolution was more complex than previously recognized. The systematic position of an isolated tooth from the basal Cretaceous Lourinhã Formation of Portugal is discussed and the tooth reassigned to the Spalacotheriidae. Together with the new Wessex Formation taxon, eight species are now known from the Lower Cretaceous of Europe. The discovery of a spalacolestine in the Barremian Wessex Formation supports the concept of faunal interchange between Europe, Asia and North America during the Early Cretaceous. It also supports derivation of North American spalacotheriids from a European or Eurasian ancestor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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21. The age, fauna and palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Tytherington, South Gloucestershire, UK.
- Author
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Whiterside, D. I. and Marshall, J. E. A.
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,TRIASSIC stratigraphic geology ,SEDIMENTS ,REPTILES - Abstract
Important vertebrate faunas occur in fissure deposits of Late Triassic-Jurassic age in SW Britain. Although the faunas are well described, their age and palaeoenvironment remain poorly understood. One such fissure system was-documented in detail during quarrying operations at Tytherington and has yielded in situ palynomorphs that add much information concerning its age and palaeoenvironment. Significantly, the Tytherington fauna is of the sauropsid type that has generally been dated as Norian or pre-Penarth Group transgression and was also regarded as representing a distinct upland fauna. The palynomorphs, which include a significant marine component, demonstrate that the Tytherington Triassic fissures are infilled with Late Triassic (Rhaetian) sediments that match specific levels in the Westbury Formation. In addition, many of the Tytherington solutional fissures probably formed during the Rhaetian and are consistent with a fluctuating saline to freshwater environment. There is no prima facie evidence of solutional formation and infilling of the reptilebearing deposits before the Rhaetian trangression. The fissure reptile fauna, which includes the early dinosaur Thecodontosaurus, inhabited a small fire-swept limestone island in the Rhaetian sea. The features of the herpetofauna are entirely consistent with this island model which has Quaternary analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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22. Between Ideals, Realities, and Popular Perceptions: An Analysis of the Multifaceted Nature of London Zoo, 1828-1848.
- Author
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Ito, Takashi
- Subjects
ZOOS ,PARKS ,ANIMALS ,CIVIL society - Abstract
This article considers the implications of the early development of London Zoo. It gives insight into the differences between the ideal image of the zoo, the real situation under which the zoo was managed, and popular perceptions of the zoo. The discussion explores three areas: the heterogeneous audience of the zoo, the aestheticization of the zoo and its animal displays, and the pedagogy of observing nonhuman animals in the zoo. The zoo's ideals confronted various difficulties, while the pedagogy of zoo visits, which developed within a frame of natural theology, was subject to various applications. The article argues that these differences were not evidence of the zoo's failure to consolidate its ideological backbone in Victorian society. It concludes that such divergence characterized the zoo's unique capacity both to evoke and to receive competing ideals, anxieties and criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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23. Late Famennian gastropoda from south-west England.
- Author
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Amler, Michael R. W. and Heidelberger, Doris
- Subjects
GASTROPODA ,MOLLUSKS ,ANIMALS ,SEDIMENTS - Abstract
The gastropod fauna of the Upper Devonian Baggy and Pilton formations in south-west England is revised and includes some 30 taxa. The topmost part of the Upper Famennian succession in Devon is represented by clastic near-shore and shallow shelf sediments, indicating a short-term transgressive phase (‘Strunian Transgression’). The sequence yields a highly diverse fauna dominated by brachiopods and ostracodes, locally supplemented by crinoids, bryozoans, trilobites and molluscs. The taxa ‘ Patellostium’ britannicum sp. nov., Angyomphalus ( Angyomphalus) junius sp. nov. and Dictyotomaria eurocapillaria sp. nov. are erected; a junior homonym is replaced by Macrochilina? piltonensis nom. nov. The gastropod fauna displays an independent character, where latest Devonian faunal elements overlap with Late Palaeozoic taxa expressing a transition similar to that of the bivalves, brachiopods, echinoderms and corals, without a sharp faunal break at the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary. Apart from the Caenogastropoda, all subclasses of gastropods are represented. Members of the bellerophontoids, pleurotomarioids and loxonematoids are most abundant, followed by murchisonioids, naticimorphs, euomphalomorphs and platyceratoids. The various gastropod groups represent different ecological demands and trophic categories, and together with the accompanying fauna indicate that nearly all habitats and niches were occupied in the shallow South Laurussian Shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
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24. General dental practitioner advice regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste in two areas with a school-based milk fluoridation programme and one without such a programme.
- Author
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Harris, R.V., Dailey, Y.M., and Ireland, R.S.
- Subjects
FLUORIDES ,DENTIFRICES ,PEDIATRIC dentistry ,DENTAL health education ,CATTLE ,MILK ,MEDICAL protocols ,HEALTH attitudes ,DENTISTRY ,ANIMALS - Abstract
Objective: To describe the knowledge and practice of general denta practitioners (GDPs) working in Liverpool (where there is no milk fluoridation programme) and St Helens and Knowsley, and the Wirral (where children have fluoridated milk in schools and pre-schools) relating to the advice given for child patients regarding the use of fluoridated toothpaste.Design: Data were collected via a postal questionnaire sent to all 329 GDPs working within the three areas. GDPs working in more than one of the areas and those working in specialist orthodontic or oral surgery practices were excluded.Results: Two hundred and thirty-four (71%) questionnaires were completed and returned. Only 3% of dentists said that no-one in their practice gave advice on the concentration of fluoride toothpaste to be used. For caries free children under 7 years of age only 64% of GDPs gave advice concerning the concentration of toothpaste which coincided with the available clinical guidelines. Twenty eight per cent of GDPs also contradicted the guidelines by advising children under 7 with high caries to use a low fluoride toothpaste. Although 59% of GDPs in the fluoridated milk areas asked the child whether they had fluoridated milk at school, they did not appear to alter the advice given regarding the use of fluoridated toothpaste.Conclusion: The study showed that a significant number of GDPs did not adhere to clinical guidelines relating to the use of fluoride toothpaste when giving advice to their child patients. For evidence-based dentistry to become a reality in this area, ways must be found to disseminate the available guidelines more fully and increase their acceptance and use by practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Sharks, Rays and A Chimaeroid from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Ringstead, Southern England.
- Author
-
Underwood, Charlie J.
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,ANIMAL classification ,FOSSILS ,PHYLOGENY - Abstract
Sampling of a lenticular concentration of vertebrate debris and associated sediments from the lower Kimmeridgian of southern England has allowed the study of a diverse and abundant assemblage of chondrichthyan remains. A number of previously undescribed species are recorded, of which three new species are named; Squatina? frequens, Synechodus plicatus and Protospinax planus. Additional diagnosis of the genus Paracestracion Koken is given to allow its identification from dental remains. Several nominal batoid species are synonymised with Spathobatis bugesiacus Thiolliere. This assemblage is considered to be typical of Middle–Late Jurassic neritic environments, and is compared to other contemporaneous selachian faunas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Multiple sclerosis in research workers studying swayback in lambs: an updated report.
- Author
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Dean, G, McDougall, E I, and Elian, M
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,CENTRAL nervous system ,EPIDEMICS ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MULTIPLE sclerosis ,OCCUPATIONAL diseases ,SHEEP ,VETERINARY medicine ,RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
Four out of seven research workers into swayback disease, a neurological disease of lambs, developed symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis, and were reported in 1947. A further worker later joined the group. All of the original seven have died and two at necropsy had multiple areas of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. The chance of four or more out of a random group of eight men developing multiple sclerosis is about one in a thousand million. Multiple sclerosis has not occurred in other workers on swayback disease elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. COLLARED DOVES (STREPTOPELIA DECAOCTO) IN URBAN HABITATS.
- Author
-
Coombs, C. F. B., Isaacson, A. J., Murton, R. K., Thearle, R. J. P., and Westwood, N. J.
- Subjects
BIRDS ,VERTEBRATES ,ORNITHOLOGY ,CHORDATA ,ANIMALS - Abstract
(1) Collared doves Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky) were studied in two industrial areas, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire and Traffurd Park, Manchester. Both sites were primarily feeding places, and the birds obtained their food in the form of spillage and stored products from processing factories, mills and warehouses; in these circumstances, the food supply is reasonably constant throughout the year. Data on breeding was also gathered at a semi-rural site at Soham, Cambridgeshire. (2) At Ellesmere Port, collared doves roosted close to food sources. Peak numbers occurred in winter and, during the first four years of the study, tended to increase annually, reflecting increasing food supplies. Following drastic building changes, which affected roosting and feeding areas, the population declined. Adults and juveniles tended to move less than those at Trafford Park, suggesting a fairly stable population. (3) At Trafford Park, collared doves roosted throughout the suburban areas of south-west Manchester in a radius of about 7 km around the main study site. During the six years of the study, peak numbers remained relatively constant, fluctuation being caused mainly through food shortages at subsidiary feeding places or through spillage clearance schemes. In contrast to Ellesmere Port, peak numbers occurred in summer when surplus birds from the surrounding area joined the main feeding flock. (4) Analysis of ringing recoveries by the British Trust for Ornithol6gy reveals that juveniles are more likely than adults to leave places where they were first captured. There was no clear seasonal pattern in the movements but most were towards the north/south-west compass segment. (5) The calculated annual adult and juvenile mortality was 39 and 69% respectively. Shooting probably accounted for most mortality and there was some evidence that the rate increased during the breeding season. (6) Collared doves were in reproductive condition from March to September with maximum gonad size corresponding to the peak period of egg-laying. At Soham, an average 42% hatched with a maximum of 69% in July and August. Egg failure was largely from predation. Overall breeding success was 26% and calculated mean annual productivity was 2–5 young per pair. The seasonal moult begins in March and lasts 9 months with breeding and moulting occurring simultaneously as in other pigeon species. (7) Economic problems of collared doves in a man-made niche are briefly discussed, as is the continued tendency for doves to move in a north-westerly arc. Implications of the retention of a photoperiodic breeding season and of seasonal variations in egg-hatching success are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. THE CONSERVATION OF JUNIPER: THE FAUNA OF FOOD-PLANT ISLAND SITES IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND.
- Author
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Ward, Lena K. and Lakhani, K.H.
- Subjects
JUNIPERS ,ANIMALS ,PLANT populations ,ANIMAL populations ,PHYTOPHAGOUS insects - Abstract
Examines the fauna associated with juniper in southern England. Influence of declining juniper on number and size of its associated fauna; Native phytophagous insects; Species/site size relationship.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Allergy to laboratory animals: a follow up study of its incidence and of the influence of atopy and pre-existing sensitisation on its development.
- Author
-
Teasdale, E. L., Lamb, C. T., Botham, P. A., Bonner, S. M., and Tomenson, J.A.
- Subjects
ALLERGIES ,THRESHOLD limit values (Industrial toxicology) ,ANIMALS ,GUINEA pigs ,IMMUNOLOGY technique ,LABORATORY animals ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MICE ,OCCUPATIONAL diseases ,RABBITS ,RATS ,SWINE ,TIME ,DISEASE incidence - Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the incidence of allergy to laboratory animals (ALA) during the first two years of employment, and to study the effect on ALA of atopy and sensitisation.Methods: A follow up prospective study of ALA at the Zeneca (formerly ICI) Research Laboratories.Results: The incidence of the disease during the first year of employment has remained at about 10% since the mid-1980s. This compares with an incidence of 37% in the early 1980s. The reduction in incidence and its maintenance at a lower level is thought to be due to the introduction and management of improved engineering controls, working practices, and educational programmes designed to reduce exposure to allergens from laboratory animals. The underlying incidence of immunological sensitisation to animals (the presence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to animal allergens) is much higher (40% after one and 53% after two years of exposure). Both atopic diathesis and presensitisation to laboratory animals increased the likelihood that a person would develop ALA.Conclusion: Neither factor predicted the disease accurately so their use should be restricted to the identification of people who may be more susceptible to the development of ALA (and thus who may need to pay particular attention to the use of personal protective equipment) rather than to their exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1995
30. STUDIES IN SUBLITTORAL ECOLOGY . II: RECOLONIZATION AT THE UPPER MARGIN OF THE SUBLITTORAL REGION; WITH A NOTE ON THE DENUDATION OF LAMINAE!A FOREST BY STORMS.
- Author
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KITCHING, J. A.
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,FORESTS & forestry ,MARINE algae ,VEGETATION management ,RESEARCH ,MARINE phytoplankton ,NATURAL resources - Abstract
The article reports on the recolonization at the upper margin of the sublittoral region of a part of Wembury Bay, South Devon, England. The research showed that the upward-facing sublittoral rock surfaces were populated by a forest of large brown seaweed, such as Saccorhiza bulbosa, Laminaria Cloustoni, Laminaria digitata, and Himanthalia lorea. No changes were seen in the motile fauna in this area, which could correlate with the changes in the algal vegetation. The author concludes that sessile organisms, which finally were established, eliminated their predecessors by occupying all the space available for anchorage.
- Published
- 1937
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY OF ENGLISH HEATHS I. THE VEGETATION OF THE UNFELLED PORTIONS OF OXSHOTT HEATH AND ESHER COMMON, SURREY.
- Author
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SUMMERHAYES, V. S., COLE, L. W., WILLIAMS, P. H., and Richards, O. W.
- Subjects
ECOLOGY education ,PLANT communities ,HEATHLANDS ,ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,FORESTS & forestry ,HABITATS ,SCOTS pine ,ANIMALS - Abstract
The article focuses on the study of the plant communities of Oxshott Heath and Esher Common, Surrey. It indicates that the communities of the area are considered as representing various phase in a succession from original heath vegetation to woodland. The Grass Heath and Ulicetum are modifications of natural communities as cited in the study because of the influence of man and the remaining communities are capable to undergo transition to more neutral types of the adjacent London Clay. The study deliberates the probability of Pteridium as an interruption to the succession to woodland, thus maintaining the heath vegetation stage.
- Published
- 1924
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A brief history of dope detection in racehorses.
- Author
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Clarke, E. G. and Moss, M. S.
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,DRUGS ,HORSES ,HISTORY of medicine - Published
- 1976
33. Managing 'oversuccessful' wildlife species.
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,VETERINARY medicine ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
The article reports on the call for a more vigorous approach to the management of wildlife species at a one-day symposium organized by the Veterinary Association for Wildlife Management which was held in London, England on November 23, 2006. The issues arising from increasing numbers of deer, muntjac, seals, goosanders, cormorants, foxes, mink and baders were discussed.
- Published
- 2006
34. Vets at the Royal Show.
- Subjects
VETERINARIANS ,VETERINARY medicine ,ANIMALS ,ANIMAL mechanics ,EXHIBITIONS - Abstract
Reports on the Royal Show conducted by veterinary surgeons and students at Stoneleigh Park in England. Types of animals presented at the show; Members of the veterinary team; Provisions under Great Britain's animal movement licensing system.
- Published
- 2004
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